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Liu YN, Pang MD, Xie X, Xie KZ, Cui LL, Gao Q, Liu JY, Wang B, Zhang YY, Wang R, Zhang GX, Dai GJ, Wang JY. Residue depletion of amoxicillin and its major metabolites in eggs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 40:383-391. [PMID: 27654954 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The depletion of amoxicillin (AMO) and its major metabolites, amoxicilloic acid (AMA) and amoxicillin-diketopiperazine-2',5'-dione (DIKETO) in the albumen, yolk and whole egg was studied after the oral dose of AMO (25 and 50 mg/kg body weight) to laying hens once per day for five consecutive days. Egg samples were prepared by a simple liquid-liquid extraction procedure with acetonitrile and saturated methylene chloride and analysed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed that AMO, AMA and DIKETO residues were mainly distributed in the yolk, where particularly high concentrations of AMO and DIKETO were found, whereas the albumen contained high concentrations of AMA. This distribution suggested that AMO and DIKETO were depleted slowly in yolk, whereas AMA was depleted slowly in albumen. The amount of AMO residue positively correlated with the dose, and the theoretical withdrawal times, which were calculated based on the residue level falling below a safe limit, were 5.21 and 7.67 days at AMO doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg, respectively. Moreover, the theoretical withdrawal times for all residues in the whole egg were 8.00 and 9.11 days at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg, respectively. Our findings suggested that 9 days was an appropriate withdrawal time for the use of AMO in laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-N Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, China
| | - M-D Pang
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - X Xie
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - K-Z Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, China
| | - L-L Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, China
| | - Q Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, China
| | - J-Y Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, China
| | - B Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, China
| | - Y-Y Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, China
| | - R Wang
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - G-X Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, China
| | - G-J Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, China
| | - J-Y Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, China
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Abstract
Since the introduction of penicillin, beta-lactam antibiotics have been the antimicrobial agents of choice. Unfortunately, the efficacy of these life-saving antibiotics is significantly threatened by bacterial beta-lactamases. beta-Lactamases are now responsible for resistance to penicillins, extended-spectrum cephalosporins, monobactams, and carbapenems. In order to overcome beta-lactamase-mediated resistance, beta-lactamase inhibitors (clavulanate, sulbactam, and tazobactam) were introduced into clinical practice. These inhibitors greatly enhance the efficacy of their partner beta-lactams (amoxicillin, ampicillin, piperacillin, and ticarcillin) in the treatment of serious Enterobacteriaceae and penicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections. However, selective pressure from excess antibiotic use accelerated the emergence of resistance to beta-lactam-beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations. Furthermore, the prevalence of clinically relevant beta-lactamases from other classes that are resistant to inhibition is rapidly increasing. There is an urgent need for effective inhibitors that can restore the activity of beta-lactams. Here, we review the catalytic mechanisms of each beta-lactamase class. We then discuss approaches for circumventing beta-lactamase-mediated resistance, including properties and characteristics of mechanism-based inactivators. We next highlight the mechanisms of action and salient clinical and microbiological features of beta-lactamase inhibitors. We also emphasize their therapeutic applications. We close by focusing on novel compounds and the chemical features of these agents that may contribute to a "second generation" of inhibitors. The goal for the next 3 decades will be to design inhibitors that will be effective for more than a single class of beta-lactamases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Drawz
- Departments of Pathology, Medicine, Pharmacology, Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Robert A. Bonomo
- Departments of Pathology, Medicine, Pharmacology, Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
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