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Wang Y, Zhou X, Shan W, Liao R, Deng Y, Peng F, Shao Z. Construction of Axially Chiral Indoles by Cycloaddition–Isomerization via Atroposelective Phosphoric Acid and Silver Sequential Catalysis. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingcheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Wenyu Shan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Ruisong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - YuHua Deng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Fangzhi Peng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Zhihui Shao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
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Lindsay AC, Kilmartin PA, Sperry J. Synthesis of 3-nitroindoles by sequential paired electrolysis. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7903-7913. [PMID: 34549223 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01453f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
3-Nitroindoles are synthetically versatile intermediates but current methods for the preparation hinder their widespread application. Herein, we report that nitroenamines undergo electrochemical cyclisation to 3-nitroindoles in the presence of potassium iodide. Detailed control experiments and cyclic voltammogram studies infer the reaction proceeds via a sequential paired electrolysis process, beginning with anodic oxidation of iodide (I-) to the iodine radical (I˙), which facilitates cyclisation of the nitroenamine to give a 3-nitroindolinyl radical. Cathodic reduction and protonation generates a 3-nitroindoline that upon oxidation forms the 3-nitroindole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C Lindsay
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Paul A Kilmartin
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Jonathan Sperry
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
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Hu X, Tan Z, Liu Z, Chen F, Jiang H, Zeng W. Rh(iii)-Catalyzed sulfonylamination of α-indolyl alcohols via Csp2–Csp3 bond cleavage. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01426e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A Rh(iii)-catalyzed beta-carbon amination of α-aryl alcohols with sulfonyl azides has been developed. This transformation features unstrained Csp2–Csp3 σ bond amination via C–C bond cleavage, and provides a direct approach to complex 2-aminoindoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510641
- China
| | - Zheng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510641
- China
| | - Zhipeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510641
- China
| | - Fengjuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510641
- China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510641
- China
| | - Wei Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510641
- China
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Leijendekker LH, Weweler J, Leuther TM, Kratzert D, Streuff J. Development, Scope, and Applications of Titanium(III)-Catalyzed Cyclizations to Aminated N-Heterocycles. Chemistry 2019; 25:3382-3390. [PMID: 30615817 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardus H. Leijendekker
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Jens Weweler
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Tobias M. Leuther
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Daniel Kratzert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Jan Streuff
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
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Leijendekker LH, Weweler J, Leuther TM, Streuff J. Katalytische reduktive Synthese und direkte Derivatisierung ungeschützter Aminoindole, Aminopyrrole und Iminoindoline. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardus H. Leijendekker
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Deutschland
| | - Jens Weweler
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Deutschland
| | - Tobias M. Leuther
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Deutschland
| | - Jan Streuff
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Deutschland
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6
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Leijendekker LH, Weweler J, Leuther TM, Streuff J. Catalytic Reductive Synthesis and Direct Derivatization of Unprotected Aminoindoles, Aminopyrroles, and Iminoindolines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:6103-6106. [PMID: 28444893 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A titanium(III)-catalyzed radical cyclization to unprotected 3-aminoindoles, 3-aminopyrroles, or 3-iminoindolines is reported. The reaction is non-hazardous, scalable, and allows facile isolation of the free products by extraction. The method is demonstrated on a large substrate scope and it further allows the direct installation of various nitrogen protecting groups or the synthesis of building blocks for peptide chemistry in a single sequence. Fused bisindoles can be directly accessed from the cyclization products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardus H Leijendekker
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Jens Weweler
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Tobias M Leuther
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Jan Streuff
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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7
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Harjani JR, Tang AX, Norton RS, Baell JB. A new methodology for the synthesis of 3-amino-1H-indole-2-carboxylates. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Stone T. Overview: Excitatory Amino Acids;Current Opinion in Therapeutic Patents June 1992. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2.6.907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Klivényi P, Toldi J, Vécsei L. Kynurenines in neurodegenerative disorders: therapeutic consideration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2004; 541:169-83. [PMID: 14977214 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8969-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Péter Klivényi
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged POB 427, H-6701, Szeged, Hungary
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Abstract
In just under 20 years the kynurenine family of compounds has developed from a group of obscure metabolites of the essential amino acid tryptophan into a source of intensive research, with postulated roles for quinolinic acid in neurodegenerative disorders, most especially the AIDS-dementia complex and Huntington's disease. One of the kynurenines, kynurenic acid, has become a standard tool for use in the identification of glutamate-releasing synapses, and has been used as the parent for several groups of compounds now being developed as drugs for the treatment of epilepsy and stroke. The kynurenines represent a major success in translating a basic discovery into a source of clinical understanding and therapeutic application, with around 3000 papers published on quinolinic acid or kynurenic acid since the discovery of their effects in 1981 and 1982. This review concentrates on some of the recent work most directly relevant to the understanding and applications of kynurenines in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Stone
- Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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Abstract
The kynurenine pathway accounts for the metabolism of around 80% of non-protein tryptophan metabolism. It includes both an agonist (quinolinic acid) at NMDA receptors and an antagonist (kynurenic acid). Since their discovery, there has been a major development of kynurenic acid analogues as neuroprotectants for the treatment of stroke and neurodegenerative disease. Several prodrugs of kynurenic acid or its analogues that can be hydrolysed within the CNS are also available. More recently, the pathway itself has proved to be a valuable drug target, affected by agents which reduce the synthesis of quinolinic acid and increase the formation of kynurenic acid. The change in the balance of these, away from the excitotoxin and towards the neuroprotectant, has anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Stone
- Institute of Biomedical & Life Sciences, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK.
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Abstract
Strokes (intracranial thomboses or haemorrhaging) cause death and disability, but effective treatments are lacking. The metabolism of tryptophan leads to the generation of quinolinic acid, an agonist potentially neurotoxic at glutamate receptors, and kynurenic acid, an antagonist at the same population of receptors. The commercial development of the kynurenine pathway has included the use of analogues of kynurenic acid as antagonists at glutamate receptors. A second has been to use prodrugs of kynurenic acid or its analogues. Alternatively, it is proving possible to interfere directly with the kynurenine pathway to block the synthesis of quinolinic acid and promote the formation of kynurenic acid. This change yields neuroprotectant and anticonvulsant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Stone
- Institute of Biomedical & Life Sciences, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Baron BM, Harrison BL, Kehne JH, Schmidt CJ, van Giersbergen PL, White HS, Siegel BW, Senyah Y, McCloskey TC, Fadayel GM, Taylor VL, Murawsky MK, Nyce P, Salituro FG. Pharmacological characterization of MDL 105,519, an NMDA receptor glycine site antagonist. Eur J Pharmacol 1997; 323:181-92. [PMID: 9128837 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(97)00045-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
MDL 105,519, (E)-3-(2-phenyl-2-carboxyethenyl)-4,6-dichloro-1 H-indole-2-carboxylic acid, is a potent and selective inhibitor of [3H]glycine binding to the NMDA receptor. MDL 105,519 inhibits NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate)-dependent responses including elevations of [3H]N-[1,(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl]-piperidine ([3H]TCP) binding in brain membranes, cyclic GMP accumulation in brain slices, and alterations in cytosolic CA2+ and NA(+)-CA2+ currents in cultured neurons. Inhibition was non-competitive with respect to NMDA and could be nullified with D-serine. Intravenously administered MDL 105,519 prevented harmaline-stimulated increases in cerebellar cyclic GMP content, providing biochemical evidence of NMDA receptor antagonism in vivo. This antagonism was associated with anticonvulsant activity in genetically based, chemically induced, and electrically mediated seizure models. Anxiolytic activity was observed in the rat separation-induced vocalization model, but muscle-relaxant activity was apparent at lower doses. Higher doses impair rotorod performance, but were without effect on mesolimbic dopamine turnover or prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex. This pattern of activities differentiates this compound from (5R,10S)-(+)-5-methyl-10, 11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine (MK-801) and indicates a lower psychotomimetic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Baron
- Hoechst Marion Roussel, Cincinnati, OH 45215, USA.
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Di Fabio R, Capelli AM, Conti N, Cugola A, Donati D, Feriani A, Gastaldi P, Gaviraghi G, Hewkin CT, Micheli F, Missio A, Mugnaini M, Pecunioso A, Quaglia AM, Ratti E, Rossi L, Tedesco G, Trist DG, Reggiani A. Substituted indole-2-carboxylates as in vivo potent antagonists acting as the strychnine-insensitive glycine binding site. J Med Chem 1997; 40:841-50. [PMID: 9083472 DOI: 10.1021/jm960644a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of indole-2-carboxylates bearing suitable chains at the C-3 position of the indole nucleus was synthesized and evaluated in terms of in vitro affinity using [3H]glycine binding assay and in vivo potency by inhibition of convulsions induced by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) in mice. 3-[2-[(Phenylamino)carbonyl]ethenyl]-4,6-dichloroindole-2-carboxyl ic acid (8) was an antagonist at the strychnine-insensitive glycine binding site (noncompetitive inhibition of the binding of [3H]TCP, pA2 = 8.1) displaying nanomolar affinity for the glycine binding site (pKi = 8.5), coupled with high glutamate receptor selectivity (> 1000-fold relative to the affinity at the NMDA, AMPA, and kainate binding sites). This indole derivative inhibited convulsions induced by NMDA in mice, when administered by both iv and po routes (ED50 = 0.06 and 6 mg/kg, respectively). The effect of the substituents on the terminal phenyl ring of the C-3 side chain was investigated. QSAR analysis suggested that the pKi value decreases with lipophilicity and steric bulk of substituents and increases with the electron donor resonance effect of the groups present in the para position of the terminal phenyl ring. According to these results the terminal phenyl ring of the C-3 side chain should lie in a nonhydrophobic pocket of limited size, refining the proposed pharmacophore model of the glycine binding site associated with the NMDA receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Di Fabio
- Glaxo Wellcome S.p.A., Medicines Research Centre, Verona, Italy.
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Kehne JH, Baron BM, Harrison BL, McCloskey TC, Palfreyman MG, Poirot M, Salituro FG, Siegel BW, Slone AL, Van Giersbergen PL. MDL 100,458 and MDL 102,288: two potent and selective glycine receptor antagonists with different functional profiles. Eur J Pharmacol 1995; 284:109-18. [PMID: 8549613 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(95)00375-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Glycine receptor antagonists have been proposed to have multiple therapeutic applications, including the treatment of stroke, epilepsy, and anxiety. The present study compared the biochemical and behavioral profiles of two strychnine-insensitive glycine receptor antagonists, MDL 100,458 (3-(benzoylmethylamino)-6-chloro-1H-indole-2- carboxylic acid) and MDL 102,288 (5,7-dichloro-1,4-dihydro-4-[[[4- [(methoxycarbonyl)amino]phenyl]sulfonyl]imino]-2-quinolinecarboxylic acid monohydrate). Both compounds potently inhibited [3H]glycine binding to rat cortical/hippocampal membranes (Ki = 136, 167 nM, respectively) without showing significant activity in 18 other receptor binding assays. In an in vitro functional assay, both compounds completely antagonized N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-stimulated cGMP accumulation in rat cerebellar slices. However, in contrast to their equipotency in the glycine receptor assay, MDL 100,458 was approximately 6-fold more potent than MDL 102,288 in the cGMP assay (IC50 values = 1.25, 7.8 microM, respectively). Behavioral tests demonstrated that MDL 102,288 and MDL 100,458 exhibited strikingly different in vivo profiles. MDL 100,458 antagonized audiogenic seizures in DBA/2J mice (ED50 = 20.8 mg/kg i.p.), whereas MDL 102,288 was without effect in the dose range tested (ED50 > 300 mg/kg i.p.). Central nervous system penetration did not appear to account for this difference. For example, MDL 102,288 was not active following direct intracerebroventricular administration (ED50 > 16 micrograms; vs. 0.78 microgram for MDL 100,458). In a test of anxiolytic activity, MDL 102,288 reduced separation-induced ultrasonic vocalizations in rat pups (ED50 = 6.3 mg/kg i.p.) whereas MDL 100,458 was only weakly active (ED50 = 80.8 mg/kg i.p.). Furthermore, the anxiolytic effect of MDL 102,288 was selective in that it occurred at doses that did not produce motoric disruption as measured by an inclined-plane test (ED50 > 160 mg/kg; therapeutic index > 25.4). In contrast, the anxiolytic activity of MDL 100,458 was non-selective in that it occurred at doses that also produced motoric disruption (ED50 = 57.7 mg/kg; therapeutic index = 0.7). Thus, two glycine receptor antagonists which have similar in vitro binding profiles as selective ligands for the strychnine-insensitive glycine receptor, demonstrate different in vitro and in vivo functional profiles. The reason for these differences is not clear, though one possibility could be that the compounds may act on different NMDA receptor subtypes. These data support the possibility that different glycine receptor antagonists may have different therapeutic targets.
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MESH Headings
- Acoustic Stimulation
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Anxiety, Separation/psychology
- Binding, Competitive/drug effects
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- Glycine/metabolism
- Glycine Agents/pharmacology
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Quinolones/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Drug/drug effects
- Receptors, Drug/metabolism
- Receptors, Glutamate/drug effects
- Receptors, Glycine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/drug effects
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism
- Seizures/chemically induced
- Seizures/psychology
- Vocalization, Animal/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Kehne
- Marion Merrell Dow Research Institute, Cincinnati, OH 45215, USA
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the NMDA receptor glycine site. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0165-6147(93)90109-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Derivatives of 1-hydroxy-3-aminopyrrolidin-2-one (HA-966). Partial agonists at the glycine site of the NMDA receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)80094-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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