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Aitken RA, Power LA, Slawin AMZ. New Chemistry of Chiral 1,3-Dioxolan-4-Ones. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093845. [PMID: 37175260 PMCID: PMC10180285 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
(2S,5S)-5-Phenyl-2-t-butyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-one, readily derived from mandelic acid, undergoes the Michael addition to butenolide and 4-methoxy-β-nitrostyrene with the absolute configuration of the products confirmed by X-ray diffraction in each case. In the former case, thermal fragmentation gives the phenyl ketone, thus illustrating use of the dioxolanone as a chiral benzoyl anion equivalent. The Diels-Alder cycloaddition chemistry of (2S)-5-methylene-2-t-butyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-one, derived from lactic acid, has been further examined with the X-ray structures of four adducts determined. In one case, thermal fragmentation of the adduct gives a chiral epoxy ketone resulting from the dioxolanone acting as a chiral ketene equivalent, while in others the products give insight into the mechanism of the dioxolanone fragmentation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alan Aitken
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Lynn A Power
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK
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2
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Tapilina SV, Ivanova AD, Filatova TS, Galenko-Yaroshevsky PA, Abramochkin DV. The role of M3 receptors in regulation of electrical activity deteriorates in the rat heart during ageing. Curr Res Physiol 2022; 5:1-7. [PMID: 34977599 PMCID: PMC8685909 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing is a complex process which affects all systems of the organism and therefore changes the environment where the heart is working. In this study we demonstrate the ageing-related changes in the mechanisms of parasympathetic regulation of mammalian heart. Electrophysiological effects produced by selective activation of M3-cholinoreceptors were compared in isolated cardiac preparations from young adult (4 months), adult (1 year) and ageing (2 years) rats using sharp glass microelectrode technique. M3-receptors were activated with muscarinic agonist pilocarpine (10-5M) in the presence of selective M2 antagonist AQ-RA741 (10-7M). In atrial and ventricular myocardium from young rats M3 stimulation induced shortening of action potentials(APs), while no significant effect was observed in both elder groups. The main mechanism of M3-induced AP shortening is inhibition of L-type Ca2+ current, estimated using whole-cell patch-clamp. It was negligible in atrial myocytes from ageing animals in comparison with young rats. The loss of sensitivity to stimulation of M3-receptors is due to decrease in M3 gene expression, shown by RT-PCR both in atrial and ventricular samples from ageing rats. Thus, in ageing rat heart M3-receptors are down-regulated and not involved in regulation of electrical activity. Stimulation of M3-receptors shortens action potentials (APs) in rat myocardium. This effect of M3-stimulation is diminished in 1 and 2-year old rats. Underlying M3-mediated inhibition of L-type Ca2+ current deteriorates in aged rats. These age-related changes are due to downregulation of M3 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V Tapilina
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, 12, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra D Ivanova
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, 12, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana S Filatova
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, 12, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Physiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova Str 1, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Denis V Abramochkin
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, 12, Moscow, Russia
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3
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Radu BM, Osculati AMM, Suku E, Banciu A, Tsenov G, Merigo F, Di Chio M, Banciu DD, Tognoli C, Kacer P, Giorgetti A, Radu M, Bertini G, Fabene PF. All muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M 1-M 5) are expressed in murine brain microvascular endothelium. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5083. [PMID: 28698560 PMCID: PMC5506046 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05384-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and experimental studies indicate that muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are potential pharmacological targets for the treatment of neurological diseases. Although these receptors have been described in human, bovine and rat cerebral microvascular tissue, a subtype functional characterization in mouse brain endothelium is lacking. Here, we show that all muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M1-M5) are expressed in mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells. The mRNA expression of M2, M3, and M5 correlates with their respective protein abundance, but a mismatch exists for M1 and M4 mRNA versus protein levels. Acetylcholine activates calcium transients in brain endothelium via muscarinic, but not nicotinic, receptors. Moreover, although M1 and M3 are the most abundant receptors, only a small fraction of M1 is present in the plasma membrane and functions in ACh-induced Ca2+ signaling. Bioinformatic analyses performed on eukaryotic muscarinic receptors demonstrate a high degree of conservation of the orthosteric binding site and a great variability of the allosteric site. In line with previous studies, this result indicates muscarinic acetylcholine receptors as potential pharmacological targets in future translational studies. We argue that research on drug development should especially focus on the allosteric binding sites of the M1 and M3 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Mihaela Radu
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, 37134, Italy.,Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, 050095, Romania
| | | | - Eda Suku
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, 37134, Italy
| | - Adela Banciu
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, 050095, Romania.,Engineering Faculty, Constantin Brancusi' University, Calea Eroilor 30, Targu Jiu, 210135, Romania
| | - Grygoriy Tsenov
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, 37134, Italy
| | - Flavia Merigo
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, 37134, Italy
| | - Marzia Di Chio
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, 37134, Italy
| | - Daniel Dumitru Banciu
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, 050095, Romania
| | - Cristina Tognoli
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, 37134, Italy
| | - Petr Kacer
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, 25067, Czech Republic
| | | | - Mihai Radu
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, 37134, Italy. .,Department of Life and Environmental Physics, Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, PO Box MG-6, Reactorului 30, Magurele, 077125, Romania.
| | - Giuseppe Bertini
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, 37134, Italy
| | - Paolo Francesco Fabene
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, 37134, Italy
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4
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Tsentsevitsky AN, Kovyazina IV, Nurullin LF, Nikolsky EE. Muscarinic cholinoreceptors (M1-, M2-, M3- and M4-type) modulate the acetylcholine secretion in the frog neuromuscular junction. Neurosci Lett 2017; 649:62-69. [PMID: 28408330 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Muscarinic cholinoreceptors regulate the neurosecretion process in vertebrate neuromuscular junctions. The diversity of muscarinic effects on acetylcholine (ACh) secretion may be attributed to the different muscarinic subtypes involved in this process. In the present study, the location of five muscarinic receptor subtypes (M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5) on the motor nerve terminals of frog cutaneous pectoris muscle was shown using specific polyclonal antibodies. The modulatory roles of these receptors were investigated via assessment of the effects of muscarine and specific muscarinic antagonists on the quantal content of endplate currents (EPCs) and the time course of secretion, which was estimated from the distribution of "real" synaptic delays of EPCs recorded in a low Ca2+/high Mg2+ solution. The agonist muscarine decreased the EPC quantal content and synchronized the release process. The depressing action of muscarine on the EPC quantal content was abolished only by pretreatment of the preparation with the M3 blockers 4-DAMP (1,1-Dimethyl-4-diphenylacetoxypiperidinium iodide) and J 104129 fumarate ((αR)-α-Cyclopentyl-α-hydroxy-N-[1-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-4-piperidinyl]benzeneacetamide fumarate). Moreover, antagonists of the M1, M2, M3 and M4 receptors per se diminished the intensity of secretion, which suggests a putative up-regulation of the release by endogenous ACh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei N Tsentsevitsky
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 30, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, Kazan, 420111, Russia; Open Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str., 18, Kazan, 420000, Russia
| | - Irina V Kovyazina
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 30, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, Kazan, 420111, Russia; Open Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str., 18, Kazan, 420000, Russia.
| | - Leniz F Nurullin
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 30, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, Kazan, 420111, Russia; Open Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str., 18, Kazan, 420000, Russia; Department of Biology, Kazan State Medical University, Butlerov Str., 49, Kazan, 420012, Russia
| | - Eugeny E Nikolsky
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 30, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, Kazan, 420111, Russia; Open Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str., 18, Kazan, 420000, Russia; Department of Medical and Biological Physics, Kazan State Medical University, Butlerov Str., 49, Kazan, 420012, Russia
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5
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Broadley KJ, Buffat MGP, Burnell E, Davies RH, Moreau X, Snee S, Thomas EJ. Stereoselective synthesis of oxazolidinonyl-fused piperidines of interest as selective muscarinic (M1) receptor agonists: a novel M1 allosteric modulator. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:2057-89. [PMID: 26768599 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02588e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Syntheses of (1RS,2SR,6SR)-2-alkoxymethyl-, 2-hetaryl-, and 2-(hetarylmethyl)-7-arylmethyl-4,7-diaza-9-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-8-ones, of interest as potential muscarinic M1 receptor agonists, are described. A key step in the synthesis of (1RS,2SR,6SR)-7-benzyl-6-cyclobutyl-2-methoxymethyl-4,7-diaza-9-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-8-one, was the addition of isopropenylmagnesium bromide to 2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-3-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy-2-cyclobutylpropanal. This gave the 4-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxymethyl-4-cyclobutyl-5-isopropenyloxazolidinone with the 5-isopropenyl and 4-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxymethyl groups cis-disposed about the five-membered ring by chelation controlled addition and in situ cyclisation. This reaction was useful for a range of organometallic reagents. The hydroboration-oxidation of (4SR,5RS)-3-benzyl-4-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxymethyl)-4-cyclobutyl-5-(1-methoxyprop-2-en-2-yl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one gave (4SR,5RS)-3-benzyl-4-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxymethyl)-4-cyclobutyl-5-[(SR)-1-hydroxy-3-methoxyprop-2-yl]-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one stereoselectively. 4,7-Diaza-9-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-8-ones with substituents at C2 that could facilitate C2 deprotonation were unstable with respect to oxazolidinone ring-opening and this restricted both the synthetic approach and choice of 2-heteroaryl substituent. The bicyclic system with a 2-furyl substituent at C2 was therefore identified as an important target. The addition of 1-lithio-1-(2-furyl)ethene to 2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-3-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy-2-cyclobutylpropanal gave (4SR,5RS)-4-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxymethyl-4-cyclobutyl-5-[1-(2-furyl)ethenyl]-1,3-oxazolidinone after chelation controlled addition and in situ cyclisation. Following oxazolidinone N-benzylation, hydroboration at 35 °C, since hydroboration at 0 °C was unexpectedly selective for the undesired isomer, followed by oxidation gave a mixture of side-chain epimeric alcohols that were separated after SEM-protection and selective desilylation. Conversion of the neopentylic alcohols into the corresponding primary amines by reductive amination, was followed by N-nosylation, removal of the SEM-groups and cyclisation using a Mitsunobu reaction. Denosylation then gave the 2-furyloxazolidinonyl-fused piperidines, the (1RS,2SR,6SR)-epimer showing an allosteric agonistic effect on M1 receptors. Further studies resulted in the synthesis of other 2-substituted 4,7-diaza-9-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-8-ones and an analogous tetrahydropyran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J Broadley
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Maxime G P Buffat
- The School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Erica Burnell
- The School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | | | - Xavier Moreau
- The School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Stephen Snee
- The School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Eric J Thomas
- The School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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6
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Reina S, Sterin-Borda L, Borda E. Anti-M(3) peptide IgG from Sjögren's syndrome triggers apoptosis in A253 cells. Cell Immunol 2012; 275:33-41. [PMID: 22513175 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disease that targets salivary and lachrymal glands, characterized by anti-cholinergic autoantibodies directed against the M(3) muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR). The aim of this work was to evaluate if cholinergic autoantibodies contained in IgG purified from Sjögren sera could trigger apoptosis of A253 cell line. We also determined if caspase-3 and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) are involved in the induction of A253 cell death. Our results demonstrated that anti-cholinergic autoantibodies stimulate apoptosis and inositol phosphate (InsP) accumulation accompanied by caspase-3 activation and MMP-3 production. All of these effects were blunted by atropine and J104794, indicating that M(3) mAChRs are impacted by the anti-cholinergic autoantibodies. The intracellular pathway leading to autoantibody-induced biological effects involves phospholipase C (PLC), calcium/calmodulin (CaM) and extracellular calcium as demonstrated by treatment with U-73122, W-7, verapamil, BAPTA and BAPTA-AM, all of which blocked the effects of the anti-cholinergic autoantibodies. In conclusion, anti-cholinergic autoantibodies in IgG purified from pSS patient's sera mediates apoptosis of the A253 cell line in an InsP, caspase-3 and MMP-3 dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Reina
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Dentistry, Buenos Aires University and Argentine National Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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7
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Reina S, Sterin-Borda L, Passafaro D, Borda E. Anti-M(3) muscarinic cholinergic autoantibodies from patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome trigger production of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) from the submandibular glands. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:413-20. [PMID: 21371688 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We demonstrated that serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) from patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS), interacting with the second extracellular loop of human glandular M(3) muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M(3) mAChR), trigger the production of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)). METHODS Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were performed in the presence of M(3) mAChR synthetic peptide as antigen to detect in serum the autoantibodies. Further, MMP-3 and PGE(2) production were determined in the presence of anti-M(3) mAChR autoantibodies. RESULTS An association was observed between serum and anti-M(3) mAChR autoantibodies and serum levels of MMP-3 and PGE(2) in pSS patients. Thus, we established that serum anti-M(3) mAChR autoantibodies, MMP-3 and PGE(2) may be considered to be early markers of pSS associated with inflammation. Affinity-purified anti-M(3) mAChR peptide IgG from pSS patients, whilst stimulating salivary-gland M(3) mAChR, causes an increase in the level of MMP-3 and PGE(2) as a result of the activation of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) (but not COX-1). CONCLUSIONS These results provide a novel insight into the role that cholinoceptor antibodies play in the development of glandular inflammation. This is the first report showing that an antibody interacting with glandular mAChR can induce the production of pro-inflammatory mediators (MMP-3/PGE(2)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Reina
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
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8
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Semenov I, Wang B, Herlihy JT, Brenner R. BK channel β1 subunits regulate airway contraction secondary to M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediated depolarization. J Physiol 2011; 589:1803-17. [PMID: 21300746 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.204347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The large conductance calcium- and voltage-activated potassium channel (BK channel) and its smooth muscle-specific β1 subunit regulate excitation–contraction coupling in many types of smooth muscle cells. However, the relative contribution of BK channels to control of M2- or M3-muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediated airway smooth muscle contraction is poorly understood. Previously, we showed that knockout of the BK channel β1 subunit enhances cholinergic-evoked trachea contractions. Here, we demonstrate that the enhanced contraction of the BK β1 knockout can be ascribed to a defect in BK channel opposition of M2 receptor-mediated contractions. Indeed, the enhanced contraction of β1 knockout is eliminated by specific M2 receptor antagonism. The role of BK β1 to oppose M2 signalling is evidenced by a greater than fourfold increase in the contribution of L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels to contraction that otherwise does not occur with M2 antagonist or with β1 containing BK channels. The mechanism through which BK channels oppose M2-mediated recruitment of calcium channels is through a negative shift in resting voltage that offsets, rather than directly opposes, M2-mediated depolarization. The negative shift in resting voltage is reduced to similar extents by BK β1 knockout or by paxilline block of BK channels. Normalization of β1 knockout baseline voltage with low external potassium eliminated the enhanced M2-receptor mediated contraction. In summary, these findings indicate that an important function of BK/β1 channels is to oppose cholinergic M2 receptor-mediated depolarization and activation of calcium channels by restricting excitation–contraction coupling to more negative voltage ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iurii Semenov
- Department of Physiology, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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9
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Xiang J, Li B. Enantioselective Aldol Reaction of α-Ketoester and Cyclopentaone Catalyzed by L-Proline. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201090122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Peretto I, Petrillo P, Imbimbo BP. Medicinal chemistry and therapeutic potential of muscarinic M3 antagonists. Med Res Rev 2010; 29:867-902. [PMID: 19399831 DOI: 10.1002/med.20158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors belong to the G-protein-coupled receptors family. Currently five different receptor subtypes have been identified and cloned. M3 receptor subtypes are coupled to G(q) family proteins and increase phosphatidyl inositol hydrolysis and calcium release from internal stores. They are widely distributed both in the central nervous system and in the periphery. At the central level, M3 receptor subtypes are involved in modulation of neurotransmitter release, temperature homeostasis, and food intake, while in the periphery they induce smooth muscle contraction, gland secretion, indirect relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, and miosis. The main therapeutic applications of M3 antagonists include overactive bladder (OAB), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pain-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The introduction of selective M3 antagonists has not improved clinical efficacy compared with the old non-selective antimuscarinics but has reduced the rate of adverse events mediated by the blockade of cardiac M2 receptors (tachycardia) and central M1 receptors (cognitive impairment). Improved tolerability has been obtained also with controlled release or with inhaled formulations. However, there is still a need for safer M3 antagonists for the treatment of COPD and better-tolerated and more effective compounds for the therapy of OAB. New selective muscarinic M3 antagonists currently in early discovery and under development have been designed to address these issues. However, as M3 receptors are widely located in various tissues including salivary glands, gut smooth muscles, iris, and ciliary muscles, further clinical improvements may derive from the discovery and the development of new compounds with tissue rather than muscarinic receptor subtype selectivity.
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11
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Ando M, Sekino E, Haga Y, Moriya M, Ito M, Ito J, Iwaasa H, Ishihara A, Kanatani A, Ohtake N. Discovery of novel phenethylpyridone derivatives as potent melanin-concentrating hormone 1 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:5186-90. [PMID: 19632840 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Novel phenethylpyridone derivatives were identified as potent human melanin-concentrating hormone 1 receptor (MCH-1R) antagonists. A search for surrogates for the 4-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl moiety of 1 resulted in discovery of 2-[4-(aminomethyl)phenyl]ethyl substructure as in 6a. Successive optimization of the right-hand moiety led to the identification of a number of potent derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ando
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tsukuba Research Institute, Merck Research Laboratories, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Okubo-3, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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12
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Tsuno T, Kondo K, Sugiyama K. Cycloaddition reaction of schiff bases with ketenes generated by pyrolysis of 2-aryl-substituted 1,5,7-trioxaspiro[2.5]octane-4,8-diones. J Heterocycl Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570430104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Naya A, Ishikawa M, Matsuda K, Ohwaki K, Saeki T, Noguchi K, Ohtake N. Structure-activity relationships of xanthene carboxamides, novel CCR1 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:875-84. [PMID: 12614873 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00559-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The structure-activity relationships of xanthene carboxamide derivatives on the CCR1 receptor binding affinity and the functional antagonist activity were described. Previously, we reported a quaternarized xanthen-9-carboxamide 1 as a potent human CCR1 receptor antagonist that was derived from a xanthen-9-carboxamide lead 2a. Further derivatization of 2a focusing on installing an additional substituent into the xanthene ring resulted in the identification of 2b-1 with IC(50) values of 1.8nM and 13nM in the binding assay using human CCR1 receptors transfected CHO cells and in the functional assay using U937 cells expressing human CCR1 receptors, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Naya
- Banyu Tsukuba Research Institute, Okubo-3, Tsukuba 300-2611, Ibaraki, Japan.
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14
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Mase T, Houpis IN, Akao A, Dorziotis I, Emerson K, Hoang T, Iida T, Itoh T, Kamei K, Kato S, Kato Y, Kawasaki M, Lang F, Lee J, Lynch J, Maligres P, Molina A, Nemoto T, Okada S, Reamer R, Song JZ, Tschaen D, Wada T, Zewge D, Volante RP, Reider PJ, Tomimoto K. Synthesis of a muscarinic receptor antagonist via a diastereoselective Michael reaction, selective deoxyfluorination and aromatic metal-halogen exchange reaction. J Org Chem 2001; 66:6775-86. [PMID: 11578234 DOI: 10.1021/jo0157425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of a structurally unique, novel M(3) antagonist 1 is described. Compound 1 is conveniently disconnected retrosynthetically at the amide bond to reveal the acid portion 2 and the amine fragment 3. The synthesis of key intermediate 2 is highlighted by a ZnCl(2)-MAEP complex 19 catalyzed diastereoselective Michael reaction of dioxolane 7 with 2-cyclopenten-1-one (5) to establish the contiguous quaternary-tertiary chiral centers and a subsequent geminal difluorination of ketone 17 using Deoxofluor in the presence of catalytic BF(3).OEt(2). The synthesis of the amine moiety 3 is highlighted by the discovery of a novel n-Bu(3)MgLi magnesium-halogen exchange reaction for selective functionalization of 2,6-dibromopyridine. This new and practical metalation protocol obviated cryogenic conditions and upon quenching with DMF gave 6-bromo-2-formylpyridine (26) in excellent yield. Further transformations afforded the amine fragment 3 via reductive amination with 35, Pd-catalyzed aromatic amination, and deprotection. Finally, the highly convergent synthesis of 1 was accomplished by coupling of the two fragments. This synthesis has been used to prepare multi-kilogram quantities of the bulk drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mase
- Process R & D, Laboratories for Technology Development, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Kamimutsuna 3-Chome-9-1, Okazaki, Aichi 444-0858, Japan.
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15
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Mitsuya M, Kobayashi K, Kawakami K, Satoh A, Ogino Y, Kakikawa T, Ohtake N, Kimura T, Hirose H, Sato A, Numazawa T, Hasegawa T, Noguchi K, Mase T. A potent, long-acting, orally active (2R)-2-[(1R)-3, 3-difluorocyclopentyl]-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamide: novel muscarinic M(3) receptor antagonist with high selectivity for M(3) over M(2) receptors. J Med Chem 2000; 43:5017-29. [PMID: 11150173 DOI: 10.1021/jm0003135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of (2R)-2-[(1R)-3, 3-difluorocyclopentyl]-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamides was designed and synthesized based on the structure and biological profiles of an active metabolite 2 of our prototype muscarinic M(3) receptor selective antagonist 1, to develop a potent, long-acting, orally active M(3) antagonist for the treatment of urinary tract disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, and respiratory disorders. Investigation of (2R)-2-[(1R)-3, 3-difluorocyclopentyl]-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamides containing a phenyl or heterocyclic ring as the piperidinyl side chain in place of the 4-methyl-3-pentenyl moiety of 15a revealed that this acid moiety was a versatile template for improving the selectivity for M(3) over M(2) receptors in comparison with the corresponding cyclopentylphenylacetic acid group. However, since the in vitro metabolic stability of these analogues was insufficient compared with that of 2, further derivatization was performed by introducing an appropriate hydrophilic group into the phenyl or 2-pyridyl ring. Thus, the 1-(6-aminopyridin-2-ylmethyl)piperidine analogue 15y exhibiting 190-fold selectivity for M(3) receptors (K(i) = 2.8 nM) over M(2) receptors (K(i) = 530 nM) in a human binding assay and good in vitro metabolic stability in dog and human hepatic microsomes was identified. This compound has excellent oral activity at 4 h after oral dosing (1 mg/kg), inhibiting methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction in dogs, and may be useful in clinical situations in which M(3) over M(2) selectivity is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mitsuya
- Banyu Tsukuba Research Institute in collaboration with Merck Research Laboratories, Okubo-3, Tsukuba 300-2611, Ibaraki, Japan
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Mitsuya M, Ogino Y, Ohtake N, Mase T. Diastereoselective Synthesis of the Acid Part of a New Muscarinic M3 Receptor Antagonist. Tetrahedron 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(00)00961-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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