1
|
Dimitrov IV, Suonio EEK. Syntheses of Analogues of Propofol: A Review. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPropofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) is an intravenous sedative/hypnotic agent that is used extensively for introduction and maintenance of general anaesthesia, sedation of critically ill patients and procedural sedation (e.g., endoscopy). Propofol has a rapid onset and offset of action and shows only minimal accumulation upon prolonged use. Propofol is only sparingly soluble in water and is currently marketed in 10% soybean oil-based lipid emulsion. Propofol’s anaesthetic properties were discovered over forty years ago, and it has been in clinical use for over thirty years. The main use of propofol remains as an anaesthetic but, over the years, analogues have been developed with varying properties from anticancer, anticonvulsant and antioxidant. In addition, large synthetic efforts have been made towards improving propofol’s water-solubility, its activity, and elucidating its structure–activity relationship and exact mechanism of action have been made. This review provides an overview of the research pertaining to propofol-like molecules and covers the efforts of synthetic chemists towards propofol analogues over the last 40 years.1 Introduction2 History3 Early Work4 Improving Water Solubility5 The Importance of the Phenol6 Exploring the Structure–Activity Relationship and Attempts to Improve Activity7 Anticancer Activity8 Anticonvulsant Properties9 Antioxidant Activity10 Photoactive Labelling to Elucidate Mechanism of Action11 Photoregulation12 Conclusion
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivaylo V. Dimitrov
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yu H, Yang H, Shi E, Tang W. Development and Clinical Application of Phosphorus-Containing Drugs. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2020; 8:100063. [PMID: 32864606 PMCID: PMC7445155 DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus-containing drugs belong to an important class of therapeutic agents and are widely applied in daily clinical practices. Structurally, the phosphorus-containing drugs can be classified into phosphotriesters, phosphonates, phosphinates, phosphine oxides, phosphoric amides, bisphosphonates, phosphoric anhydrides, and others; functionally, they are often designed as prodrugs with improved selectivity and bioavailability, reduced side effects and toxicity, or biomolecule analogues with endogenous materials and antagonistic endoenzyme supplements. This review summarized the phosphorus-containing drugs currently on the market as well as a few promising molecules at clinical studies, with particular emphasis on their structural features, biological mechanism, and indications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - He Yang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China,Corresponding authors
| | - Enxue Shi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China,Corresponding authors
| | - Wenjun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China,School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China,Correspondence to: W. Tang, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hulsman N, Hollmann M, Preckel B. Newer propofol, ketamine, and etomidate derivatives and delivery systems relevant to anesthesia practice. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2018; 32:213-221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
4
|
Qin L, Ren L, Wan S, Liu G, Luo X, Liu Z, Li F, Yu Y, Liu J, Wei Y. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Novel 2,6-Disubstituted Phenol Derivatives as General Anesthetics. J Med Chem 2017; 60:3606-3617. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Qin
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road, Wenjiang district, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lei Ren
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road, Wenjiang district, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Songlin Wan
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road, Wenjiang district, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Guoliang Liu
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road, Wenjiang district, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xinfeng Luo
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road, Wenjiang district, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhenhong Liu
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road, Wenjiang district, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Fangqiong Li
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road, Wenjiang district, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road, Wenjiang district, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jianyu Liu
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road, Wenjiang district, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yonggang Wei
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road, Wenjiang district, Chengdu 611130, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Khan RNN, Lv C, Zhang J, Hao J, Wei Y. N-alkylation of organo-imido substituted polyoxometalates: an efficient and stoichiometric approach for the easy post-modification of polyoxometalates. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:4568-75. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt03637a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A high-yield post-functionalization protocol developed here provides an easy inclusion of the desired organic groups on a POM's highly negative surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chunlin Lv
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Jian Hao
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Yongge Wei
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Over the last several decades, the average age of patients has steadily increased, whereas the use of general anesthesia and deep sedation has grown largely outside the operating room environment. Currently available general anesthetics and delivery models represent limitations in addressing these trends. At the same time, research has tremendously expanded the knowledge of how general anesthetics produce their beneficial effects and also revealed evidence of previously unappreciated general anesthetic toxicities. The goal of this review is to highlight these important developments and describe translational research on new general anesthetics with the potential to improve and reshape clinical care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Forman
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Jackson 4, MGH, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cho J, Cho JC, Lee P, Lee M, Oh E. Formulation and evaluation of an alternative triglyceride-free propofol microemulsion. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:1375-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-0911-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
8
|
Sudo RT, Bonfá L, Trachez MM, Debom R, Rizzi MDR, Zapata-Sudo G. Anesthetic profile of a non-lipid propofol nanoemulsion. Rev Bras Anestesiol 2010; 60:475-83. [PMID: 20863928 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-7094(10)70059-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The clinical use of a lipid propofol formulation causes pain during injection, allergic reactions, and bacterial growth. Propofol has been reformulated in different non-lipid presentations to reduce the incidence of adverse effects, but those changes can modify its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. In the present study, we investigate the pharmacology and toxicology of lipid propofol (CLP) and the non-lipid nanoemulsion (NLP). METHODS Conventional lipid formulation of propofol and NLP were infused in the jugular veins of rats and blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and respiratory rate (RR) were measured. Both formulations (1%) were infused (40 μL.min⁻¹) over 1 hour. Hypnotic and anesthetic doses as well as recoveries were determined. The pain induced by the CLP and NLP vehicles was compared by counting the number of abdominal contortions ("writhing test") after the intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection in mice. Acetic acid (0.6%) was used as positive control. RESULTS Hypnotic and anesthetic doses of 1% CLP (6.0 ± 1.3 and 17.8 ± 2.6 mg.kg⁻¹, respectively) and 1% NLP (5.4 ± 1.0 and 16.0 ± 1.4 mg.kg⁻¹, respectively) were not significantly different. Recovery from hypnosis and anesthesia was faster with NLP than with CLP. Changes in HR, BP, and RR caused by NLP were not significantly different from those caused by CLP. Acetic acid and the vehicle of CLP caused 46.0 ± 2.0 and 12.5 ± 0.6 abdominal contortions 20 min after i.p. injection, respectively. The absence of abdominal contractions was observed with the vehicle of NLP. Abdominal inflammatory response was not observed after the i.p. injection of both propofol vehicles. CONCLUSIONS Non-lipid formulation of propofol can be a better alternative to CPL for intravenous anesthesia with fewer adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Takashi Sudo
- Program of Drug Development, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Harris EA, Lubarsky DA, Candiotti KA. Monitored anesthesia care (MAC) sedation: clinical utility of fospropofol. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2009; 5:949-59. [PMID: 20057894 PMCID: PMC2801588 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s5583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fospropofol, a phosphorylated prodrug version of the popular induction agent propofol, is hydrolyzed in vivo to release active propofol, formaldehyde, and phosphate. Pharmacodynamic studies show fospropofol provides clinically useful sedation and EEG/bispectral index suppression while causing significantly less respiratory depression than propofol. Pain at the injection site, a common complaint with propofol, was not reported with fospropofol; the major patient complaint was transitory perianal itching during the drug's administration. Although many clinicians believe fospropofol can safely be given by a registered nurse, the FDA mandated that fospropofol, like propofol, must be used only in the presence of a trained anesthesia provider.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Harris
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Management, and Pain Medicine, University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine
| | - David A Lubarsky
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Management, and Pain Medicine, University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine
| | - Keith A Candiotti
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Management, and Pain Medicine, University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Brown ML, Eidam HA, Paige M, Jones PJ, Patel MK. Comparative molecular field analysis and synthetic validation of a hydroxyamide-propofol binding and functional block of neuronal voltage-dependent sodium channels. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:7056-63. [PMID: 19747831 PMCID: PMC3569859 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Voltage gated sodium channels represent an important therapeutic target for a number of neurological disorders including epilepsy. Unfortunately, medicinal chemistry strategies for discovering new classes of antagonist for trans-membrane ion channels have been limited to mostly broad screening compound arrays. We have developed new sodium channel antagonist based on a propofol scaffold using the ligand based strategy of comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA). The resulting CoMFA model was correlated and validated to provide insights into the design of new antagonists and to prioritize synthesis of these new structural analogs (compounds 4 and 5) that satisfied the steric and electrostatic model. Compounds 4 and 5 were evaluated for [(3)H]-batrachotoxinin-A-20-alpha-benzoate ([(3)H]-BTX-B) displacement yielding IC(50)'s of 22 and 5.7 microM, respectively. We further examined the potency of these two compounds to inhibit neuronal sodium currents recorded from cultured hippocampal neurons. At a concentration of 50 microM, compounds 4 and 5 tonically inhibited sodium channels currents by 59+/-7.8% (n=5) and 70+/-7.5% (n=7), respectively. This clearly demonstrates that these compounds functionally antagonize native neuronal sodium channel currents. In summary, we have shown that CoMFA can be effectively used to discover new classes of sodium channel antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milton L Brown
- Department of Oncology, 3970 Reservoir Road, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sashuk V, Schoeps D, Plenio H. Fluorophore tagged cross-coupling catalysts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:770-2. [DOI: 10.1039/b820633c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
12
|
Ya Deau JT, Heerdt PM, The AHS, Wang Q. Hemodynamic effects of di-sec-butyl phenol, an anesthetic substituted phenol. Pharmacology 2005; 76:117-22. [PMID: 16374073 DOI: 10.1159/000090501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2005] [Accepted: 10/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dose- and age-related hemodynamic effects were determined for an anesthetic substituted phenol, 2,6-di-sec-butyl phenol (DSB). DSB, 7.5 mg/kg, induced hypnosis in young rabbits and increased mean blood pressure to 170 +/- 14% and heart rate to 150 +/- 21% of control values. In elderly rabbits, 7.5 mg/kg DSB induced hypnosis, had no effect on blood pressure, but increased the heart rate to 130 +/- 2% of control. After ganglionic blockade with hexamethonium, 7.5 mg/kg DSB caused a decline in mean blood pressure (71 +/- 5% of control) without change in heart rate. DSB increased norepinephrine release from SH-SY5Y cells, a human neuroblastoma cell line (5.4 +/- 1.7% vs. 3.5 +/- 0.3%). DSB produced age-dependent elevation of mean blood pressure in rabbits, probably by causing release of catecholamines from the sympathetic nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques T Ya Deau
- Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Efforts to develop new hypnotic compounds continue, although several have recently failed in development. Propofol has been reformulated in various presentations with and without preservatives. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences exist between some of these preparations, and it is currently unclear whether any have substantial advantages over the original presentation. The use of target-controlled infusion (TCI) has been extended to include paediatric anaesthesia and sedation. Application of TCI to remifentanil is now licensed. Linking of electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring to TCI for closed-loop anaesthesia remains a research tool, although commercial development may follow. The availability of stereoisomer ketamine and improved understanding of its pharmacology have increased non-anaesthetic use of ketamine as an adjunct analgesic. It may be useful in subhypnotic doses for postsurgical patients with pain refractory to morphine administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Sneyd
- Peninsula Medical School, Portland Square, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Banaszczyk MG, Carlo AT, Millan V, Lindsey A, Moss R, Carlo DJ, Hendler SS. Propofol phosphate, a water-soluble propofol prodrug: in vivo evaluation. Anesth Analg 2002; 95:1285-92, table of contents. [PMID: 12401612 DOI: 10.1097/00000539-200211000-00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED After a single IV injection of the water-soluble propofol prodrug propofol phosphate (PP) in mice, rats, rabbits, and pigs, propofol was produced rapidly (1-15 min), inducing dose-dependent sedative effects. In mice, the hypnotic dose (HD(50)), lethal dose (LD(50)), and safety index (defined as a ratio: LD(50)/HD(50)) were 165.4 mg/kg, 600.6 mg/kg, and 3.6, respectively. Propofol was produced with half-lives of 5.3 +/- 0.6 min in rats, 2.1 +/- 0.6 min in rabbits, and 4.4 +/- 2.4 min in pigs. The maximal concentration was dose and species dependent. The elimination half-life was 24 +/- 12 min in rats, 21 +/- 16 min in rabbits, and 225 +/- 56 min in pigs. Propofol generated from PP produced pharmacological effects similar to those described in the literature. We found a correlation between PP dose and duration of sedation with propofol concentrations larger than 1.0 microg/mL, which produced somnolence and sedation in rats and pigs. Adequate sedation and, at large enough doses, anesthetic-level sedation were produced after the administration of PP. Overall, PP, the water-soluble prodrug of propofol, seems to be a viable development candidate for sedative and anesthetic applications. IMPLICATIONS Propofol phosphate, a water-soluble prodrug of the widely used IV anesthetic propofol, was developed and evaluated in mice, rats, rabbits, and pigs after IV injection. The results of the study clearly demonstrate the feasibility of the prodrug approach to achieve sedative and anesthetic levels of propofol in laboratory animals; this warrants further evaluation in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz G Banaszczyk
- Chemistry Department, The Immune Response Corporation, 5935 Darwin Court, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Krasowski MD, Hong X, Hopfinger AJ, Harrison NL. 4D-QSAR analysis of a set of propofol analogues: mapping binding sites for an anesthetic phenol on the GABA(A) receptor. J Med Chem 2002; 45:3210-21. [PMID: 12109905 PMCID: PMC2864546 DOI: 10.1021/jm010461a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A training set of 27 propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) analogues was used to construct four-dimensional (4D) quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models for three screens of biological activity: loss of righting reflex (LORR) in tadpoles, enhancement of agonist activity at the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptor, and direct (agonist-independent) activation of the receptor. The three resulting 4D-QSAR models are almost identical in form, and all suggest three key ligand-receptor interaction sites. The formation of an intermolecular hydrogen bond involving the proton of the ligand -OH group is the most important binding interaction. A hydrophobic pocket binding interaction involving the six-substituent is the second most significant binding site, and a similar hydrophobic pocket binding interaction near the two-substituent is the third postulated binding site from the 4D-QSAR models. A test set of eight compounds was used to evaluate the tadpole LORR 4D-QSAR model. Those compounds highly congeneric to the training set compounds were accurately predicted. However, compounds exploring substituent sites and/or electronic structures different from the training set were less well-predicted. Overall, the results show a striking similarity between the models of the sites responsible for anesthesia and those mediating effects of the training set of propofol analogues on the GABA(A) receptor; it follows that the GABA(A) receptor is therefore the likely site of propofol's anesthetic action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Krasowski
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Affiliation(s)
- M A. Walker
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pharmaceutical Research Inst, 06492, Tel.: +39 02 2950 2223; fax: +39 02 2951 4197, Wallingford, CT, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|