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Gach-Janczak K, Biernat M, Kuczer M, Adamska-Bartłomiejczyk A, Kluczyk A. Analgesic Peptides: From Natural Diversity to Rational Design. Molecules 2024; 29:1544. [PMID: 38611824 PMCID: PMC11013236 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Pain affects one-third of the global population and is a significant public health issue. The use of opioid drugs, which are the strongest painkillers, is associated with several side effects, such as tolerance, addiction, overdose, and even death. An increasing demand for novel, safer analgesic agents is a driving force for exploring natural sources of bioactive peptides with antinociceptive activity. Since the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play a crucial role in pain modulation, the discovery of new peptide ligands for GPCRs is a significant challenge for novel drug development. The aim of this review is to present peptides of human and animal origin with antinociceptive potential and to show the possibilities of their modification, as well as the design of novel structures. The study presents the current knowledge on structure-activity relationship in the design of peptide-based biomimetic compounds, the modification strategies directed at increasing the antinociceptive activity, and improvement of metabolic stability and pharmacodynamic profile. The procedures employed in prolonged drug delivery of emerging compounds are also discussed. The work summarizes the conditions leading to the development of potential morphine replacements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Gach-Janczak
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (K.G.-J.); (A.A.-B.)
| | - Monika Biernat
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Mariola Kuczer
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Anna Adamska-Bartłomiejczyk
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (K.G.-J.); (A.A.-B.)
| | - Alicja Kluczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.B.); (M.K.)
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2
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Redkiewicz P, Dyniewicz J, Misicka A. Biphalin-A Potent Opioid Agonist-As a Panacea for Opioid System-Dependent Pathophysiological Diseases? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11347. [PMID: 34768778 PMCID: PMC8582929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biphalin, one of the opioid agonists, is a dimeric analog of enkephalin with a high affinity for opioid receptors. Opioid receptors are widespread in the central nervous system and in peripheral neuronal and non-neuronal tissues. Hence, these receptors and their agonists, which play an important role in pain blocking, may also be involved in the regulation of other physiological functions. Biphalin was designed and synthesized in 1982 by Lipkowski as an analgesic peptide. Extensive further research in various laboratories on the antinociceptive effects of biphalin has shown its excellent properties. It has been demonstrated that biphalin exhibits an analgesic effect in acute, neuropathic, and chronic animal pain models, and is 1000 times more potent than morphine when administered intrathecally. In the course of the broad conducted research devoted primarily to the antinociceptive effect of this compound, it has been found that biphalin may also potentially participate in the regulation of other opioid system-dependent functions. Nearly 40 years of research on the properties of biphalin have shown that it may play a beneficial role as an antiviral, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective agent, and may also affect many physiological functions. This integral review analyzes the literature on the multidirectional biological effects of biphalin and its potential in the treatment of many opioid system-dependent pathophysiological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Redkiewicz
- Department of Neuropeptides, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, 02106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Jolanta Dyniewicz
- Department of Neuropeptides, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, 02106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Misicka
- Department of Neuropeptides, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, 02106 Warsaw, Poland;
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 02093 Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Nudelman A. Dimeric Drugs. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2751-2845. [PMID: 34375175 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210810124159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review intends to summarize the structures of an extensive number of symmetrical-dimeric drugs, having two monomers linked via a bridging entity while emphasizing the large versatility of biologically active substances reported to possess dimeric structures. The largest number of classes of these compounds consist of anticancer agents, antibiotics/antimicrobials, and anti-AIDS drugs. Other symmetrical-dimeric drugs include antidiabetics, antidepressants, analgesics, anti-inflammatories, drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, anticholesterolemics, estrogenics, antioxidants, enzyme inhibitors, anti-Parkisonians, laxatives, antiallergy compounds, cannabinoids, etc. Most of the articles reviewed do not compare the activity/potency of the dimers to that of their corresponding monomers. Only in limited cases, various suggestions have been made to justify unexpected higher activity of the dimers vs. the corresponding monomers. These suggestions include statistical effects, the presence of dimeric receptors, binding of a dimer to two receptors simultaneously, and others. It is virtually impossible to predict which dimers will be preferable to their respective monomers, or which linking bridges will lead to the most active compounds. It is expected that the extensive number of articles summarized, and the large variety of substances mentioned, which display various biological activities, should be of interest to many academic and industrial medicinal chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Nudelman
- Chemistry Department, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
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4
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Bucci R, Giofré S, Clerici F, Contini A, Pinto A, Erba E, Soave R, Pellegrino S, Gelmi ML. Tetrahydro-4H-(pyrrolo[3,4-d]isoxazol-3-yl)methanamine: A Bicyclic Diamino Scaffold Stabilizing Parallel Turn Conformations. J Org Chem 2018; 83:11493-11501. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Bucci
- DISFARM, Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica “A. Marchesini”, Università degli Studi Milano Via Venezian 21, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Sabrina Giofré
- DISFARM, Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica “A. Marchesini”, Università degli Studi Milano Via Venezian 21, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Francesca Clerici
- DISFARM, Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica “A. Marchesini”, Università degli Studi Milano Via Venezian 21, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Alessandro Contini
- DISFARM, Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica “A. Marchesini”, Università degli Studi Milano Via Venezian 21, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Andrea Pinto
- DeFENS, Sezione di Scienze Chimiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi Milano, Via Celoria 2, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Emanuela Erba
- DISFARM, Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica “A. Marchesini”, Università degli Studi Milano Via Venezian 21, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Raffaella Soave
- CNR-Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, Via Golgi 19, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Sara Pellegrino
- DISFARM, Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica “A. Marchesini”, Università degli Studi Milano Via Venezian 21, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Gelmi
- DISFARM, Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica “A. Marchesini”, Università degli Studi Milano Via Venezian 21, Milano 20133, Italy
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5
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Zhang H, Yang B, Yang Z, Lu H, Li G. Asymmetric Synthesis of Chiral α-Methyl-α,β-diamino Acid Derivatives via Group-Assisted Purification Chemistry Using N-Phosphonyl Imines and a Ni(II)-Complexed Alanine Schiff Base. J Org Chem 2016; 81:7654-61. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haowei Zhang
- Institute
of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Institute
of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Institute
of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Hongjian Lu
- Institute
of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Guigen Li
- Institute
of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
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6
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Li Q, Li Y, Hu W, Hu R, Li G, Lu H. Cobalt-Catalyzed C(sp2)−H Methylation by using Dicumyl Peroxide as both the Methylating Reagent and Hydrogen Acceptor. Chemistry 2016; 22:12286-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qun Li
- Institute of Chemistry & BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Yanrong Li
- Institute of Chemistry & BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Weipeng Hu
- Institute of Chemistry & BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Renjian Hu
- Institute of Chemistry & BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Guigen Li
- Institute of Chemistry & BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Texas Tech University; Lubbock TX 79409-1061 USA
| | - Hongjian Lu
- Institute of Chemistry & BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
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7
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Frączak O, Lasota A, Kosson P, Leśniak A, Muchowska A, Lipkowski AW, Olma A. Biphalin analogs containing β(3)-homo-amino acids at the 4,4' positions: Synthesis and opioid activity profiles. Peptides 2015; 66:13-8. [PMID: 25708417 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Biphalin, a synthetic opioid octapeptide with a palindromic sequence has high analgesic activity. Biphalin displays a strong affinity for μ and δ-opioid receptors, and a significant to κ-receptor. The paper reports the synthesis of novel analogs of biphalin containing β(3)-homo-amino acid residues at the 4,4' positions and a hydrazine or 1,2-phenylenediamine linker. The potency and selectivity of the peptides were evaluated by a competitive receptor-binding assay in rat brain homogenate using [(3)H]DAMGO (a μ ligand) and [(3)H]DELT (a δ ligand). Analogs with β(3)-h-p-NO2Phe in positions 4 and 4' are the most active compounds. Selectivity depends on the degree of freedom between the two pharmacophore moieties. Analogs with a hydrazine linker show noticeable binding selectivity to μ receptors (IC50(μ)=0.72nM; IC50(δ)=4.66nM), while the peptides with a 1,2-phenylenediamine linker show slight δ selectivity (IC50(μ)=10.97nM; IC50(δ)=1.99nM). Tyr-d-Ala-Gly-β(3)-h-p-NO2PheNHNH-β(3)-h-p-NO2Phe (1) and (Tyr-d-Ala-Gly-β(3)-h-p-NO2PheNH)2 (2) produced greater antinociceptive effect compared to morphine after i.t. administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliwia Frączak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anika Lasota
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Kosson
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Leśniak
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adriana Muchowska
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej W Lipkowski
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Olma
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
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8
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An G, Seifert C, Li G. N-Phosphonyl/phosphinyl imines and group-assisted purification (GAP) chemistry/technology. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:1600-17. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02254h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Group-assisted purification (GAP) chemistry, which can provide various chiral amines and other functionalities without the use of column chromatography or recrystallization; products are consistently obtained with excellent stereocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui An
- Institute of Chemistry & BioMedical Sciences
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
| | - Cole Seifert
- Institute of Chemistry & BioMedical Sciences
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- P. R. China
| | - Guigen Li
- Institute of Chemistry & BioMedical Sciences
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
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9
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Li G, An G, Zhou W, Xu X, Pan Y. Solution-Phase-Peptide Synthesis without Purification of Column Chromatography and Recrystallization by Protecting Amino Acid Esters with Phosphinyl Chloride. HETEROCYCLES 2015. [DOI: 10.3987/com-14-s(k)99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Frączak O, Lasota A, Leśniak A, Lipkowski AW, Olma A. The Biological Consequences of Replacingd-Ala in Biphalin with Amphiphilic α-Alkylserines. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 84:199-205. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliwia Frączak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Lodz University of Technology; Żeromskiego 116 90-924 Łódź Poland
| | - Anika Lasota
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Lodz University of Technology; Żeromskiego 116 90-924 Łódź Poland
| | - Anna Leśniak
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre; Polish Academy of Sciences; Pawińskiego 5 01-793 Warsaw Poland
| | - Andrzej W. Lipkowski
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre; Polish Academy of Sciences; Pawińskiego 5 01-793 Warsaw Poland
| | - Aleksandra Olma
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Lodz University of Technology; Żeromskiego 116 90-924 Łódź Poland
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11
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Costante R, Pinnen F, Stefanucci A, Mollica A. Potent Biphalin Analogs with µ/δ Mixed Opioid Activity:In VivoandIn VitroBiological Evaluation. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2014; 347:305-12. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201300380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Costante
- Dipartimento di Farmacia; Università di Chieti-Pescara “G. d'Annunzio”; Chieti Italy
| | - Francesco Pinnen
- Dipartimento di Farmacia; Università di Chieti-Pescara “G. d'Annunzio”; Chieti Italy
| | | | - Adriano Mollica
- Dipartimento di Farmacia; Università di Chieti-Pescara “G. d'Annunzio”; Chieti Italy
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12
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Wu J, An G, Lin S, Xie J, Zhou W, Sun H, Pan Y, Li G. Solution-phase-peptide synthesis via the group-assisted purification (GAP) chemistry without using chromatography and recrystallization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:1259-61. [PMID: 24336500 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc48509a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The solution phase synthesis of N-protected amino acids and peptides has been achieved through the Group-Assisted Purification (GAP) chemistry by avoiding disadvantages of other methods in regard to the difficult scale-up, expenses of solid and soluble polymers, etc. The GAP synthesis can reduce the use of solvents, silica gels, energy and manpower. In addition, the GAP auxiliary can be conveniently recovered for re-use and is environmentally friendly and benign, and substantially reduces waste production in academic labs and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Wu
- Institute of Chemistry & BioMedical Sciences (ICBMS), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
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13
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Mollica A, Costante R, Stefanucci A, Pinnen F, Lucente G, Fidanza S, Pieretti S. Antinociceptive profile of potent opioid peptide AM94, a fluorinated analogue of biphalin with non-hydrazine linker. J Pept Sci 2012; 19:233-9. [PMID: 23136069 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AM94 is a fluorinated analog of biphalin with non-hydrazine linker that has an in vitro affinity for μ-opioid and δ-opioid receptors tenfold higher than biphalin. Furthermore, in vivo evaluation in rats showed that AM94 has in hot plate test - after both intracerebroventricular and intravenous administrations - a greater and more durable efficacy than biphalin. Here, the antinociceptive profile of AM94 is further evaluated by following two different administration routes, intrathecal and subcutaneous, and two different animal species, rats and mice. The analgesic potency of AM94 is compared with that of both the parent peptide biphalin and morphine. Results show that in rats (tail flick test) and in mice (formalin test), AM94 has a higher and more durable analgesic effect than biphalin after intrathecal and subcutaneous administrations. Conformational properties of biphalin and AM94 were also investigated by variable-temperature (1)H NMR and energy minimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Mollica
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Chieti-Pescara G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy.
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14
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Leone S, Chiavaroli A, Orlando G, Mollica A, Di Nisio C, Brunetti L, Vacca M. The analgesic activity of biphalin and its analog AM 94 in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 685:70-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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New potent biphalin analogues containing p-fluoro-L-phenylalanine at the 4,4' positions and non-hydrazine linkers. Amino Acids 2010; 40:1503-11. [PMID: 20924622 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0760-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and the biological evaluation of two new analogues of the potent dimeric opioid peptide biphalin. The performed modification is based on the replacement of two key structural elements of the native biphalin, namely: the hydrazine bridge which joins the two palindromic moieties and the phenylalanine residues at the 4,4' positions of the backbone. The new analogues 9 and 10 contain 1,2-phenylenediamine and piperazine, respectively, in place of the hydrazidic linker and p-fluoro-L-phenylalanine residues at 4 and 4' positions. Binding values are: Kμ(i)=0.51 nM and Kδ(i)=12.8 nM for compound 9, Kμ(i)=0.09 nM and Kδ(i)=0.11 nM for analogue 10.
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16
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Mollica A, Davis P, Ma SW, Lai J, Porreca F, Hruby VJ. Synthesis and biological evaluation of new biphalin analogues with non-hydrazine linkers. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:2471-5. [PMID: 15863299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2005] [Revised: 03/17/2005] [Accepted: 03/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biphalin is a potent opioid peptide agonist, with a palandromic structure, composed of two enkephalin-like active fragments connected tail to tail by a hydrazine linker (Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-NH-NH<-Phe<-Gly<-D-Ala<-Tyr). This study presents the synthesis and in vitro bioassays of six new biphalin analogues with three different non-hydrazine linkers, some of which have higher binding affinity and bioactivity than biphalin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Mollica
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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17
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Gao Y, Liu X, Wei J, Zhu B, Chen Q, Wang R. Structure–activity relationship of the novel bivalent and C-terminal modified analogues of endomorphin-2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:1847-50. [PMID: 15780619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2005] [Revised: 02/05/2005] [Accepted: 02/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Endomorphin-2 (Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH(2)) is a putative endogenous mu-opioid receptor ligand. To develop potent analgesics with less side effects related to it, we used the methods of dimerization and C-terminal modification. Through dimerization we got the 'balanced agonists' with potent analgesic activity and we have developed the structure-activity relationship between the selectivity and the distance of the two tyrosine pharmacophores. Modification at the C-terminal increased the selectivity of endomorphin-2 to mu-opioid receptor with binding affinity conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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18
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Benton N, Stewart N, Crabbe J, Robinson E, Yeoman S, McQueen FM. MRI of the wrist in early rheumatoid arthritis can be used to predict functional outcome at 6 years. Ann Rheum Dis 2004; 63:555-61. [PMID: 15082487 PMCID: PMC1755000 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2003.011544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether magnetic resonance (MR) scans of the dominant wrist of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can be used to predict functional outcome at 6 years' follow up. METHODS Dominant wrist MR scans were obtained in 42 patients with criteria for RA at first presentation. Patients were followed up prospectively for 6 years, and further scans obtained at 1 year (42 patients) and 6 years (31 patients). Two radiologists scored scans for synovitis, tendonitis, bone oedema, and erosions. The Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) score, indicating functional outcome, and standard measures of disease activity were assessed at 0, 1, 2, and 6 years. The physical function component of the SF-36 score (PF-SF36) was also used as a functional outcome measure at 6 years. RESULTS Baseline MR parameters, including bone oedema score and the total baseline MR score, were predictive of the PF-SF36 at 6 years (R2 = 0.22, p = 0.005 and R2 = 0.16, p = 0.02, respectively). The PF-SF36 score correlated strongly with the HAQ score at 6 years (rs = -0.725, p<0.0001); none of the baseline MR parameters predicted the 6 year HAQ score. The total MR score obtained at 1 year was predictive of the 6 year HAQ (R2 = 0.04, p = 0.01). Standard clinical and radiographic measures at baseline were not predictive of the 6 year PF-SF36, but when combined in a model with baseline MR oedema score, prediction increased from 0.09 to 0.23, or 23% of the 6 year variance. CONCLUSION MR imaging of the wrist in patients with early RA can help to predict function at 6 years and could be used to plan aggressive management at an earlier stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Benton
- Department of Rheumatology, Auckland Hospital, Aukland, New Zealand.
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Flippen-Anderson JL, Deschamps JR, George C, Hruby VJ, Misicka A, Lipkowski AW. Crystal structure of biphalin sulfate: a multireceptor opioid peptide. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 2002; 59:123-33. [PMID: 11985706 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.2002.01967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Biphalin is a dimeric opioid peptide, composed of two tetrapeptides connected 'tail-to-tail', that exhibits a high affinity for all three opioid receptor types (i.e. mu, delta and kappa). This study presents the X-ray crystal structure of biphalin sulfate and compares it to other opioids that interact with the same biological targets. Both halves of the molecule have a folded backbone conformation but differ significantly from one another. Residues 1-4 in biphalin, which compare well with the delta selective opioid peptide DADLE, fold into a random coil. Residues 5-8, which can be fit to the mu selective peptide D-TIPP-NH2, exhibit a fairly normal type III' beta bend. Biphalin also exhibits structural similarities with two naltrexone analogs, naltrexonazine and norbinaltorphamine, that are specific to mu and kappa receptor sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Flippen-Anderson
- Laboratory for the Structure of Matter, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5000, USA.
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Mehrotra S, Prajapati RK, Haq W, Singh VK. Immunomodulation by biphalin, dimeric synthetic opioid peptide, and its analog. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2002; 24:83-96. [PMID: 12022447 DOI: 10.1081/iph-120003405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The opioid pentapeptides called enkephalins were originally described as the endogenous ligands for the opioid receptors. Although their precise physiological significance still remains elusive, the enkephalins have been reported to exhibit analgesic, antidepressant, antianxiety and anticonvulsant activities. In addition, enkephalins have also been shown to act as immunomodulator. The first generation of dimeric peptides was derived from enkephalins. Biphalin [(Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-NH)2] is a bivalent opioid analog containing two tyrosine residues. We have evaluated the immunomodulatory properties of biphalin and its analogs in various in vitro tests. We report that biphalin and one of its analogs [Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-NH.NH-Phe(p-Cl)-H] stimulate human T cell proliferation, natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity in vitro and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production. Biphalin and its analog also released chemokine like factor in the culture supernatant that was responsible for increased chemotaxis of monocytes. Furthermore, these peptides inhibited tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and nitric oxide (NO) production in mouse macrophage cells, RAW 264.7. Our observations suggest immunomodulatory property of biphalin and its analog.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mehrotra
- Department of Immunology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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Convenient, Large-Scale Asymmetric Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure trans-Cinnamylglycine and -α-Alanine. Tetrahedron 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(00)00176-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lipkowski AW, Misicka A, Davis P, Stropova D, Janders J, Lachwa M, Porreca F, Yamamura HI, Hruby VJ. Biological activity of fragments and analogues of the potent dimeric opioid peptide, biphalin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:2763-6. [PMID: 10509931 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00464-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological activity of two fragments of the very potent opioid peptide biphalin, showed that Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-NH-NH<-Phe is the minimal fragment necessary to express equal affinities and the same biological activity profile as the parent biphalin. The replacement of N'-Phe with other L- or D- lipophilic amino acids showed the possibility of modification of receptor efficacy of the analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Lipkowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA
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