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Phi TL, Nguyen ST, Van Hieu N, Palomar-Pardavé M, Morales-Gil P, Le Manh T. Insights into Electronucleation and Electrodeposition of Nickel from a Non-aqueous Solvent Based on NiCl 2·6H 2O Dissolved in Ethylene Glycol. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:5099-5111. [PMID: 35289600 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This work deals with nickel electronucleation and growth processes onto a glassy carbon electrode from NiCl2·6H2O dissolved in ethylene glycol (EG) solutions with and without 250 mM NaCl as a supporting electrolyte. The physicochemical properties of EG solutions, namely, viscosity and conductivity, were determined for different Ni(II) concentrations. From cyclic voltammetry, it was found that in the absence of the supporting electrolyte, the cathodic efficiency of Ni electrodeposition is about 88%; however, in the presence of the supporting electrolyte, the cathodic efficiency was reduced to 26% due to water (added along the supporting electrolyte) reduction on the growing surfaces of Ni nuclei. This side reaction produced both H2(g) and OH- ions. Part of the former was occluded in Ni, and the latter reacted with Ni(II) ions in EG forming passivation products such as Ni(OH)2(s). Moreover, it was shown that metallic Ni did not catalyze the EG reduction in this system. From chronoamperometry, it was shown that in the absence of the supporting electrolyte, the amount of Ni electrodeposits, for the same overpotential and time, was higher than in the presence of the supporting electrolyte. The j-t plots recorded in the latter system, for different Ni(II) concentrations, were analyzed using a model which involves a contribution due to multiple 3D nucleation and diffusion-controlled growth and another related to the simultaneous reduction of water on the Ni nuclei growing surfaces. This model allows not only the quantification of the Ni nucleation kinetic parameters but also the effective deconvolution of the individual contributions to the total current; thus, from the integration of the j-t plots of these contributions, it was demonstrated that the charge amount of each process depends on the Ni(II) concentration. Scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the presence of pure Ni nanoparticles electrodeposited on the electrode surface. Moreover, X-ray measurements verified the formation of a high-crystallinity face-centered cubic structure with preferred orientation growth on the ⟨111⟩ direction, which were also corroborated by the magnetic measurement performed in a physical property measurement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy-Linh Phi
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Phenikaa University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam
| | - Son Tang Nguyen
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Phenikaa University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Hieu
- Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Phenikaa Institute for Advanced Study, Phenikaa University, Yen Nghia, Ha-Dong District, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam
| | - Manuel Palomar-Pardavé
- Departamento de Materiales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, Reynosa-Tamaulipas, México City 02200, C.P., Mexico
| | - Perla Morales-Gil
- Laboratorio de Caracterización de Materiales Sintéticos y Naturales, Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Ciudad de México 07730, C.P., Mexico
| | - Tu Le Manh
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Phenikaa University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam.,Phenikaa Research and Technology Institute (PRATI), A&A Green Phoenix Group, 167 Hoang Ngan, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
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Duan F, Lin Y, Pan J, Zhao L, Guo Q, Zhang D, Li Y. Ultrastrong nanotwinned pure nickel with extremely fine twin thickness. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/27/eabg5113. [PMID: 34193428 PMCID: PMC8245049 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg5113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The strength of nanocrystalline and nanotwinned metals stops increasing or even starts decreasing when their grain size or twin thickness is below a critical size-a phenomenon known as Hall-Petch breakdown-which hinders the attainment of ultrahigh strength. Here, we report continuous strengthening in nanotwinned pure Ni with twin thicknesses ranging from 81.0 to 2.9 nm. An unprecedented strength of 4.0 GPa was achieved at extremely fine twin thickness of 2.9 nm, which is about 12 times stronger than that of conventional coarse-grained nickel. This ultrahigh strength arises from the excellent stability of twin boundaries and their strong impedance to dislocation motion. In particular, we find that secondary nanotwins are activated to sustain plastic deformation, which also contribute to the high strength. These results not only advance the understanding of the strengthening mechanisms in nanotwinned metals but also offer an alternative pathway to develop engineering materials with ultrahigh strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghui Duan
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jie Pan
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Di Zhang
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yi Li
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
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3
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Exploring the Strain Hardening Mechanisms of Ultrafine Grained Nickel Processed by Spark Plasma Sintering. METALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/met11010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ultrafine grained (UFG) materials in the bigger grain size range (0.5–1) µm display a good combination of strength and ductility, unlike smaller size UFG and nanostructured metals, which usually exhibit high strength but low ductility. Such difference can be attributed to a change in plasticity mechanisms that modifies their strain hardening capability. The purpose of this work is to investigate the work hardening mechanisms of UFG nickel considering samples with grain sizes ranging from 0.82 to 25 µm. Specimens processed combining ball milling and spark plasma sintering were subjected to monotonous tensile testing up to fracture. Then, microstructural observations of the deformed state of the samples were carried out by electron backscattered diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. A lower strain hardening capability is observed with decreasing grain size. Samples in the submicrometric range display the three characteristic stages of strain hardening with a short second stage and the third stage beginning soon after yielding. Microstructural observations display a low fraction of low angle grain boundaries and dislocation density for the sample with d = 0.82 µm, suggesting changes in plasticity mechanisms early in the UFG range.
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4
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High-pressure strengthening in ultrafine-grained metals. Nature 2020; 579:67-72. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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5
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Ding J, Neffati D, Li Q, Su R, Li J, Xue S, Shang Z, Zhang Y, Wang H, Kulkarni Y, Zhang X. Thick grain boundary induced strengthening in nanocrystalline Ni alloy. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:23449-23458. [PMID: 31799538 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr06843k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Grain refinement has been extensively used to strengthen metallic materials for decades. Grain boundaries act as effective barriers to the transmission of dislocations, consequently leading to strengthening. Conventional grain boundaries have a thickness of 1-2 atomic layers, typically ∼0.5 nm for most metallic materials. Here, we report, however, the formation of ∼3 nm thick grain boundaries in a nanocrystalline Ni alloy. In situ micropillar compression studies coupled with molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the thick grain boundaries are stronger barriers than conventional grain boundaries to the transmission of dislocations. This study provides a fresh perspective for the design of high strength, deformable nanostructured metallic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ding
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - D Neffati
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Qiang Li
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - R Su
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Jin Li
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - S Xue
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Z Shang
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Y Zhang
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - H Wang
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Y Kulkarni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - X Zhang
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Jiang Y, Yi J, Hu K, Zhao J, Huang B, Jia Y, Wang G. Strong and Ductile Electroplated Heterogeneous Bulk Nanostructured Nickel. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12101573. [PMID: 31091668 PMCID: PMC6566978 DOI: 10.3390/ma12101573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Porosity-free bulk nanostructured nickel cannot be fabricated by conventional electroplating due to hydrogen bubbling at the cathode. Here, we developed a cathode-rotating electroplating technique to remove the bubbles in order to obtain millimeter-scale nanostructured nickel rods with low porosity. The grain sizes ranged from 20 to 300 nm. The range produced by the new technique was broader than those that have been reported. The heterogeneous microstructure contributed to high work hardening rate, yield strength, and ductility of the rods in tension. The ductility was larger than electroplated thin nickel film with comparable ultimate strength in the literature. Dislocations accumulated at pre-existing twins, grain boundaries, and at the grain interior mediated the plastic deformation of the rods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Jiang
- Institute of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Jun Yi
- Institute of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Kai Hu
- Institute of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Jing Zhao
- Institute of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Bo Huang
- Institute of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Yandong Jia
- Institute of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Gang Wang
- Institute of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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Hu J, Shi YN, Sauvage X, Sha G, Lu K. Grain boundary stability governs hardening and softening in extremely fine nanograined metals. Science 2017; 355:1292-1296. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aal5166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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8
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Hassan Zadeh Shirazi SM, Bahrololoom ME, Shariat MH. The role of functional groups of saccharin in electrodeposition of nanocrystalline nickel. SURFACE ENGINEERING AND APPLIED ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.3103/s1068375516050112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Liu L, Wang Y, Yao J, Yang C, Ding G. A minimally invasive micro sampler for quantitative sampling with an ultrahigh-aspect-ratio microneedle and a PDMS actuator. Biomed Microdevices 2016; 18:59. [PMID: 27372944 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-016-0086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study describes a novel micro sampler consisting of an ultrahigh-aspect-ratio microneedle and a PDMS actuator. The microneedle was fabricated by a new method which introduced reshaped photoresist technology to form a flow channel inside. The microneedle includes two parts: shaft and pedestal. In this study, the shaft length is 1500 μm with a 45° taper angle on the tip and pedestal is 1000 μm. Besides, the shaft and pedestal are connected by an arc connection structure with a length of 600 μm. The microneedles have sufficient mechanical strength to insert into skin with a wide safety margin which was proved by mechanics tests. Moreover, a PDMS actuator with a chamber inside was designed and fabricated in this study. The chamber, acting as a reservoir in sampling process as well as providing power, was optimized by finite element analysis (FEA) to decrease dead volume and improve sampling precision. The micro sampler just needs finger press to activate the sampling process as well as used for quantitative micro injection to some extent. And a volume of 31.5 ± 0.8 μl blood was successfully sampled from the ear artery of a rabbit. This micro sampler is suitable for micro sampling for diagnose or therapy in biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Fabrication Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dong Chuan Road 800, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Fabrication Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dong Chuan Road 800, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jinyuan Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Fabrication Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dong Chuan Road 800, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | | | - Guifu Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Fabrication Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dong Chuan Road 800, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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10
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Yuan R, Beyerlein IJ, Zhou C. Coupled crystal orientation-size effects on the strength of nano crystals. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26254. [PMID: 27185364 PMCID: PMC4869102 DOI: 10.1038/srep26254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We study the combined effects of grain size and texture on the strength of nanocrystalline copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) using a crystal-plasticity based mechanics model. Within the model, slip occurs in discrete slip events exclusively by individual dislocations emitted statistically from the grain boundaries. We show that a Hall-Petch relationship emerges in both initially texture and non-textured materials and our values are in agreement with experimental measurements from numerous studies. We find that the Hall-Petch slope increases with texture strength, indicating that preferred orientations intensify the enhancements in strength that accompany grain size reductions. These findings reveal that texture is too influential to be neglected when analyzing and engineering grain size effects for increasing nanomaterial strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yuan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
| | - Irene J Beyerlein
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Caizhi Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
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11
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Unravelling the physics of size-dependent dislocation-mediated plasticity. Nat Commun 2015; 6:5926. [PMID: 25562488 PMCID: PMC4354076 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Size-affected dislocation-mediated plasticity is important in a wide range of materials and technologies. Here we develop a generalized size-dependent dislocation-based model that predicts strength as a function of crystal/grain size and the dislocation density. Three-dimensional (3D) discrete dislocation dynamics (DDD) simulations reveal the existence of a well-defined relationship between strength and dislocation microstructure at all length scales for both single crystals and polycrystalline materials. The results predict a transition from dislocation-source strengthening to forest-dominated strengthening at a size-dependent critical dislocation density. It is also shown that the Hall–Petch relationship can be physically interpreted by coupling with an appropriate kinetic equation of the evolution of the dislocation density in polycrystals. The model is shown to be in remarkable agreement with experiments. This work presents a micro-mechanistic framework to predict and interpret strength size-scale effects, and provides an avenue towards performing multiscale simulations without ad hoc assumptions. Size-affected dislocation-mediated plasticity is important in a wide range of materials and technologies. Here, El-Awady develops a validated generalized size-dependent dislocation-based model that can predict strength as a function of crystal/grain size and dislocation density.
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12
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Tengen TB. Designing nanomaterials with desired mechanical properties by constraining the evolution of their grain shapes. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2011; 6:585. [PMID: 22067060 PMCID: PMC3314297 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-6-585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Grain shapes are acknowledged to impact nanomaterials' overall properties. Research works on this issue include grain-elongation and grain-strain measurements and their impacts on nanomaterials' mechanical properties. This paper proposes a stochastic model for grain strain undergoing severe plastic deformation. Most models deal with equivalent radii assuming that nanomaterials' grains are spherical. These models neglect true grain shapes. This paper also proposes a theoretical approach of extending existing models by considering grain shape distribution during stochastic design and modelling of nanomaterials' constituent structures and mechanical properties. This is achieved by introducing grain 'form'. Example 'forms' for 2-D and 3-D grains are proposed. From the definitions of form, strain and Hall-Petch-Relationship to Reversed-Hall-Petch-Relationship, data obtained for nanomaterials' grain size and conventional materials' properties are sufficient for analysis. Proposed extended models are solved simultaneously and tested with grain growth data. It is shown that the nature of form evolution depends on form choice and dimensional space. Long-run results reveal that grain boundary migration process causes grains to become spherical, grain rotation coalescence makes them deviate away from becoming spherical and they initially deviate away from becoming spherical before converging into spherical ones due to the TOTAL process. Percentage deviations from spherical grains depend on dimensional space and form: 0% minimum and 100% maximum deviations were observed. It is shown that the plots for grain shape functions lie above the spherical (control) value of 1 in 2-D grains for all considered grain growth mechanisms. Some plots lie above the spherical value, and others approach the spherical value before deviating below it when dealing with 3-D grains. The physical interpretations of these variations are explained from elementary principles about the different grain growth mechanisms. It is observed that materials whose grains deviate further away from the spherical ones have more enhanced properties, while materials with spherical grains have lesser properties. It is observed that there exist critical states beyond which Hall-Petch Relationship changes to Reversed Hall-Petch Relationship. It can be concluded that if grain shapes in nanomaterials are constrained in the way they evolve, then nanomaterials with desired properties can be designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bobga Tengen
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Vaal University of Technology, Private Bag X021, Vanderbijlpark 1900, South Africa.
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13
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Abstract
A new model, stress-gradient plasticity, is presented that provides unique mechanistic insight into size-dependent phenomena in plasticity. This dislocation-based model predicts strengthening of materials when a gradient in stress acts over dislocation source-obstacle configurations. The model has a physical length scale, the spacing of dislocation obstacles, and is validated by several levels of discrete-dislocation simulations. When incorporated into a continuum viscoplastic model, predictions for bending and torsion in polycrystalline metals show excellent agreement with experiments in the initial strengthening and subsequent hardening as a function of both sample-size dependence and grain size, when the operative obstacle spacing is proportional to the grain size.
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Celik E, Guven I, Madenci E. Mechanical characterization of nickel nanowires by using a customized atomic force microscope. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:155702. [PMID: 21389567 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/15/155702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A new experimental method to characterize the mechanical properties of metallic nanowires is introduced. An accurate and fast mechanical characterization of nanowires requires simultaneous imaging and testing of the nanowires. However, existing mechanical characterization techniques fail to accomplish this goal due either to the lack of imaging capability of the mechanical test setup or the difficulty of individual alignment and manipulation of single nanowires for each test. In this study, nanowire specimens prepared by an electroplating technique are located on a silicon substrate with trenches. A customized atomic force microscope is located inside a scanning electron microscope (SEM) in order to establish the visibility of the nanowires, and the tip of the atomic force microscope cantilever is utilized to bend and break the nanowires. The ability to visualize the nanowires in an SEM improves the speed and accuracy of the tests. Experimentally obtained force versus bending displacement curves are fitted into existing analytical formulations to extract the mechanical properties. Experimental results reveal that nickel nanowires have significantly higher strengths than their bulk counterparts, although their elastic modulus values are comparable to bulk nickel modulus values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emrah Celik
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Ebrahimi F, Ahmed Z, Morgan KL. Effect of Grain Size Distribution on Tensile Properties of Electrodeposited Nanocrystalline Nickel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-634-b2.7.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTWe have produced dense and ductile nanocrystalline nickel with various grain size distributions using electrodeposition techniques. The strength of the nickel deposits fell within the scatter band of the general Hall-Petch curve for nickel. However, large variations in yield strength, strain hardening rate and tensile elongation were associated with a relatively small change in the average grain size. The scatter in the elongation data has been attributed to the formation of nodules and the presence of voids. The variations in strength and strain hardening rate have been shown to be associated with the changes in the grain size distribution. A model based on confined dislocation motion and composite behavior has been developed for predicting the stress-strain behavior of the nanocrystalline nickel.
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Schuh CA, Nieh TG. Hardness and Abrasion Resistance of Nanocrystalline Nickel Alloys Near the Hall-Petch Breakdown Regime. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-740-i1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThe breakdown of classical Hall-Petch scaling remains an area of scientific interest, and will govern the limiting strength of nanocrystalline alloys for structural applications. In this work we discuss the hardness and scratch resistance of nanocrystalline nickel and nickel-tungsten solid solution alloys, assessed through nanoindentation and nano-scratch techniques. The materials have been prepared by electrodeposition, and are fully dense with grain sizes between 6 and 22 nm. In this range of grain sizes, there is some evidence for a breakdown of Hall-Petch scaling, reflected in both the hardness and abrasion data. The role of solid solution alloying on this breakdown is also discussed.
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17
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Comparison of anodic dissolution, surface brightness and surface roughness of nanocrystalline nickel coatings with conventional decorative chromium coatings. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-009-9940-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Thiemig D, Bund A, Talbot JB. Influence of hydrodynamics and pulse plating parameters on the electrocodeposition of nickel–alumina nanocomposite films. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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20
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Electrochemical study of codeposition of Al particle—Nanocrystalline Ni/Cu composite coatings. Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Reddy BSB, Das K, Datta AK, Das S. Pulsed co-electrodeposition and characterization of Ni-based nanocomposites reinforced with combustion-synthesized, undoped, tetragonal-ZrO(2) particulates. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:115603. [PMID: 21730554 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/11/115603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured nickel matrix composites reinforced with nanosized, undoped, tetragonal zirconia has been synthesized by cathodic pulsed electrodeposition. The reinforcement is synthesized by the aqueous combustion synthesis route with glycine as the fuel and zirconyl nitrate as the oxidizer. The reinforcement and composite have been characterized by XRD, TEM and SEM coupled with EDS. The microhardness and thermal stability (Kissinger method) of the composite are evaluated. These values are compared with those of pure nickel deposited under the same conditions. The results show that the microhardness of the nickel matrix is enhanced by the presence of the reinforcement from 450 to 575 VHN. Also the strengthening due to grain size effects and dispersion strengthening effect are evaluated individually and the interparticle separation is estimated to be around 85 nm. The volume fraction of the reinforcement is estimated to be 12-15% and the particles are uniformly distributed and monodispersed in the nickel matrix. The thermal stability of the composite is better than that of pure nickel in contrast to some of the reported literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S B Reddy
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721302, India
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22
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Shan Z, Knapp JA, Follstaedt DM, Stach EA, Wiezorek JMK, Mao SX. Inter- and intra-agglomerate fracture in nanocrystalline nickel. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 100:105502. [PMID: 18352202 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.105502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In situ tensile straining transmission electron microscopy tests have been carried out on nanocrystalline Ni. Grain agglomerates (GAs) were found to form very frequently and rapidly ahead of an advancing crack with sizes much larger than the initial average grain size. High-resolution electron microscopy indicated that the GAs most probably consist of nanograins separated by low-angle grain boundaries. Furthermore, both inter- and intra-GA fractures were observed. The observations suggest that these newly formed GAs may play an important role in the formation of the dimpled fracture surfaces of nanocrystalline materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Shan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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23
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Influence of cathodic overpotential on grain size in nanocrystalline nickel deposition on rotating cylinder electrodes. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-007-9478-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Recovery of nickel powder from copper bleed electrolyte of an Indian copper smelter by electrolysis. POWDER TECHNOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2007.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Premkumar P, Dasgupta A, Kuppusami P, Parameswaran P, Mallika C, Nagaraja K, Raghunathan V. Synthesis and Characterization of Ni and Ni/CrN Nanocomposite Coatings by Plasma Assisted Metal-Organic CVD. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cvde.200506415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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26
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Abstract
Bulk nanocrystalline copper and nickel (average grain size ~ 50 nm) with high purity and density were synthesized by equichannel angular extrusion (ECAE). Both nanohardness and microhardness measurements revealed a significant increase in hardness of the bulk sample. The tensile strength of these materials has been found to be 5-6 times higher than conventional forms and our experiments show that Cu is extremely stable up to temperatures of 100 oC and Ni to temperatures of 250 oC. The fracture toughness, measured by the value of JIC for nc-copper and nickel have been found to be 21.66 KJ/m2 and 12.13 KJ/m2, respectively which are high for these strength levels.
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Chen M, Ma E, Hemker KJ, Sheng H, Wang Y, Cheng X. Deformation twinning in nanocrystalline aluminum. Science 2003; 300:1275-7. [PMID: 12714676 DOI: 10.1126/science.1083727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 948] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We report transmission electron microscope observations that provide evidence of deformation twinning in plastically deformed nanocrystalline aluminum. The presence of these twins is directly related to the nanocrystalline structure, because they are not observed in coarse-grained pure aluminum. We propose a dislocation-based model to explain the preference for deformation twins and stacking faults in nanocrystalline materials. These results underscore a transition from deformation mechanisms controlled by normal slip to those controlled by partial dislocation activity when grain size decreases to tens of nanometers, and they have implications for interpreting the unusual mechanical behavior of nanocrystalline materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwei Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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