Novel antifungals based on 4-substituted imidazole: solid-phase synthesis of substituted aryl sulfonamides towards optimization of in vitro activity

Electrochemical multicomponent [2+2+1] cascade cyclization of enaminones and primary amines towards the synthesis of 4-acylimidazoles

An electrochemical multicomponent [2+2+1] cascade cyclization of enaminones and primary amines towards the synthesis of 4-acylimidazoles has been developed. In an undivided cell, enaminones and primary amines can smoothly participate in this reaction to provide a series of 1,2-disubstituted 4-acylimidazoles at room temperature. The reaction avoids the use of both transition-metal catalysts and oxidation reagents, which makes it more sustainable and renewable.

Design and Synthesis of New Antifungals Based on N-Un-substituted Azoles as 14α Demethylase Inhibitor

OBJECTIVE

Azole antifungal agents, which are widely used as antifungal antibiotics, inhibit cytochrome P450 sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51). Nearly all azole antifungal agents are Nsubstituted azoles. In addition, an azolylphenalkyl pharmacophore is uniquely shared by all azole antifungals. Due to the importance of nitrogen atom of azoles (N-3 of imidazole and N-4 of triazole) in coordination with heme in the binding site of the enzyme, here a group of N- un-substituted azoles in which both nitrogen are un-substituted was reported.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Designed compounds were synthesized by the reaction of imidazole-4- carboxaldehyde with appropriate arylamines and subsequently reduced to desired amine derivatives. Antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cervisiae was done using a broth micro-dilution assay. Docking studies were done using AutoDock.

RESULTS

Antimicrobial evaluation revealed that some of these compounds exhibited moderate antimicrobial activities against tested pathogenic fungi, wherein compounds 3, 7, and 8 were potent. Docking studies propose that all of the prepared azoles interacted with 14α-DM, wherein azoleheme coordination played the main role in drug-receptor interaction.

CONCLUSION

Our results offer some useful references for molecular design performance or modification of this series of compounds as a lead compound to discover new and potent antimicrobial agents.

Chemistry and Pharmacology of Luliconazole (Imidazole Derivative): A Novel Bioactive Compound to Treat Fungal Infection-A Mini Review

Background:

Currently, ringworm treatment drugs include two major categories: first, propylene amine drugs, such as terbinafine, butenafine and naftifine, which exert their bactericidal effects through inhibiting squalene cyclase, causing the lack of ergosterol and accumulation of squalene. The second category of imidazole drugs includes miconazole, econazole, clotrimazole, ketoconazole and bifonazole.

Mechanism:

These synthetic antifungal agents exhibits their action by inhibiting the lanosterol 14α- demethylation activity of fungal cell, leading to the prevention of the ergosterol synthesis of cell membrane, changing the cell membrane permeability, and resulting in the loss of important intracellular fungal material and causing fungal death.

Applications:

At present, Imidazole antifungal agents are commonly used drugs in clinical treatment of ringworm with extensive clinical applications.

Conclusion:

The present review covers the chemistry and detailed pharmacology aspects of luliconazole.

Rational approaches, design strategies, structure activity relationship and mechanistic insights for anticancer hybrids

A Hybrid drug which comprises the incorporation of two drug pharmacophores in one single molecule are basically designed to interact with multiple targets or to amplify its effect through action on another bio target as one single molecule or to counterbalance the known side effects associated with the other hybrid part(.) The present review article offers a detailed account of the design strategies employed for the synthesis of anticancer agents via molecular hybridization techniques. Over the years, the researchers have employed this technique to discover some promising chemical architectures displaying significant anticancer profiles. Molecular hybridization as a tool has been particularly utilized for targeting tubulin protein as exemplified through the number of research papers. The microtubule inhibitors such as taxol, colchicine, chalcones, combretasatin, phenstatins and vinca alkaloids have been utilized as one of the functionality of the hybrids and promising results have been obtained in most of the cases with some of the tubulin based hybrids exhibiting anticancer activity at nanomolar level. Linkage with steroids as biological carrier vector for anticancer drugs and the inclusion of pyrrolo [2,1-c] [1,4]benzodiazepines (PBDs), a family of DNA interactive antitumor antibiotics derived from Streptomyces species in hybrid structure based drug design has also emerged as a potential strategy. Various heteroaryl based hybrids in particular isatin and coumarins have also been designed and reported to posses' remarkable inhibitory potential. Apart from presenting the design strategies, the article also highlights the structure activity relationship along with mechanistic insights revealed during the biological evaluation of the hybrids.

Synthesis of 2-acyloxycyclohexylsulfonamides and evaluation on their fungicidal activity

Eighteen N-substituted phenyl-2-acyloxycyclohexylsulfonamides (III) were designed and synthesized by the reaction of N-substituted phenyl-2-hydroxyl- cycloalkylsulfonamides (I, R(1)) with acyl chloride (II, R(2)) in dichloromethane under the catalysis of TMEDA and molecular sieve. High fungicidal active compound N-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl)-2-(2-ethoxyacetoxy) cyclohexylsulfonamide (III-18) was screened out. Mycelia growth assay against the Botrytis cinerea exhibited that EC50 and EC80 of compound III-18 were 4.17 and 17.15 μg mL(-1) respectively, which was better than the commercial fungicide procymidone (EC50 = 4.46 μg mL(-1) and EC80 = 35.02 μg mL(-1)). For in vivo activity against B. cinerea in living leaf of cucumber, the control effect of compound III-18 was better than the fungicide cyprodinil. In addition, this new compound had broader fungicidal spectra than chlorothalonil.

Novel triazole based inhibitors of Ras farnesyl transferase

A novel series of potent inhibitors of Ras farnesyl transferase possessing a 1,2,4-triazole pharmacophore is described. These inhibitors were discovered from a parallel synthesis effort and were subsequently optimized to in vitro IC(50) value of less than 1nM.

Novel beta-(imidazol-4-yl)-beta-amino acids: solid-phase synthesis and study of their inhibitory activity against geranylgeranyl protein transferase type I

Solid-phase synthesis of imidazolyl-beta-amino acid derivatives is described. Several analogs demonstrated moderate inhibition of geranylgeranyl protein transferase type I (GGPT I).

Mutagenicity Assay in Salmonella for Thirteen 2-Substituted-1H-phenanthro (9,10-d) Imidazoles

Some 2-substituted-1 H-phenanthro [9,10-d] imidazole compounds synthesized as a predrugs were tested in mutagenicity assays in Salmonella strains TA97, TA98, and TA100 using a plate incorporation assay both with and without S9 mix. The 10 substances were mutagenic in TA97 and five of them were mutagenic only with metabolic activation, whereas one of them did not require the addition of S9. The eight substances were mutagenic in TA98 only with S9. For TA100, seven substances showed positive results both with and without S9, however another four required S9, whereas only one of them did not required metabolic activation. In summary, all of 13 substances derived from phenanthro [9,10-d] imidazole were found to be mutagenic for at least one or two of the three strains and their mutagenicity are discussed.

Combinatorial chemistry in anti-infectives research

The ever-increasing resistance to current anti-infective drugs has become a major concern to the medical community. As a result, research efforts have been stepped up with the ultimate goal to provide new, more effective and safer antimicrobial treatments that will overcome the resistance problem. In this context, advances in molecular biology, automation and combinatorial chemistry will play a crucial role in the timely introduction of these products onto the market. How the application of combinatorial techniques can impact anti-infectives research will be reviewed using illustrative examples.

Lead compounds discovered from libraries

Lead compounds with the potential to progress to viable drug candidates have been identified from libraries using several strategies. These include rapid screening of large diverse collections, thematic libraries, project-directed libraries, and three-dimensional molecular models of corporate databases. There have been numerous success stories, including the identification of several clinical candidates.