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Lee A, Lebedyeva I, Zhi W, Senthil V, Cheema H, Brands MW, Bush W, Lambert NA, Snipes M, Browning DD. A Non-Systemic Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitor Suppresses Colon Proliferation in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119397. [PMID: 37298349 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE5i) are under investigation for repurposing for colon cancer prevention. A drawback to conventional PDE5i are their side-effects and drug-drug interactions. We designed an analog of the prototypical PDE5i sildenafil by replacing the methyl group on the piperazine ring with malonic acid to reduce lipophilicity, and measured its entry into the circulation and effects on colon epithelium. This modification did not affect pharmacology as malonyl-sildenafil had a similar IC50 to sildenafil but exhibited an almost 20-fold reduced EC50 for increasing cellular cGMP. Using an LC-MS/MS approach, malonyl-sildenafil was negligible in mouse plasma after oral administration but was detected at high levels in the feces. No bioactive metabolites of malonyl-sildenafil were detected in the circulation by measuring interactions with isosorbide mononitrate. The treatment of mice with malonyl-sildenafil in the drinking water resulted in a suppression of proliferation in the colon epithelium that is consistent with results previously published for mice treated with PDE5i. A carboxylic-acid-containing analog of sildenafil prohibits the systemic delivery of the compound but maintains sufficient penetration into the colon epithelium to suppress proliferation. This highlights a novel approach to generating a first-in-class drug for colon cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avelina Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Iryna Lebedyeva
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Wenbo Zhi
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Vani Senthil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Herjot Cheema
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Michael W Brands
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Weston Bush
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Nevin A Lambert
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Madeline Snipes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Darren D Browning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Lanzarotta A, Crowe JB, Witkowski M, Gamble BM. A multidisciplinary approach for the analysis of an adulterated dietary supplement where the active pharmaceutical ingredient was embedded in the capsule shell. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 67-68:22-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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3
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Alsubari A, Ramli Y, Essassi EM, Zouihri H. 5-(Pyridin-4-ylmeth-yl)-1H-pyrazolo-[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(5H)-one. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2011; 67:o1926. [PMID: 22090971 PMCID: PMC3212314 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536811025025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C(11)H(9)N(5)O, the pyrazolo-pyrimidin-4-one ring system is almost planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.0546 (13) Å for the O atom. The crystal packing is stabilized by inter-molecular N-H⋯N, C-H⋯O and C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds. In addition, π-π stacking is found between the pyridine ring and the pyrazolo-pyrimidin-4-one ring systems, with centroid-centroid distances in the range 3.9627 (12)-4.6781 (12) Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulsalam Alsubari
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Hétérocyclique, Pôle de Compétences Pharmacochimie, Université Mohammed V-Agdal, BP 1014 Avenue Ibn Batout, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Youssef Ramli
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Hétérocyclique, Pôle de Compétences Pharmacochimie, Université Mohammed V-Agdal, BP 1014 Avenue Ibn Batout, Rabat, Morocco
| | - El Mokhtar Essassi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Hétérocyclique, Pôle de Compétences Pharmacochimie, Université Mohammed V-Agdal, BP 1014 Avenue Ibn Batout, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hafid Zouihri
- Laboratoires de Diffraction des Rayons X, Centre National pour la Recherche, Scientifique et Technique, Rabat, Morocco
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Lee HM, Lee BJ. A novel approach to simultaneous screening and confirmation of regulated pharmaceutical compounds in dietary supplements by LC/MS/MS with an information-dependent acquisition method. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:396-407. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.551947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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A facile one-pot synthesis of 1-arylpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-ones. Molecules 2010; 15:3079-86. [PMID: 20657465 PMCID: PMC6263351 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15053079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One pot synthesis of 1-arylpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-ones by the reaction of 5-amino-N-substituted-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile with different lower aliphatic acids in the presence of POCl(3) has been developed. The structures of all the title compounds have been confirmed by IR, (1)H-NMR, (13)CNMR, and elemental analyses. Moreover, the structures of one of these compounds, 2c, was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
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Ahn S, Hong JY, Hong MK, Jang YP, Oh MS, Jung JH, Hong J. Structural determination of sildenafil and its analogues in dietary supplements by fast-atom bombardment collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:3158-3166. [PMID: 19714704 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Sildenafil and its analogues, which are used as illegal additives in several dietary supplements, were isolated by liquid-liquid extraction and column chromatography and analyzed by fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS). Structures of sildenafil and its derivatives were elucidated by FAB-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) with exact mass measurement in the positive-ion mode. To find structurally diagnostic ions for the sildenafil analogues, authentic sildenafil was preferentially analyzed by high-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID)-MS/MS. The CID-MS/MS spectra of [M+H](+) precursor ions resulted in the formation of numerous characteristic ions via a series of dissociative processes. The product ions formed by CID provided important information on the modification of the piperazine ring, the phenylsulfonyl group and the pyrazolopyrimidine moiety of sildenafil. By interpreting their MS/MS spectra, the chemical structures of sildenafil analogues isolated from dietary supplements could be elucidated and fragmentation patterns were proposed. To clearly identify the sidenafil derivatives in dietary supplements, some of the derivatives such as acetildenafil, homosildenafil and hydroxyhomosildenafil which are not commercially available were synthesized and compared with their MS/MS spectra. In addition, high-resolution mass measurements were conducted to obtain the elemental compositions of sildenafil and its analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungho Ahn
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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7
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Gratz SR, Zeller M, Mincey DW, Flurer CL. Structural characterization of sulfoaildenafil, an analog of sildenafil. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 50:228-31. [PMID: 19427155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors represent a class of drugs used primarily in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Currently, three PDE-5 inhibitors have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in the United States: sildenafil citrate, tadalafil, and vardenafil hydrochloride trihydrate. A bulk material, labeled as an ingredient for a dietary supplement, was analyzed for the presence of PDE-5 inhibitors. The compound that was detected displayed structural similarities to sildenafil, and was characterized further using LC-MS(n), FTICRMS, X-ray crystallography and NMR. The compound was given the name sulfoaildenafil. When compared to sildenafil, sulfoaildenafil contains a sulfur atom substitution for the oxygen atom in the pyrazolopyrimidine portion of the molecule, and a 3,5-dimethyl substitution on the piperazine ring, rather than the 4-methyl moiety. The X-ray crystallographic data indicate that the material in this sample is comprised of two polymorphs, which may affect the chemical and/or biological properties of any product formulated with this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R Gratz
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Forensic Chemistry Center, 6751 Steger Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
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Ahmed SA, Abdelhamid AO, El-Ghandour AHH, Mohamed MA, Mohamed BM. Synthesis of Some New Pyrazolo[1,5-a]Pyrimidines. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2008. [DOI: 10.3184/030823408x287096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines were synthesised from the the reaction of β-diketone, β-keto ester, 1,2-disubstituted acrylonitrile or sodium (3-oxocycloalkylidene) methenolate. Elemental analysis, spectral data and alternative synthesis route elucidated structures of the newly synthesised compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed A. Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
| | - Abdou O. Abdelhamid
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | | | - Mahmoud A. Mohamed
- Department of Textile, Faculty of Industrial Education, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
| | - Basant M. Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
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9
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Yoo J, Thai KM, Kim DK, Lee JY, Park HJ. 3D-QSAR studies on sildenafil analogues, selective phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4271-4. [PMID: 17553682 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Revised: 04/21/2007] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sildenafil, one of selective phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors, is a widely used oral agent for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. To develop new PDE5 inhibitors with improved therapeutic efficacy, a series of sildenafil analogues have been prepared and their in vitro PDE5 inhibitory activities were evaluated. Their IC(50) values ranged from 423 to 0.05 nM. Herein, the results of 3D-QSAR (CoMFA and CoMSIA) analyses on these inhibitors are reported. Both CoMFA and CoMSIA gave reliable models with q(2) values >0.75 and r(2) values >0.99. The resulting CoMFA and CoMSIA models reveal a good correlation between the contour maps and the active site residues critical for the interaction with inhibitor, and nicely predict the key structural features of new analogues with improved activity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakyung Yoo
- College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, South Korea
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10
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Ahmed SA, Hussein AM, Hozayen WGM, El-Ghandour AHH, Abdelhamid AO. Synthesis of some pyrazolopyrimidines as purine analogues. J Heterocycl Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570440408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Martins MAP, Emmerich D, Beck P, Cunico W, Pereira CMP, Sinhorin AP, Brondani S, Peres R, Teixeira MVM, Bonacorso HG, Zanatta N. One‐Pot Synthesis of Pyrazole‐5(3)‐carboxyamides. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-120034176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos A. P. Martins
- a Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE), Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , 97.105‐900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniel Emmerich
- a Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE), Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , 97.105‐900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Paulo Beck
- a Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE), Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , 97.105‐900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Wilson Cunico
- a Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE), Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , 97.105‐900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Claudio M. P. Pereira
- a Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE), Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , 97.105‐900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Adilson P. Sinhorin
- a Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE), Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , 97.105‐900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Sergio Brondani
- a Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE), Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , 97.105‐900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Peres
- a Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE), Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , 97.105‐900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcos V. M. Teixeira
- a Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE), Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , 97.105‐900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Helio G. Bonacorso
- a Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE), Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , 97.105‐900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Nilo Zanatta
- a Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE), Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , 97.105‐900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Gratz SR, Gamble BM, Flurer RA. Accurate mass measurement using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry for structure elucidation of designer drug analogs of tadalafil, vardenafil and sildenafil in herbal and pharmaceutical matrices. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:2317-27. [PMID: 16817245 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors are a class of drugs used primarily in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved PDE-5 inhibitors include sildenafil citrate, vardenafil hydrochloride and tadalafil. In this study, accurate mass measurements were made by electrospray ionization (ESI) using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICRMS) to elucidate the structures of sildenafil, tadalafil and vardenafil analogs that were found in products marketed as dietary supplements. Initial detection of these analogs was accomplished through routine screening of suspect samples by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization multi-stage mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS(n)) on a low-resolution ion trap instrument. The chromatographic behavior and mass spectrometric fragmentation patterns observed were often similar to those observed for FDA approved PDE-5 inhibitors. The mass accuracy and resolving power associated with FTICRMS allows for the determination of elemental compositions. Elucidation of the product ion structures for the analogs was accomplished through the use of accurate mass measurements with the aid of Mass Frontier software (version 4.0). Using FTICRMS, accurate masses with measurement errors averaging <0.4 ppm were achieved, allowing assignment of one possible elemental formula to each fragment ion. The mass measurement errors associated with [M + H](+) for the analogs aminotadalafil, piperidino vardenafil, hydroxyacetildenafil and piperidino acetildenafil were 0.1, 0.0, 0.1 and 0.5 ppm, respectively. Based on the accuracy of the measurements, structural assignments could be made with a high degree of confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R Gratz
- Food and Drug Administration, Forensic Chemistry Center, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA.
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13
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Pissarnitski D. Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE 5) inhibitors for the treatment of male erectile disorder: Attaining selectivity versus PDE6. Med Res Rev 2006; 26:369-95. [PMID: 16388517 DOI: 10.1002/med.20053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The role of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) in the mechanism of male erection has been well understood, and several drugs inhibiting this enzyme are being used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). Discovery of inhibitors with improved selectivity versus other PDE isozymes could lead to drugs with improved safety profile. Achievement of selectivity versus PDE6, co-inhibition of which results in disturbances of color perception, remains the most challenging aspect of current drug discovery programs. The present review describes several case studies, where significant (>100 fold) selectivity versus PDE6 has been attained via investigation of structure-activity relationships (SAR). Special attention is given to the chemical routes leading to novel chemotypes and allowing efficient exploration of their SAR's. Strategies for attaining inhibitor selectivity discussed below may be applicable for other drug discovery programs.
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Khan KM, Maharvi GM, Choudhary MI, Rahman AU, Perveen S. A modified, economical and efficient synthesis of variably substituted pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-ones. J Heterocycl Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570420608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Khan KM, Maharvi GM, Khan MTH, Perveen S, Choudhary MI. A facile and improved synthesis of sildenafil (Viagra) analogs through solid support microwave irradiation possessing tyrosinase inhibitory potential, their conformational analysis and molecular dynamics simulation studies. Mol Divers 2005; 9:15-26. [PMID: 15789547 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-005-1299-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the synthesis of some analogs of sildenafil (Viagra) (21) is described, employing MW irradiations in key steps such as, SNAr reaction on important precursor bromopyrazole (7). Compound 7 was synthesized by the bromination followed by the amidation of readily available 1-methyl-3-propyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid (5). Compounds 9 and 10 were obtained as SNAr reaction products, apparently through the proposed dipolar high-energy transition states TS-1 and TS-2 under MW irradiation, respectively. In contrast, conventional heating failed to produce similar results, even after prolonged heating. Compound 10, upon chlorosulfonation followed by the coupling of various nucleophiles, yielded a series of compounds 12-20 as analogs of sildenafil (21). Compounds 12-21 were subjected to tyrosinase inhibition studies and SAR studies were carried out. This study reflected that the inhibition was enhanced with increase of carbon chain. In case of the compound 17, the -OH group was replaced with -CH2-CH2-OH with a resulting increase in inhibition against tyrosinase. Compound 17 was found to be more potent than the potent reference inhibitor LM and KA. The 2D and 3D hydrogen bonding descriptors that help to study QSPR were also calculated. Energetically most stable conformations of these compounds were analyzed. Their kinetic, potential and total energies were also calculated through MD simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid M Khan
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centerfor Chemical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
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17
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Haning H, Niewöhner U, Bischoff E. Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2003; 41:249-306. [PMID: 12774696 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(02)41007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Haning
- BAYER AG Pharmaceutical Business Group, Medicinal Chemistry, D-42096 Wuppertal, Germany
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18
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Rotella DP. Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors: current status and potential applications. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2002; 1:674-82. [PMID: 12209148 DOI: 10.1038/nrd893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase enzymes convert cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP to the corresponding nucleotide monophosphates. Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibition is now a widely accepted and efficacious therapeutic option for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in men, as a result of extensive clinical experience with sildenafil and other new PDE5 inhibitors. Research in the field continues at a substantial level to identify new, selective PDE5 inhibitors and to investigate their usefulness and activity in other areas. This review summarizes recent clinical trials with PDE5 inhibitors, advances in medicinal chemistry, and other activities and potential applications of this class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Rotella
- Hopewell Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, USA.
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19
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Chapter 6. Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(02)37007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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20
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Kim DK, Lee JY, Lee N, Ryu DH, Kim JS, Lee S, Choi JY, Ryu JH, Kim NH, Im GJ, Choi WS, Kim TK. Synthesis and phosphodiesterase inhibitory activity of new sildenafil analogues containing a carboxylic acid group in the 5'-sulfonamide moiety of a phenyl ring. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:3013-21. [PMID: 11597484 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00200-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New sildenafil analogues possessing a carboxylic acid group in the 5'-sulfonamide of the phenyl ring, 9a-l, were prepared from the readily available starting compounds 6a-b and cyclic amines 3-5 in a three-step sequence. In the enzyme assays, it has been shown that all the target compounds 9a-l proved to be more potent in inhibiting phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) than sildenafil by 4-38-fold. The effects on the IC(50) values were investigated by varying the alkoxy group (R) of the phenyl ring, the sulfonamide type (X), and the length of the methylene chain linking the carboxylic acid, and the results were discussed in detail. From this study, we have clearly demonstrated that introduction of a carboxylic acid group to the 5'-sulfonamide moiety of the phenyl ring greatly enhanced PDE5 inhibitory activity, probably by mimicking the phosphate group of cGMP. The piperidinyl propionic acid derivative 9i, which showed the highest PDE5 inhibitory activity and comparable to better selectivity over PDE isozymes in comparison with sildenafil, has been selected for more detailed biological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Kim
- Life Science Research Center, SK Chemicals, 600 Jungja-Dong, Changan-Ku, Suwon-Si, 440-745, Kyungki-Do, South Korea.
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