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Mahmoud E, Hayallah AM, Kovacic S, Abdelhamid D, Abdel-Aziz M. Recent progress in biologically active indole hybrids: a mini review. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:570-582. [PMID: 35594012 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00370-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The indole moiety is one of the most widespread heterocycles found in both natural products and biological systems. Indoles have important biological activities including anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, anticholinesterase, and antibacterial properties. Scientists are therefore interested in the synthesis of biologically active indole-based hybrids such as indole-coumarin, indole-chalcone, indole-isatin, indole-pyrimidine and so on, with the aim of improving activity, selectivity, and mitigating side effects. This review will discuss the newly synthesized indole-based hybrids along with their biological activity which will be useful in drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esraa Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Alaa M Hayallah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sphinx University, New-Assiut, Egypt
| | - Suzana Kovacic
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dalia Abdelhamid
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.
| | - Mohamad Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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2
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Mir RH, Mohi-ud-din R, Wani TU, Dar MO, Shah AJ, Lone B, Pooja C, Masoodi MH. Indole: A Privileged Heterocyclic Moiety in the Management of Cancer. CURR ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272825666210208142108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Heterocyclic are a class of compounds that are intricately entwined into life processes.
Almost more than 90% of marketed drugs carry heterocycles. Synthetic chemistry, in
turn, allocates a cornucopia of heterocycles. Among the heterocycles, indole, a bicyclic structure
consisting of a six-membered benzene ring fused to a five-membered pyrrole ring with
numerous pharmacophores that generate a library of various lead molecules. Due to its profound
pharmacological profile, indole got wider attention around the globe to explore it fully
in the interest of mankind. The current review covers recent advancements on indole in the
design of various anti-cancer agents acting by targeting various enzymes or receptors, including
(HDACs), sirtuins, PIM kinases, DNA topoisomerases, and σ receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyaz Hassan Mir
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar-190006, Kashmir, India
| | - Roohi Mohi-ud-din
- Pharmacognosy Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190006, Kashmir, India
| | - Taha Umair Wani
- Pharmaceutics Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar-190006, Kashmir, India
| | - Mohammad Ovais Dar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Abdul Jaleel Shah
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar-190006, Kashmir, India
| | - Bashir Lone
- Natural Product Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Chawla Pooja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001, India
| | - Mubashir Hussain Masoodi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar-190006, Kashmir, India
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3
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Shalini, Kumar V. Have molecular hybrids delivered effective anti-cancer treatments and what should future drug discovery focus on? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 16:335-363. [PMID: 33305635 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1850686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer continues to be a big threat and its treatment is a huge challenge among the medical fraternity. Conventional anti-cancer agents are losing their efficiency which highlights the need to introduce new anti-cancer entities for treating this complex disease. A hybrid molecule has a tendency to act through varied modes of action on multiple targets at a given time. Thus, there is the significant scope with hybrid compounds to tackle the existing limitations of cancer chemotherapy. AREA COVERED This perspective describes the most significant hybrids that spring hope in the field of cancer chemotherapy. Several hybrids with anti-proliferative/anti-tumor properties currently approved or in clinical development are outlined, along with a description of their mechanism of action and identified drug targets. EXPERT OPINION The success of molecular hybridization in cancer chemotherapy is quite evident by the number of molecules entering into clinical trials and/or have entered the drug market over the past decade. Indeed, the recent advancements and co-ordinations in the interface between chemistry, biology, and pharmacology will help further the advancement of hybrid chemotherapeutics in the future.List of abbreviations: Deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA; national cancer institute, NCI; peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PBMC; food and drug administration, FDA; histone deacetylase, HDAC; epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, VEGFR; suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, SAHA; farnesyltransferase inhibitor, FTI; adenosine triphosphate, ATP; Tamoxifen, TAM; selective estrogen receptor modulator, SERM; structure activity relationship, SAR; estrogen receptor, ER; lethal dose, LD; half maximal growth inhibitory concentration, GI50; half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-India
| | - Vipan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-India
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4
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The Development Process: from SAHA to Hydroxamate HDAC Inhibitors with Branched CAP Region and Linear Linker. Chem Biodivers 2019; 17:e1900427. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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5
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Indole: A privileged scaffold for the design of anti-cancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 183:111691. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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6
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Indole in the target-based design of anticancer agents: A versatile scaffold with diverse mechanisms. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 150:9-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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7
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Gokhale N, Dalimba U, Kumsi M. Facile synthesis of indole-pyrimidine hybrids and evaluation of their anticancer and antimicrobial activity. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Zhang Q, Li Y, Zhang B, Lu B, Li J. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel histone deacetylase inhibitors incorporating 4-aminoquinazolinyl systems as capping groups. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4885-4888. [PMID: 28947154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of hydroxamic acid-based HDACIs with 4-aminoquinazolinyl moieties as capping groups was profiled. Most compounds showed more potent HDACs inhibition activity than clinically used drug SAHA. Among them, compounds 5f and 5h selectively inhibited HDAC 1,2 over HDAC8, and showed strong activity in several cellular assays, not possessing significant toxicity to primary human cells and hERG inhibition. Strikingly, 5f possessed acceptable pharmacokinetic characteristics and exhibited significant antitumor activity in an A549 xenograft model study at well tolerated doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Zhang
- Novel Technology Center of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Yang Li
- Novel Technology Center of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Baoyin Zhang
- Novel Technology Center of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Bingliu Lu
- Novel Technology Center of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Jianqi Li
- Novel Technology Center of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
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9
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Manal M, Chandrasekar M, Gomathi Priya J, Nanjan M. Inhibitors of histone deacetylase as antitumor agents: A critical review. Bioorg Chem 2016; 67:18-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Gokhale N, Panathur N, Dalimba U, Nayak PG, Pai KSR. Novel Indole-Quinazolinone Based Amides as Cytotoxic Agents. J Heterocycl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikhila Gokhale
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; National Institute of Technology Karnataka; Surathkal, Srinivasanagar Mangalore 575025 India
| | - Naveen Panathur
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; National Institute of Technology Karnataka; Surathkal, Srinivasanagar Mangalore 575025 India
| | - Udayakumar Dalimba
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; National Institute of Technology Karnataka; Surathkal, Srinivasanagar Mangalore 575025 India
| | - Pawan G. Nayak
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Manipal University; Manipal 576104 Karnataka
| | - K. Sreedhar Ranganath Pai
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Manipal University; Manipal 576104 Karnataka
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Pharmacophore modelling, validation, 3D virtual screening, docking, design and in silico ADMET simulation study of histone deacetylase class-1 inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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12
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Pereira R, Benedetti R, Pérez-Rodríguez S, Nebbioso A, García-Rodríguez J, Carafa V, Stuhldreier M, Conte M, Rodríguez-Barrios F, Stunnenberg HG, Gronemeyer H, Altucci L, de Lera ÁR. Indole-Derived Psammaplin A Analogues as Epigenetic Modulators with Multiple Inhibitory Activities. J Med Chem 2012; 55:9467-91. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300618u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Pereira
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Universidade de Vigo,
36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Rosaria Benedetti
- Dipartimento
di Patologia Generale, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Vico
L. de Crecchio 7, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Angela Nebbioso
- Dipartimento
di Patologia Generale, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Vico
L. de Crecchio 7, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Carafa
- Dipartimento
di Patologia Generale, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Vico
L. de Crecchio 7, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Mayra Stuhldreier
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Universidade de Vigo,
36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Mariarosaria Conte
- Dipartimento
di Patologia Generale, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Vico
L. de Crecchio 7, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Hendrik G. Stunnenberg
- NCMLS, Department
of Molecular
Biology, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen,
The Netherlands
| | - Hinrich Gronemeyer
- Department
of Cancer Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS, INSERM, ULP, BP 163, 67404
Illkirch Cedex, C. U. de Strasbourg, France
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Dipartimento
di Patologia Generale, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Vico
L. de Crecchio 7, 80138 Napoli, Italy
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IGB), CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131
Napoli, Italy
| | - Ángel R. de Lera
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Universidade de Vigo,
36310 Vigo, Spain
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13
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Design and synthesis of aryl ether and sulfone hydroxamic acids as potent histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:324-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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14
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Pontiki E, Hadjipavlou-Litina D. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs). Structure--activity relationships: history and new QSAR perspectives. Med Res Rev 2010; 32:1-165. [PMID: 20162725 DOI: 10.1002/med.20200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition is a recent, clinically validated therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. HDAC inhibitors (HDACIs) block angiogenesis, arrest cell growth, and lead to differentiation and apoptosis in tumor cells. In this article, a survey of published quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) studies are presented and discussed in the hope of identifying the structural determinants for anticancer activity. Secondly a two-dimensional QSAR study was carried out on biological results derived from various types of HDACIs and from different assays using the C-QSAR program of Biobyte. The QSAR analysis presented here is an attempt to organize the knowledge on the HDACIs with the purpose of designing new chemical entities with enhanced inhibitory potencies and to study the mechanism of action of the compounds. This study revealed that lipophilicity is one of the most important determinants of activity. Additionally, steric factors such as the overall molar refractivity (CMR), molar volume (MgVol), the substituent's molar refractivity (MR) (linear or parabola), or the sterimol parameters B(1) and L are important. Electronic parameters indicated as σ(p), are found to be present only in one case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Pontiki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
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15
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Screening of amide analogues of Trichostatin A in cultures of primary rat hepatocytes: search for potent and safe HDAC inhibitors. Invest New Drugs 2008; 27:338-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-008-9180-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Vadivelan S, Sinha BN, Rambabu G, Boppana K, Jagarlapudi SARP. Pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening studies to design some potential histone deacetylase inhibitors as new leads. J Mol Graph Model 2008; 26:935-46. [PMID: 17707666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Revised: 07/07/2007] [Accepted: 07/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase is one of the important targets in the treatment of solid tumors and hematological cancers. A total of 20 well-defined inhibitors were used to generate Pharmacophore models using and HypoGen module of Catalyst. These 20 molecules broadly represent 3 different chemotypes. The best HypoGen model consists of four-pharmacophore features--one hydrogen bond acceptor, one hydrophobic aliphatic and two ring aromatic centers. This model was validated against 378 known HDAC inhibitors with a correlation of 0.897 as well as enrichment factor of 2.68 against a maximum value of 3. This model was further used to retrieve molecules from NCI database with 238,819 molecules. A total of 4638 molecules from a pool of 238,819 molecules were identified as hits while 297 molecules were indicated as highly active. Also, a Similarity analysis has been carried out for set of 4638 hits with respect to most active molecule of each chemotypes which validated not only the Virtual Screening potential of the model but also identified the possible new Chemotypes. This type of Similarity analysis would prove to be efficient not only for lead generation but also for lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vadivelan
- GVK Biosciences Pvt. Ltd., S-1, Phase-1, TIE Balanagar, Hyderabad 500037, India.
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17
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Histone deacetylase inhibitors: a novel class of anti-cancer agents on its way to the market. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2008; 46:205-80. [PMID: 18381127 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(07)00005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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18
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Katritzky A, Slavov S, Dobchev D, Karelson M. Comparison Between 2D and 3D-QSAR Approaches to Correlate Inhibitor Activity for a Series of Indole Amide Hydroxamic Acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.200630021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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HDAC Inhibition in Cancer Therapy: An Increasingly Intriguing Tale of Chemistry, Biology and Clinical Benefit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2006_007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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21
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Papeleu P, Vanhaecke T, Elaut G, Vinken M, Henkens T, Snykers S, Rogiers V. Differential effects of histone deacetylase inhibitors in tumor and normal cells-what is the toxicological relevance? Crit Rev Toxicol 2005; 35:363-78. [PMID: 15989141 DOI: 10.1080/10408440590935639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors target key steps of tumor development: They inhibit proliferation, induce differentiation and/or apoptosis, and exhibit potent antimetastatic and antiangiogenic properties in transformed cells in vitro and in vivo. Preliminary studies in animal models have revealed a relatively high tumor selectivity of HDAC inhibitors, strenghtening their promising potential in cancer chemotherapy. Until now, preclinical in vitro research has almost exclusively been performed in cancer cell lines and oncogene-transformed cells. However, as cell proliferation and apoptosis are essential for normal tissue and organ homeostasis, it is important to investigate how HDAC inhibitors influence the regulation of and interplay between proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in primary cells as well. This review highlights the discrepancies in molecular events triggered by trichostatin A, the reference compound of hydroxamic acid-containing HDAC inhibitors, in hepatoma cells and primary hepatocytes (which are key targets for drug-induced toxicity). The implications of these differential outcomes in both cell types are discussed with respect to both toxicology and drug development. In view of the future use of HDAC inhibitors as cytostatic drugs, it is highly recommended to include both tumor cells and their healthy counterparts in preclinical developmental studies. Screening the toxicological properties of compounds early in their development process, using a battery of different cell types, will enable researchers to discard those compounds bearing undesirable adverse activity before entering into expensive clinical trials. This will not only reduce the risk for harmful exposure of patients but also save time and money.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Papeleu
- Department of Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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22
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Guo Y, Xiao J, Guo Z, Chu F, Cheng Y, Wu S. Exploration of a binding mode of indole amide analogues as potent histone deacetylase inhibitors and 3D-QSAR analyses. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:5424-34. [PMID: 15963726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2005] [Revised: 05/10/2005] [Accepted: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Docking simulations and three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) analyses were conducted on a series of indole amide analogues as potent histone deacetylase inhibitors. The studies include comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA). Selected ligands were docked into the active site of human HDAC1. Based on the docking results, a novel binding mode of indole amide analogues in the human HDAC1 catalytic core is presented, and enzyme/inhibitor interactions are discussed. The indole amide group is located in the open pocket, and anchored to the protein through a pair of hydrogen bonds with Asp99 O-atom and amide NH group on ligand. Based on the binding mode, predictive 3D-QSAR models were established, which had conventional r2 and cross-validated coefficient values (r(cv)2) up to 0.982 and 0.601 for CoMFA and 0.954 and 0.598 for CoMSIA, respectively. A comparison of the 3D-QSAR field contributions with the structural features of the binding site showed good correlation between the two analyses. The results of 3D-QSAR and docking studies validate each other and provided insight into the structural requirements for activity of this class of molecules as HDAC inhibitors. The CoMFA and CoMSIA PLS contour maps and MOLCAD-generated active site electrostatic, lipophilicity, and hydrogen-bonding potential surface maps, as well as the docking studies, provided good insights into inhibitor-HDAC interactions at the molecular level. Based on these results, novel molecules with improved activity can be designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshen Guo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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Abstract
Histones are small basic proteins that, by complexing wtih DNA, form the nucleosome core. Repetitive units of this nucleosome led to the chromatin in which all the human genome is packaged. Histones can be in one of the two antagonist forms, acetylated or deacetylated, equilibrium regulated by the corresponding enzymes, histone acetylases and histones deacetylases (HDACs). Inhibition of HDACs represents a new strategy in human cancer therapy since these enzymes play a fundamental role in regulating gene expression and chromatin assembly. They are potent inducers of growth arrest, differentiation and apoptosis of tumor cells. A wide variety of HDACs of both natural and synthetic origin has been reported. Except depsispeptide FK228, natural HDACs (trichostatin (TSA), depudecin, trapoxins, apicidins) as well as sodium butyrate, phenylbutyrate and suberoyl anilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), while effective in vivo, are inefficient due to instability and low retention. Subsequently, synthetic analogs isolated from screening libraries (oxamflatin, scriptaid) were discovered as havind a common structure with TSA and SAHA: an hydroxamic acid zinc-binding group linked via a spacer (5 or 6 CH2) to a hydrophobic group. Design of a second generation of HDACs was based upon these data affording potent HDACs such as LAQ824 and PDX101 currently under phase I clinical trials. Simultaneously, synthetic benzamide-containing HDACs were reported and two of them, MS-275 and CI-994, have reached phase II and I clinical trials, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Monneret
- Laboratoire de pharmacochimie, unité mixte 176 CNRS/IC, Institut Curie, section de recherche 26, rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris cedex 05, France.
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Marcotte PA, Richardson PL, Richardson PR, Guo J, Barrett LW, Xu N, Gunasekera A, Glaser KB. Fluorescence assay of SIRT protein deacetylases using an acetylated peptide substrate and a secondary trypsin reaction. Anal Biochem 2005; 332:90-9. [PMID: 15301953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel fluorescent substrate was devised for the sirtuin (SIRT) class of human protein deacetylases comprised of a peptide sequence containing a single acetyl-lysine residue, with a fluorescent group (tetramethylrhodamine-6-carboxylic acid, 6-TAMRA) near the carboxyl terminus and a nonfluorescent quenching group (QSY-7) near the amino terminus. The peptide sequence is modeled after the p53 acetylation site but is unreactive toward trypsin because all other lysine and arginine residues have been replaced by serine. However, the SIRT-deacetylated peptide is readily cleaved by trypsin, resulting in a maximal 30-fold enhancement of the 6-TAMRA fluorescence. Nicotinamide at millimolar concentrations stops the deacetylation but does not inhibit trypsin, and a microtiter plate assay of the SIRTs has been devised using the fluorescent substrate and these reagents. Using this method, the kinetics of the reaction of the cosubstrate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and the competitive inhibitor nicotinamide with SIRT1 and SIRT2 has been analyzed. Several nicotinamide analogs have also been tested as inhibitors and found to have much lower affinity for these enzymes than does the parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Marcotte
- Cancer Discovery Research Group, Abbott Laboratories Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
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25
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Adcock IM, Cosio B, Tsaprouni L, Barnes PJ, Ito K. Redox regulation of histone deacetylases and glucocorticoid-mediated inhibition of the inflammatory response. Antioxid Redox Signal 2005; 7:144-52. [PMID: 15650403 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2005.7.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression, at least in part, is regulated by changes in histone acetylation status induced by activation of the proinflammatory redox-sensitive transcription factors activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). Hyperacetylated histone is associated with open actively transcribed DNA and enhanced inflammatory gene expression. In contrast, hypoacetylated histone is linked to a closed repressed DNA state and a lack of gene expression. The degree of inflammatory gene expression is a result of a balance between histone acetylation and histone deacetylation. One of the major mechanisms of glucocorticoid function is to recruit histone deacetylase enzymes to the site of active gene expression, thus reducing inflammation. Oxidative stress can enhance inflammatory gene expression by further stimulating AP-1- and NF-kappaB-mediated gene expression and elevating histone acetylation. In addition, oxidants can reduce glucocorticoid function by attenuating histone deacetylase activity and expression. Thus, oxidant stress, acting through changes in chromatin structure, can enhance inflammation and induce a state of relative glucocorticoid insensitivity. This may account for the lack of glucocorticoid sensitivity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Antioxidants should reduce the inflammation and restore glucocorticoid sensitivity in these subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Adcock
- Thoracic Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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26
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Li C, Henry CS, Jankowski MD, Ionita JA, Hatzimanikatis V, Broadbelt LJ. Computational discovery of biochemical routes to specialty chemicals. Chem Eng Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2004.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Park H, Lee S. Homology modeling, force field design, and free energy simulation studies to optimize the activities of histone deacetylase inhibitors. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2004; 18:375-88. [PMID: 15662999 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-004-2283-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As an effort to develop therapeutics for cancer treatments, a number of effective histone deacetylase inhibitors with structural diversity have been discovered. To gain insight into optimizing the activity of an identified lead compound, a computational protocol sequentially involving homology modeling, docking experiments, molecular dynamics simulation, and free energy perturbation calculations was applied for rationalizing the relative activities of known histone deacetylase inhibitors. With the newly developed force field parameters for the coordination environment of the catalytic zinc ion in hand, the computational strategy proved to be successful in predicting the rank orders for 12 derivatives of three hydroxamate-based inhibitor scaffolds with indole amide, pyrrole, and sulfonamide moieties. The results showed that the free energy of an inhibitor in aqueous solution should be an important factor in determining the binding free energy. Hence, in order to enhance the inhibitory activity by adding or substituting a chemical group, the increased stabilization in solution due to the structural changes must be overcome by a stronger enzyme-inhibitor interaction. It was also found that to optimize inhibitor potency, the hydrophobic head of an inhibitor should be elongated or enlarged so that it can interact with Pro29 and His28 that are components of the flexible loop at the top of the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwangseo Park
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and Center for Molecular Catalysis, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea.
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28
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Weinmann H, Ottow E. Recent Advances in Medicinal Chemistry of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(04)39015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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29
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Vasudevan A, Ji Z, Frey RR, Wada CK, Steinman D, Heyman HR, Guo Y, Curtin ML, Guo J, Li J, Pease L, Glaser KB, Marcotte PA, Bouska JJ, Davidsen SK, Michaelides MR. Heterocyclic ketones as inhibitors of histone deacetylase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:3909-13. [PMID: 14592473 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Several heterocyclic ketones were investigated as potential inhibitors of histone deacetylase. Nanomolar inhibitors such as 22 and 25 were obtained, the anti-proliferative activity of which were shown to be mediated by HDAC inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Vasudevan
- Medicinal Chemistry Technologies, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
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30
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Dai Y, Guo Y, Curtin ML, Li J, Pease LJ, Guo J, Marcotte PA, Glaser KB, Davidsen SK, Michaelides MR. A novel series of histone deacetylase inhibitors incorporating hetero aromatic ring systems as connection units. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:3817-20. [PMID: 14552787 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of structurally novel HDAC inhibitors, in which a hetero aromatic ring connects the spacer with the hydrophobic group, has been designed and synthesized. These new inhibitors are very potent in in vitro enzymatic assays and display antiproliferation activity against two human cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Dai
- Cancer Research, Abbott Laboratories, Department R47J, Building AP10, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60031, USA.
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