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FK506-binding protein (FKBP) partitions a modified HIV protease inhibitor into blood cells and prolongs its lifetime in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:1336-41. [PMID: 19164520 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0805375106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV protease inhibitors are a key component of anti-retroviral therapy, but their susceptibility to cytochrome P(450) metabolism reduces their systemic availability and necessitates repetitive dosing. Importantly, failure to maintain adequate inhibitor levels is believed to provide an opportunity for resistance to emerge; thus, new strategies to prolong the lifetime of these drugs are needed. Toward this goal, numerous prodrug approaches have been developed, but these methods involve creating inactive precursors that require enzymatic processing. Using an alternative strategy inspired by the natural product FK506, we have synthetically modified an HIV protease inhibitor such that it acquires high affinity for the abundant, cytoplasmic chaperone, FK506-binding protein (FKBP). This modified protease inhibitor maintains activity against HIV-1 protease (IC(50) = 19 nM) and, additionally, it is partitioned into the cellular component of whole blood via binding to FKBP. Interestingly, redistribution into this protected niche reduces metabolism and improves its half-life in mice by almost 20-fold compared with the unmodified compound. Based on these findings, we propose that addition of FKBP-binding groups might partially overcome the poor pharmacokinetic properties of existing HIV protease inhibitors and, potentially, other drug classes.
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Pearlman DA, Charifson PS. Improved scoring of ligand-protein interactions using OWFEG free energy grids. J Med Chem 2001; 44:502-11. [PMID: 11170640 DOI: 10.1021/jm000375v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new approach to rapidly score protein-ligand interactions is tested on several protein-ligand systems. Results using this approach - the OWFEG free energy grid - are quite promising and are generally in better agreement with experiment (in some cases much better) than those obtained employing scoring techniques currently in wide use. The OWFEG free energy grid is generated from a one-window free energy perturbation MD simulation (Pearlman, D. A. J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 4313-4324). The OWFEG approach is applied to three protein systems: IMPDH, MAP kinase p38, and HIV-1 aspartyl protease. OWFEG scores are compared to experimental K(i) and IC50 data in each case. Empirical scoring functions applied to the same systems for comparison include ChemScore, Piecewise Linear Potential (PLP), and Dock energy score.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Pearlman
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242, USA.
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Jeon KJ, Katsuraya K, Inazu T, Kaneko Y, Mimura T, Uryu T. NMR Spectroscopic Detection of Interactions between a HIV Protein Sequence and a Highly Anti-HIV Active Curdlan Sulfate. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja001577j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kwan-Jun Jeon
- Contribution from the Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan, The Noguchi Institute, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan, Ajinomoto Co., Kyobashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan, and Teikyo University of Science and Technology, Yatsusawa, Uenohara, Yamanashi 409-0193, Japan
| | - Kaname Katsuraya
- Contribution from the Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan, The Noguchi Institute, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan, Ajinomoto Co., Kyobashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan, and Teikyo University of Science and Technology, Yatsusawa, Uenohara, Yamanashi 409-0193, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Inazu
- Contribution from the Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan, The Noguchi Institute, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan, Ajinomoto Co., Kyobashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan, and Teikyo University of Science and Technology, Yatsusawa, Uenohara, Yamanashi 409-0193, Japan
| | - Yutaro Kaneko
- Contribution from the Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan, The Noguchi Institute, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan, Ajinomoto Co., Kyobashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan, and Teikyo University of Science and Technology, Yatsusawa, Uenohara, Yamanashi 409-0193, Japan
| | - Toru Mimura
- Contribution from the Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan, The Noguchi Institute, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan, Ajinomoto Co., Kyobashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan, and Teikyo University of Science and Technology, Yatsusawa, Uenohara, Yamanashi 409-0193, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Uryu
- Contribution from the Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan, The Noguchi Institute, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan, Ajinomoto Co., Kyobashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan, and Teikyo University of Science and Technology, Yatsusawa, Uenohara, Yamanashi 409-0193, Japan
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Rano TA, Cheng Y, Huening TT, Zhang F, Schleif WA, Gabryelski L, Olsen DB, Kuo LC, Lin JH, Xu X, Olah TV, McLoughlin DA, King R, Chapman KT, Tata JR. Combinatorial diversification of indinavir: in vivo mixture dosing of an HIV protease inhibitor library. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:1527-30. [PMID: 10915042 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00276-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
An efficient combination solution-phase/solid-phase route enabling the diversification of the P1', P2', and P3 subsites of indinavir has been established. The synthetic sequence can facilitate the rapid generation of HIV protease inhibitors possessing more favorable pharmacokinetic properties as well as enhanced potencies. Multiple compound dosing in vivo may also accelerate the identification of potential drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Rano
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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Charifson PS, Corkery JJ, Murcko MA, Walters WP. Consensus scoring: A method for obtaining improved hit rates from docking databases of three-dimensional structures into proteins. J Med Chem 1999; 42:5100-9. [PMID: 10602695 DOI: 10.1021/jm990352k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 523] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present the results of an extensive computational study in which we show that combining scoring functions in an intersection-based consensus approach results in an enhancement in the ability to discriminate between active and inactive enzyme inhibitors. This is illustrated in the context of docking collections of three-dimensional structures into three different enzymes of pharmaceutical interest: p38 MAP kinase, inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, and HIV protease. An analysis of two different docking methods and thirteen scoring functions provides insights into which functions perform well, both singly and in combination. Our data shows that consensus scoring further provides a dramatic reduction in the number of false positives identified by individual scoring functions, thus leading to a significant enhancement in hit-rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Charifson
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242, USA.
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Salituro FG, Baker CT, Court JJ, Deininger DD, Kim EE, Li B, Novak PM, Rao BG, Pazhanisamy S, Porter MD, Schairer WC, Tung RD. Design and synthesis of novel conformationally restricted HIV protease inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:3637-42. [PMID: 9934485 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00670-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A set of HIV protease inhibitors represented by compound 2 has previously been described. Structural and conformational analysis of this compound suggested that conformational restriction of the P1/P2 portion of the molecule could lead to a novel set of potent protease inhibitors. Thus, probe compounds 3-7 were designed, synthesized, and found to be potent inhibitors of HIV protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Salituro
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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