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Noble A, Mega RS, Pflästerer D, Myers EL, Aggarwal VK. Visible-Light-Mediated Decarboxylative Radical Additions to Vinyl Boronic Esters: Rapid Access to γ-Amino Boronic Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:2155-2159. [PMID: 29316095 PMCID: PMC5838549 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of alkyl boronic esters by direct decarboxylative radical addition of carboxylic acids to vinyl boronic esters is described. The reaction proceeds under mild photoredox catalysis and involves an unprecedented single-electron reduction of an α-boryl radical intermediate to the corresponding anion. The reaction is amenable to a diverse range of substrates, including α-amino, α-oxy, and alkyl carboxylic acids, thus providing a novel method to rapidly access boron-containing molecules of potential biological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Noble
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
| | - Riccardo S. Mega
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
| | - Daniel Pflästerer
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
| | - Eddie L. Myers
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
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2
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Noble A, Mega RS, Pflästerer D, Myers EL, Aggarwal VK. Visible-Light-Mediated Decarboxylative Radical Additions to Vinyl Boronic Esters: Rapid Access to γ-Amino Boronic Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Noble
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Riccardo S. Mega
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Daniel Pflästerer
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Eddie L. Myers
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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3
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Pham VH, Maaroufi H, Balg C, Blais SP, Messier N, Roy PH, Otis F, Voyer N, Lapointe J, Chênevert R. Inhibition ofHelicobacter pyloriGlu-tRNAGlnamidotransferase by novel analogues of the putative transamidation intermediate. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3335-3345. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Van Hau Pham
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie; Université Laval; Québec Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS); Université Laval; Québec Canada
- The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure and Engineering (PROTEO); Université Laval; Québec Canada
| | - Halim Maaroufi
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS); Université Laval; Québec Canada
| | - Christian Balg
- The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure and Engineering (PROTEO); Université Laval; Québec Canada
- Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie; Université Laval; Québec Canada
| | - Sébastien P. Blais
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie; Université Laval; Québec Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS); Université Laval; Québec Canada
- The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure and Engineering (PROTEO); Université Laval; Québec Canada
| | - Nancy Messier
- CHU de Québec; Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie; Université Laval; Québec Canada
| | - Paul H. Roy
- CHU de Québec; Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie; Université Laval; Québec Canada
| | - François Otis
- The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure and Engineering (PROTEO); Université Laval; Québec Canada
- Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie; Université Laval; Québec Canada
| | - Normand Voyer
- The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure and Engineering (PROTEO); Université Laval; Québec Canada
- Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie; Université Laval; Québec Canada
| | - Jacques Lapointe
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie; Université Laval; Québec Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS); Université Laval; Québec Canada
- The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure and Engineering (PROTEO); Université Laval; Québec Canada
| | - Robert Chênevert
- The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure and Engineering (PROTEO); Université Laval; Québec Canada
- Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie; Université Laval; Québec Canada
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4
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Pham VH, Maaroufi H, Levesque RC, Lapointe J. Cyclic peptides identified by phage display are competitive inhibitors of the tRNA-dependent amidotransferase of Helicobacter pylori. Peptides 2016; 79:8-15. [PMID: 26976271 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In Helicobacter pylori, the heterotrimeric tRNA-dependent amidotransferase (GatCAB) is essential for protein biosynthesis because it catalyzes the conversion of misacylated Glu-tRNA(Gln) and Asp-tRNA(Asn) into Gln-tRNA(Gln) and Asn-tRNA(Asn), respectively. In this study, we used a phage library to identify peptide inhibitors of GatCAB. A library displaying loop-constrained heptapeptides was used to screen for phages binding to the purified GatCAB. To optimize the probability of obtaining competitive inhibitors of GatCAB with respect to its substrate Glu-tRNA(Gln), we used that purified substrate in the biopanning process of the phage-display technique to elute phages bound to GatCAB at the third round of the biopanning process. Among the eluted phages, we identified several that encode cyclic peptides rich in Trp and Pro that inhibit H. pylori GatCAB in vitro. Peptides P10 and P9 were shown to be competitive inhibitors of GatCAB with respect to its substrate Glu-tRNA(Gln), with Ki values of 126 and 392μM, respectively. The docking models revealed that the Trp residues of these peptides form π-π stacking interactions with Tyr81 of the synthetase active site, as does the 3'-terminal A76 of tRNA, supporting their competitive behavior with respect to Glu-tRNA(Gln) in the transamidation reaction. These peptides can be used as scaffolds in the search for novel antibiotics against the pathogenic bacteria that require GatCAB for Gln-tRNA(Gln) and/or Asn-tRNA(Asn) formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Hau Pham
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada; Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada; The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure, and Engineering (PROTEO), Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Halim Maaroufi
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Roger C Levesque
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada; Département de Biologie Médicale, Faculté de Médicine, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jacques Lapointe
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada; Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada; The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure, and Engineering (PROTEO), Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.
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5
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Ursinyova N, Bedford RB, Gallagher T. Copper-Catalyzed Borylation of Cyclic Sulfamidates: Access to Enantiomerically Pure (β-and γ-Aminoalkyl)boronic Esters. European J Org Chem 2015. [PMCID: PMC4770434 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Ursinyova
- http://www.bris.ac.uk/chemistry/people/tim‐c‐gallagher/overview.html
| | - Robin B. Bedford
- http://www.bris.ac.uk/chemistry/people/tim‐c‐gallagher/overview.html
| | - Timothy Gallagher
- http://www.bris.ac.uk/chemistry/people/tim‐c‐gallagher/overview.html
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6
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Akochy PM, Lapointe J, Roy PH. Natural insertion of the bro-1 β-lactamase gene into the gatCAB operon affects Moraxella catarrhalis aspartyl-tRNAAsn amidotransferase activity. Microbiology (Reading) 2012; 158:2363-2371. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.060095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Marie Akochy
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, CHUQ Pavillon CHUL, 2705 boul. Laurier, RC-709, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Institut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire, 01 BP 490 Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, Université Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jacques Lapointe
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes (IBIS), Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, Université Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Paul H. Roy
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, CHUQ Pavillon CHUL, 2705 boul. Laurier, RC-709, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, Université Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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7
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Agarwal V, Nair SK. Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases as targets for antibiotic development. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20032e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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8
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Stereocomplementary asymmetric bioreduction of boron-containing ketones mediated by alcohol dehydrogenases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Touchet S, Carreaux F, Carboni B, Bouillon A, Boucher JL. Aminoboronic acids and esters: from synthetic challenges to the discovery of unique classes of enzyme inhibitors. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:3895-914. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00154f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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11
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Cathopoulis T, Chuawong P, Hendrickson TL. Novel tRNA aminoacylation mechanisms. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2007; 3:408-18. [PMID: 17533454 DOI: 10.1039/b618899k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In nature, ribosomally synthesized proteins can contain at least 22 different amino acids: the 20 common amino acids as well as selenocysteine and pyrrolysine. Each of these amino acids is inserted into proteins codon-specifically via an aminoacyl-transfer RNA (aa-tRNA). In most cases, these aa-tRNAs are biosynthesized directly by a set of highly specific and accurate aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs). However, in some cases aaRSs with relaxed or novel substrate specificities cooperate with other enzymes to generate specific canonical and non-canonical aminoacyl-tRNAs.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases/metabolism
- Aspartate-tRNA Ligase/metabolism
- Bacteria/enzymology
- RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl/biosynthesis
- RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl/chemistry
- RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl/metabolism
- RNA, Transfer, Asn/biosynthesis
- RNA, Transfer, Asn/chemistry
- RNA, Transfer, Cys/biosynthesis
- RNA, Transfer, Cys/chemistry
- RNA, Transfer, Gln/biosynthesis
- RNA, Transfer, Gln/chemistry
- Transfer RNA Aminoacylation
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Cathopoulis
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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12
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Kaiser PF, Churches QI, Hutton CA. Organoboron Reagents in the Preparation of Functionalized ?-Amino Acids. Aust J Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1071/ch07103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, major advances in the preparation and utilization of organoboron reagents have been applied to virtually all areas of organic synthesis. The present review collates recent examples of the use of organoboron reagents in the synthesis of α-amino acids and their derivatives. Aryl- and alkenylboronic acids have been used in the asymmetric synthesis of α-amino acids through conjugate addition to unsaturated amino acids and the Petasis three-component coupling reaction. Additionally, α-amino acid derivatives with organoboron functionality on the side-chain have been prepared and used in metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions to prepare cross-linked amino acids and complex cyclic peptide natural products.
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13
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Abstract
A short protocol for the practical scale synthesis of several omega-borono-alpha-amino acids is described via the alkylation of benzophenone glycinimines with various electrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Jaganmohan Reddy
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.
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14
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Feng Y, Coward JK. Prodrug forms of N-[(4-deoxy-4-amino-10-methyl)pteroyl]glutamate-gamma-[psiP(O)(OH)]-glutarate, a potent inhibitor of folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase: synthesis and hydrolytic stability. J Med Chem 2006; 49:770-88. [PMID: 16420062 PMCID: PMC1975959 DOI: 10.1021/jm050871p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ester prodrugs of the phosphinate pseudopeptide N-[(4-deoxy-4-amino-10-methyl)pteroyl]glutamate-gamma-[psiP(O)(OH)]-glutarate (1a) were synthesized. H-phosphinic acids derived from N-Cbz vinyl glycine esters were converted to the desired pseudopeptides by Michael addition to alpha-methyleneglutarate esters. Pivaloyloxymethyl (POM) ester moieties were incorporated in both the N-terminal and C-terminal fragments prior to formation of either C-P bond. N-Alkylation of the corresponding amides derived from p-(N-methyl)aminobenzoic acid with 2,4-diamino-6-(bromomethyl)pteridine gave the target compounds. POM esters of methotrexate and the corresponding gamma-glutamyl conjugate were also synthesized using the same strategy. All prodrugs were evaluated in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Although the pseudopeptide prodrugs were ineffective, prodrugs of methotrexate and the corresponding gamma-glutamyl conjugate were equipotent with the parent compounds. Stability of the prodrugs was investigated in both phosphate buffer and cell line medium to provide a rationale for the observed biological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Feng
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055
| | - James K. Coward
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055
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15
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Schmitt E, Panvert M, Blanquet S, Mechulam Y. Structural Basis for tRNA-Dependent Amidotransferase Function. Structure 2005; 13:1421-33. [PMID: 16216574 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2005.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Revised: 06/20/2005] [Accepted: 06/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Besides direct charging of tRNAs by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, indirect routes also ensure attachment of some amino acids onto tRNA. Such routes may explain how new amino acids entered into protein synthesis. In archaea and in most bacteria, tRNA(Gln) is first misaminoacylated by glutamyl-tRNA synthetase. Glu-tRNA(Gln) is then matured into Gln-tRNA(Gln) by a tRNA-dependent amidotransferase. We report the structure of a tRNA-dependent amidotransferase-that of GatDE from Pyrococcus abyssi. The 3.0 A resolution crystal structure shows a tetramer with two GatD molecules as the core and two GatE molecules at the periphery. The fold of GatE cannot be related to that of any tRNA binding enzyme. The ammonium donor site on GatD and the tRNA site on GatE are markedly distant. Comparison of GatD and L-asparaginase structures shows how the motion of a beta hairpin region containing a crucial catalytic threonine may control the overall reaction cycle of GatDE.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases/chemistry
- Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases/metabolism
- Binding Sites
- Conserved Sequence
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Dimerization
- Glutamate-tRNA Ligase/chemistry
- Glutamate-tRNA Ligase/metabolism
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nitrogenous Group Transferases/chemistry
- Nitrogenous Group Transferases/genetics
- Nitrogenous Group Transferases/metabolism
- Protein Biosynthesis
- Protein Folding
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Protein Subunits/chemistry
- Pyrococcus abyssi/enzymology
- RNA, Archaeal/chemistry
- RNA, Archaeal/genetics
- RNA, Archaeal/metabolism
- RNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Bacterial/metabolism
- RNA, Transfer/chemistry
- RNA, Transfer/metabolism
- RNA, Transfer, Gln/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Threonine/chemistry
- X-Ray Diffraction
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Schmitt
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7654, CNRS-Ecole Polytechnique, F-91128 Palaiseau cedex, France.
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16
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References. Antibiotics (Basel) 2003. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555817886.refs] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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17
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Abstract
The sequencing of entire bacterial genomes is becoming increasingly routine, promising to revolutionise approaches to identifying putative antimicrobial drug targets. In silico methods can be used to identify putative gene products by comparing sequences of biochemically characterised enzymes and proteins with data produced by sequencing projects. Comparative genomics between a pathogenic bacterium versus nonpathogen as well as pathogen versus host can identify molecular targets that would be ideal for future investigation. The aim of these comparisons would be to identify genes that code for pathogenicity factors in the bacterium or genes essential for bacterial survival. The latter set of genes includes those that are nonfunctional or redundant in the host as well as genes absent from the host but essential in the pathogen. The products of these genes would be ideal targets for antimicrobial compounds. If compounds could be generated that disrupt the pathogen's ability to thrive but not affect the host, since there is a lack of the targeted protein, they could prove to be powerful therapeutics. An elegant example illustrating the power of comparative genomics involves comparison of the pathways of bacterial and eukaryotic aminoacyl-tRNA synthesis. Comparison of pathogenic bacterial genomes shows that many bacteria lack the genes encoding either one or two specific aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, enzymes involved in ensuring correct aminoacylation of tRNA for subsequent translation of the genetic code. Bacteria have an alternative pathway by which amide aminoacyl-tRNAs are formed. Comparative genomics has demonstrated that this pathway is uniquely prokaryotic/archaeal and also relatively widely found in pathogenic bacteria, indicating the potential of the catalytic enzymes of the pathway as targets for novel antimicrobial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Fritz
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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18
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Shin S, Lee TH, Ha NC, Koo HM, Kim SY, Lee HS, Kim YS, Oh BH. Structure of malonamidase E2 reveals a novel Ser-cisSer-Lys catalytic triad in a new serine hydrolase fold that is prevalent in nature. EMBO J 2002; 21:2509-16. [PMID: 12032064 PMCID: PMC126024 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/21.11.2509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A large group of hydrolytic enzymes, which contain a conserved stretch of approximately 130 amino acids designated the amidase signature (AS) sequence, constitutes a super family that is distinct from any other known hydrolase family. AS family enzymes are widespread in nature, ranging from bacteria to humans, and exhibit a variety of biological functions. Here we report the first structure of an AS family enzyme provided by the crystal structure of malonamidase E2 from Bradyrhizobium japonicum. The structure, representing a new protein fold, reveals a previously unidentified Ser-cisSer-Lys catalytic machinery that is absolutely conserved throughout the family. This family of enzymes appears to be evolutionarily distinct but has diverged to acquire a wide spectrum of individual substrate specificities, while maintaining a core structure that supports the catalytic function of the unique triad. Based of the structures of the enzyme in two different inhibited states, an unusual action mechanism of the triad is proposed that accounts for the role of the cis conformation in the triad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejeong Shin
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Biomolecular Recognition, Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749 and Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea Corresponding author e-mail: or
| | - Tae-Hee Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Biomolecular Recognition, Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749 and Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea Corresponding author e-mail: or
| | - Nam-Chul Ha
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Biomolecular Recognition, Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749 and Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea Corresponding author e-mail: or
| | - Hyun Min Koo
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Biomolecular Recognition, Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749 and Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea Corresponding author e-mail: or
| | - So-yeon Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Biomolecular Recognition, Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749 and Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea Corresponding author e-mail: or
| | - Heung-Soo Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Biomolecular Recognition, Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749 and Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea Corresponding author e-mail: or
| | - Yu Sam Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Biomolecular Recognition, Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749 and Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea Corresponding author e-mail: or
| | - Byung-Ha Oh
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Biomolecular Recognition, Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749 and Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea Corresponding author e-mail: or
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