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Mezeiova E, Chalupova K, Nepovimova E, Gorecki L, Prchal L, Malinak D, Kuca K, Soukup O, Korabecny J. Donepezil Derivatives Targeting Amyloid-β Cascade in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:772-800. [PMID: 30819078 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190228122956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with an increasing impact on society. Because currently available therapy has only a short-term effect, a huge number of novel compounds are developed every year exploiting knowledge of the various aspects of AD pathophysiology. To better address the pathological complexity of AD, one of the most extensively pursued strategies by medicinal chemists is based on Multi-target-directed Ligands (MTDLs). Donepezil is one of the currently approved drugs for AD therapy acting as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. In this review, we have made an extensive literature survey focusing on donepezil-derived MTDL hybrids primarily targeting on different levels cholinesterases and amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide. The targeting includes direct interaction of the compounds with Aβ, AChE-induced Aβ aggregation, inhibition of BACE-1 enzyme, and modulation of biometal balance thus impeding Aβ assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mezeiova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Katarina Chalupova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Gorecki
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Prchal
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - David Malinak
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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2
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Kobayashi N, Sato N, Sugita K, Takahashi K, Sugawara T, Tada Y, Yoshikawa T. Synthesis and evaluation of in vivo anti-hypothermic effect of all stereoisomers of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone mimetic: Rovatirelin Hydrate. J Pept Sci 2019; 25:e3228. [PMID: 31713944 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We discovered the orally active thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) mimetic: (4S,5S)-5-methyl-N-{(2S)-1-[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]-1-oxo-3-(1,3-thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl}-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidine-4-carboxamide 1 (rovatirelin). The central nervous system (CNS) effect of rovatirelin after intravenous (iv) administration is 100-fold higher than that of TRH. As 1 has four asymmetric carbons in its molecule, there are 16 stereoisomers. We synthesized and evaluated the anti-hypothermic effect of all stereoisomers of 1, which has the (4S),(5S),(2S),(2R) configuration from the N-terminus to the C-terminus, in order to clarify the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of stereoisomers. The (4R),(5R),(2R),(2S)-isomer 16 did not show any anti-hypothermic effect. Only the (4S),(5S),(2S),(2S)-isomer 10, which has the (2S)-2-methylpyrrolidine moiety at the C-terminus showed the anti-hypothermic effect similar to 1. Stereoisomers, which have the (5R) configuration of the oxazolidinone at the N-terminus and the (2R) configuration at the middle-part, showed a much lower anti-hypothermic effect than that of 1. On the other hand, stereoisomers, which have the (4R) configuration of the oxazolidinone at the N-terminus or the (2S) configuration of the C-terminus, have little influence on the anti-hypothermic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotake Kobayashi
- Medicinal chemistry research laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd. 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Norihito Sato
- Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd. 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Katsuji Sugita
- Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd. 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Kouji Takahashi
- DMPK Services, Shionogi Techno Advance Research Co., Ltd. 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Tamio Sugawara
- Medicinal chemistry research laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd. 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Yukio Tada
- Medicinal chemistry research laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd. 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Yoshikawa
- Pharmacovigilance Japan, Allergan Japan K.K., 4-20-3-35, Ebisu Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 150-6035, Japan
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3
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Kobayashi N, Sato N, Fujimura Y, Kihara T, Sugita K, Takahashi K, Koike K, Sugawara T, Tada Y, Nakai H, Yoshikawa T. Discovery of the Orally Effective Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Mimetic: 1-{ N-[(4 S,5 S)-(5-Methyl-2-oxooxazolidine-4-yl)carbonyl]-3-(thiazol-4-yl)-l-alanyl}-(2 R)-2-methylpyrrolidine Trihydrate (Rovatirelin Hydrate). ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:13647-13666. [PMID: 30411045 PMCID: PMC6217654 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We have explored orally effective thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) mimetics, showing oral bioavailability and brain penetration by structure-activity relationship (SAR) study on the basis of in vivo antagonistic activity on reserpine-induced hypothermia in mice. By primary screening of the synthesized TRH mimetics, we found a novel TRH mimetic: l-pyroglutamyl-[3-(thiazol-4-yl)-l-alanyl]-l-prolinamide with a high central nervous system effect compared with TRH as a lead compound. Further SAR optimization studies of this lead compound led to discovery of a novel orally effective TRH mimetic: 1-{N-[(4S,5S)-(5-methyl-2-oxooxazolidine-4-yl)carbonyl]-3-(thiazol-4-yl)-l-alanyl}-(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidine trihydrate (rovatirelin hydrate), which was selected as a candidate for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotake Kobayashi
- Medicinal
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Research Laboratory for Development, and Drug Discovery
& Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi
& Co., Ltd., 3-1-1,
Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Norihito Sato
- Medicinal
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Research Laboratory for Development, and Drug Discovery
& Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi
& Co., Ltd., 3-1-1,
Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Yuko Fujimura
- Medicinal
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Research Laboratory for Development, and Drug Discovery
& Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi
& Co., Ltd., 3-1-1,
Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kihara
- Business
Search & Evaluation, Shionogi &
Co., Ltd., 3-1-8, Doshomachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka 541-0045, Japan
| | - Katsuji Sugita
- Medicinal
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Research Laboratory for Development, and Drug Discovery
& Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi
& Co., Ltd., 3-1-1,
Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Kouji Takahashi
- DMPK
Services, Shionogi Techno Advance Research
Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Katsumi Koike
- Medicinal
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Research Laboratory for Development, and Drug Discovery
& Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi
& Co., Ltd., 3-1-1,
Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Tamio Sugawara
- Medicinal
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Research Laboratory for Development, and Drug Discovery
& Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi
& Co., Ltd., 3-1-1,
Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Yukio Tada
- Medicinal
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Research Laboratory for Development, and Drug Discovery
& Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi
& Co., Ltd., 3-1-1,
Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakai
- Medicinal
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Research Laboratory for Development, and Drug Discovery
& Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi
& Co., Ltd., 3-1-1,
Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Yoshikawa
- Pharmacovigilance
Japan, Allergan Japan K.K., 4-20-3-35, Ebisu, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-6035, Japan
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4
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Singh M, Kaur M, Chadha N, Silakari O. Hybrids: a new paradigm to treat Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Divers 2015; 20:271-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-015-9628-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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5
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Prokai-Tatrai K, Nguyen V, Szarka S, Konya K, Prokai L. Design and exploratory neuropharmacological evaluation of novel thyrotropin-releasing hormone analogs and their brain-targeting bioprecursor prodrugs. Pharmaceutics 2013; 5:318-28. [PMID: 24058724 PMCID: PMC3777413 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics5020318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Efforts to take advantage of the beneficial activities of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in the brain are hampered by its poor metabolic stability and lack of adequate central nervous system bioavailability. We report here novel and metabolically stable analogs that we derived from TRH by replacing its amino-terminal pyroglutamyl (pGlu) residue with pyridinium-containing moieties. Exploratory studies have shown that the resultant compounds were successfully delivered into the mouse brain after systemic administration via their bioprecursor prodrugs, where they manifested neuropharmacological responses characteristic of the endogenous parent peptide. On the other hand, the loss of potency compared to TRH in a model testing antidepressant-like effect with a simultaneous preservation of analeptic activity has been observed, when pGlu was replaced with trigonelloyl residue. This finding may indicate an opportunity for designing TRH analogs with potential selectivity towards cholinergic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Prokai-Tatrai
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA; E-Mails: (V.N.); (S.S.); (L.P.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-817-735-0617; Fax: +1-817-735-2118
| | - Vien Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA; E-Mails: (V.N.); (S.S.); (L.P.)
| | - Szabolcs Szarka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA; E-Mails: (V.N.); (S.S.); (L.P.)
| | - Krisztina Konya
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA; E-Mails: (V.N.); (S.S.); (L.P.)
| | - Laszlo Prokai
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA; E-Mails: (V.N.); (S.S.); (L.P.)
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6
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Khomane KS, Meena CL, Jain R, Bansal AK. Novel thyrotropin-releasing hormone analogs: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 21:1673-91. [PMID: 22017410 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.623127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The potential therapeutic applications of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) have attracted attention, based on its broad-spectrum neuropharmacological action rather than its endocrine properties. These central nervous system (CNS)-mediated effects provide the rationale for use of TRH and its analogs in the treatment of brain and spinal injury, and CNS disorders like schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, depression, shock and ischemia. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the patent literature and advances in the discovery and development of novel TRH analogs over the past 20 years. It provides a comprehensive overview of the development of new TRH analogs, giving emphasis to their pharmaceutical profile. EXPERT OPINION The use of TRH in the treatment of various CNS disorders has been proven clinically. However, TRH itself is a poor drug candidate due to its short plasma half-life (5 min), poor biopharmaceutical properties (low intestinal and CNS permeability) and endocrine side effect. Nevertheless, researchers have come up with metabolically stable, more potent and selective TRH analogs and prodrugs. Taltirelin, one of the TRH analogs, has been approved under the trade name of Ceredist(®) in Japan for the treatment of spinocerebellar degeneration. Several other TRH analogs are in various stages of preclinical or clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailas S Khomane
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Department of Pharmaceutics, Mohali, Punjab, India
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7
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Prokai-Tatrai K, Prokai L. Prodrug design for brain delivery of small- and medium-sized neuropeptides. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 789:313-36. [PMID: 21922418 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-310-3_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) represents multiple barriers for drug delivery from the circulation. Peptides potentially useful to treat maladies of the brain are especially limited in their ability to cross the BBB due to several shortcomings. Specific delivery strategies have been conceived to outwit the BBB to target neuropeptides into the brain. It should be noted, however, that no unified method is possible for true brain-targeting of these fascinating biomolecules due to their structural features, properties, and intricate interplays among factors governing their entrance into and retention within the brain. In most brain-targeting prodrug approaches, a lipophilic and bioreversible moiety(ies) is covalently attached to the peptide that results in the complete loss of the innate biological activity of the parent peptide (prodrugs are inactive per definition) but significantly improves brain uptake and metabolic stability in the plasma and the interstitial fluid. Once the peptide prodrug has crossed the BBB, specific enzymes liberate the parent agent from its prodrug in the brain. To illustrate the applicability of the prodrug strategy for brain delivery of small neuropeptides, pGlu-Glu-Pro-NH(2), [Glu(2)TRH], a thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) analogue with a vast array of central activities, was chosen as an example. An ester prodrug provided significantly improved brain delivery compared to the unmodified parent peptide. The synthesis, in vitro and in vivo evaluations of this prodrug as specific examples are given for typical exploratory prodrug validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Prokai-Tatrai
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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8
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León R, Garcia AG, Marco-Contelles J. Recent advances in the multitarget-directed ligands approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Med Res Rev 2011; 33:139-89. [PMID: 21793014 DOI: 10.1002/med.20248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
With 27 million cases worldwide documented in 2006, Alzheimer's disease (AD) constitutes an overwhelming health, social, economic, and political problem to nations. Unless a new medicine capable to delay disease progression is found, the number of cases will reach 107 million in 2050. So far, the therapeutic paradigm one-compound-one-target has failed. This could be due to the multiple pathogenic mechanisms involved in AD including amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation to form plaques, τ hyperphosphorylation to disrupt microtubule to form neurofibrillary tangles, calcium imbalance, enhanced oxidative stress, impaired mitochondrial function, apoptotic neuronal death, and deterioration of synaptic transmission, particularly at cholinergic neurons. Approximately 100 compounds are presently been investigated directed to single targets, namely inhibitors of β and γ secretase, vaccines or antibodies that clear Aβ, metal chelators to inhibit Aβ aggregation, blockers of glycogen synthase kinase 3β, enhancers of mitochondrial function, antioxidants, modulators of calcium-permeable channels such as voltage-dependent calcium channels, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors for glutamate, or enhancers of cholinergic neurotransmission such as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase or butyrylcholinesterase. In view of this complex pathogenic mechanisms, and the successful treatment of chronic diseases such as HIV or cancer, with multiple drugs having complementary mechanisms of action, the concern is growing that AD could better be treated with a single compound targeting two or more of the pathogenic mechanisms leading to neuronal death. This review summarizes the current therapeutic strategies based on the paradigm one-compound-various targets to treat AD. A treatment that delays disease onset and/or progression by 5 years could halve the number of people requiring institutionalization and/or dying from AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael León
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Lensfield road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom.
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9
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Nguyen V, Zharikova AD, Prokai-Tatrai K, Prokai L. [Glu2]TRH dose-dependently attenuates TRH-evoked analeptic effect in mice. Brain Res Bull 2010; 82:83-6. [PMID: 20188155 PMCID: PMC2867048 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2009] [Revised: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH, pGlu-His-Pro-NH(2)) and the structurally related [Glu(2)]TRH (pGlu-Glu-Pro-NH(2)) are endogenous peptides with a plethora of actions in the central nervous system. Many centrally-mediated effects of TRH are shared with those of [Glu(2)]TRH, although the involvement of different receptors is presumed. The analeptic action is the best-known TRH-related central nervous system effect. While [Glu(2)]TRH itself is analeptic, its co-administration with TRH into mice produced a dose-dependent attenuation of TRH-evoked reversal of barbiturate-induced sleeping time. This finding is in agreement with our previous observations that [Glu(2)]TRH significantly attenuates TRH-induced hippocampal extracellular acetylcholine release. Taken together, [Glu(2)]TRH may be considered as a negative modulator for the cholinergic effect of TRH in the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vien Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA, Tel.: 1-817-735-0629
| | - Alevtina D. Zharikova
- Departments of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA, Tel.: 1-352-392-9854
| | - Katalin Prokai-Tatrai
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA, Tel.: 1-817-735-0629
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA, Tel.: 1-817-735-0617
| | - Laszlo Prokai
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA, Tel.: 1-817-735-0629
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10
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Arce MP, Rodríguez-Franco MI, González-Muñoz GC, Pérez C, López B, Villarroya M, López MG, García AG, Conde S. Neuroprotective and Cholinergic Properties of Multifunctional Glutamic Acid Derivatives for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Med Chem 2009; 52:7249-57. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900628z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana P. Arce
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Concepción Pérez
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz López
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Villarroya
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuela G. López
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio G. García
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Conde
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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11
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Prokai-Tatrai K, Prokai L. Prodrugs of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and related peptides as central nervous system agents. Molecules 2009; 14:633-54. [PMID: 19214153 PMCID: PMC6253886 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14020633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Prodrug design for brain delivery of small- and medium-sized neuropeptides was reviewed, focusing on thyrotropin-releasing hormone and structurally related peptides as examples. We have summarized our most important advances in methodology, as well as assessed the benefits and limitations of bioreversible chemical manipulation techniques to achieve targeting of the parent molecules into the central nervous system. The value of prodrug-amenable analogues as potential drug-like central nervous systems agents was highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Prokai-Tatrai
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Laszlo Prokai
- Department of Molecular Biology & Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; E-mail: (L.P.)
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12
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Stevens SM, Prokai-Tatrai K, Prokai L. Factors that contribute to the misidentification of tyrosine nitration by shotgun proteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 2008; 7:2442-51. [PMID: 18708664 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m800065-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The high selectivity and throughput of tandem mass spectrometry allow for rapid identification and localization of various posttranslational protein modifications from complex mixtures by shotgun approaches. Although sequence database search algorithms provide necessary support to process the potentially enormous quantity of MS/MS spectra generated from large scale tandem mass spectrometry experiments, false positive identifications of peptide modifications may exist even after implementation of stringent identification criteria. In this report, we describe factors that lead to misinterpretation of MS/MS spectra as well as common chemical and experimental artifacts that generate false positives using the proteomics-based identification of tyrosine nitration as an example. In addition to the proposed manual validation criteria, the importance of peptide synthesis and subsequent MS/MS characterization for validation of peptide nitration demonstrated by several examples from earlier publications is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley M Stevens
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA
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13
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Teixidó M, Prokai-Tatrai K, Wang X, Nguyen V, Prokai L. Exploratory neuropharmacological evaluation of a conformationally constrained thyrotropin-releasing hormone analogue. Brain Res Bull 2007; 73:103-7. [PMID: 17499643 PMCID: PMC1950732 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A conformationally constrained peptidomimetic derived from the endocrine and neuroactive tripeptide thyrotropin-releasing hormone (pGlu-His-Pro-NH(2)) was synthesized by convenient solid-phase organic chemistry and evaluated as a potential central nervous system agent. While this ethylene-bridged peptide analogue has been reported to lack the hormonal effect of the native peptide, we have shown in animal models that it possesses central nervous system activity characteristic of thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Compared to control, the peptidomimetic showed significant analeptic and antidepressant-like potencies. Moreover, an enhanced selectivity in antidepressant-like effect was measured when compared to that of the native peptide. Immobilized artificial membrane chromatography and in vitro metabolic stability studies also revealed that this constrained peptidomimetic has higher affinity to the blood-brain barrier than the native peptide and is metabolically stable. Consequently, this structure may be used as a template to design centrally selective and metabolically stable thyrotropin-releasing hormone analogues as potential neuropharmaceutical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Teixidó
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA
| | - Katalin Prokai-Tatrai
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: + 01 817 735 0617; fax: +01 817 735 2651. E-mail: (K. Prokai-Tatrai)
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA
| | - Vien Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA
| | - Laszlo Prokai
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA
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Nguyen V, Zharikova AD, Prokai L. Evidence for interplay between thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and its structural analogue pGlu-Glu-Pro-NH2 ([Glu2]TRH) in the brain: an in vivo microdialysis study. Neurosci Lett 2006; 415:64-7. [PMID: 17234338 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Revised: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 12/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Local perfusion of pGlu-Glu-Pro-NH2, an endogenous peptide structurally related to thyrotropine-releasing hormone (TRH), via in vivo microdialysis into the rat hippocampus did not change the basal level of extracellular acetylcholine. However, co-perfusion of pGlu-Glu-Pro-NH2 with TRH in equimolar concentrations yielded a significant attenuation of TRH-induced acetylcholine release. The results have supported the study's hypothesis that pGlu-Glu-Pro-NH2 opposes the cholinergic effect of TRH in the mammalian central nervous system. The enantiomer pGlu-d-Glu-Pro-NH2 affected neither basal extracellular nor TRH-induced increase of acetylcholine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vien Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biology & Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA
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15
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Katritzky AR, Todadze E, Shestopalov AA, Cusido J, Angrish P. Selective Peptide Chain Extension at the C-terminus of Aspartic and Glutamic Acids Utilizing N-protected (α-aminoacyl)benzotriazoles. Chem Biol Drug Des 2006; 68:42-7. [PMID: 16923025 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2006.00413.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Aspartic and glutamic acids were selectively extended at each of the alternative C-terminals under mild conditions to afford diverse natural and unnatural N-protected dipeptides and tripeptides in yields of 73-96%. The reactions between N-protected (alpha-aminoacyl)benzotriazoles and free amino acids or dipeptides proceeded with complete retention of chirality as supported by parallel experiments involving D-Ala, L-Ala, and DL-Ala in the preparation of dipeptides and tripeptides, monitored by NMR and HPLC analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Katritzky
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA.
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16
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Katritzky AR, Todadze E, Cusido J, Angrish P, Shestopalov AA. Selective Peptide Chain Extension at the N-terminus of Aspartic and Glutamic Acids Utilizing 1-(N-protected-α-aminoacyl)benzotriazoles. Chem Biol Drug Des 2006; 68:37-41. [PMID: 16923024 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2006.00411.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diverse N-protected di-(3a-d, 3a + a', 5a-d, 5d + d', and 7a-g) and tripeptides (10a-h) were synthesized under mild reaction conditions in good yields (65-97%) by acylation with 1-(N-protected-alpha-aminoacyl)benzotriazoles of the amino groups of free aspartic and glutamic acids. Complete retention of chirality was demonstrated by parallel experiments involving D-Ala, L-Ala, and DL-Ala for the preparation of dipeptides and tripeptides, and supported by NMR and HPLC analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Katritzky
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA.
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17
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Faden AI, Knoblach SM, Movsesyan VA, Lea PM, Cernak I. Novel neuroprotective tripeptides and dipeptides. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1053:472-81. [PMID: 16179555 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2005.tb00057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It has long been recognized that thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and certain TRH analogues are neuroprotective in a variety of animal models of CNS trauma. In addition to these neuroprotective actions, TRH and most TRH analogues have other physiological actions that may not be desirable for treatment of acute injury, such as analeptic, autonomic, and endocrine effects. We have developed a series of dual-substituted TRH analogues that have strong neuroprotective actions, but are largely devoid of these other physiological actions. In addition, we have developed a family of cyclized dipeptides (diketopiperazines), structurally somewhat related to a metabolic product of TRH, that appear even more effective as neuroprotective agents in vitro and in vivo, and may have nootropic properties. Here, we review these novel tripeptide and dipeptide compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan I Faden
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Research Building, Room EP04, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA.
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18
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Ross BP, Braddy AC, McGeary RP, Blanchfield JT, Prokai L, Toth I. Micellar aggregation and membrane partitioning of bile salts, fatty acids, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and sugar-conjugated fatty acids: correlation with hemolytic potency and implications for drug delivery. Mol Pharm 2005; 1:233-45. [PMID: 15981926 DOI: 10.1021/mp049964d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The co-administration of a drug with a penetration enhancer (PE) is one method by which the membrane permeability of a drug can be improved. To facilitate PE design, it is important that the molecular basis of PE toxicity and efficacy be examined, so we investigated the membrane affinity and micellar aggregation of a series of synthetic liposaccharide PEs and correlated these properties with hemolytic potency. The influence of liposaccharide alkyl chain length (nc) on the system was studied, and comparisons were made with conventional PEs such as bile salts, fatty acids, and surfactants. The liposaccharides were each synthesized in eight steps in good overall yield. Their critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) in phosphate-buffered saline ranged from 0.207 to 20.2 mM, and it was found that increasing nc by 2 afforded a 1 order of magnitude decrease in the CMC. Immobilized artificial membrane (IAM) chromatography was used to determine each PE's affinity for biological membranes, and an increase in nc caused a significant increase in the extent of membrane binding. A study of hemolytic activity revealed that liposaccharides with an nc of < or = 12 are the most likely to be biocompatible. The CMC values for all PEs showed a negative correlation with hemolytic potency; however, it was PE monomers, not micelles, that were responsible for the onset of hemolysis. The affinity of all enhancers for the IAM displayed a positive correlation with hemolytic potency, and therefore, IAM chromatography can be used to predict PE hemolytic activity. It was concluded that the biocompatibility of liposaccharides can be modulated by minor alterations in nc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Ross
- School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences and School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland E Dolle
- Department of Chemistry, Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, USA.
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Prokai-Tatrai K, Prokai L. Modifying peptide properties by prodrug design for enhanced transport into the CNS. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2004; 61:155-88. [PMID: 14674612 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-8049-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Prokai-Tatrai
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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