1
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Brindani N, Gianotti A, Giovani S, Giacomina F, Di Fruscia P, Sorana F, Bertozzi SM, Ottonello G, Goldoni L, Penna I, Russo D, Summa M, Bertorelli R, Ferrera L, Pesce E, Sondo E, Galietta LJV, Bandiera T, Pedemonte N, Bertozzi F. Identification, Structure-Activity Relationship, and Biological Characterization of 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-1 H-pyrido[4,3- b]indoles as a Novel Class of CFTR Potentiators. J Med Chem 2020; 63:11169-11194. [PMID: 32946228 PMCID: PMC8011931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a life-threatening autosomal recessive disease, caused by mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channel. CFTR modulators have been reported to address the basic defects associated with CF-causing mutations, partially restoring the CFTR function in terms of protein processing and/or channel gating. Small-molecule compounds, called potentiators, are known to ameliorate the gating defect. In this study, we describe the identification of the 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole core as a novel chemotype of potentiators. In-depth structure-activity relationship studies led to the discovery of enantiomerically pure 39 endowed with a good efficacy in rescuing the gating defect of F508del- and G551D-CFTR and a promising in vitro druglike profile. The in vivo characterization of γ-carboline 39 showed considerable exposure levels and good oral bioavailability, with detectable distribution to the lungs after oral administration to rats. Overall, these findings may represent an encouraging starting point to further expand this chemical class, adding a new chemotype to the existing classes of CFTR potentiators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Brindani
- D3-PharmaChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Ambra Gianotti
- UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Simone Giovani
- D3-PharmaChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Giacomina
- D3-PharmaChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Di Fruscia
- D3-PharmaChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Federico Sorana
- D3-PharmaChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Sine Mandrup Bertozzi
- Analytical Chemistry and Translational Pharmacology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Giuliana Ottonello
- Analytical Chemistry and Translational Pharmacology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Luca Goldoni
- Analytical Chemistry and Translational Pharmacology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Ilaria Penna
- D3-PharmaChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Debora Russo
- D3-PharmaChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Summa
- Analytical Chemistry and Translational Pharmacology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Rosalia Bertorelli
- Analytical Chemistry and Translational Pharmacology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Loretta Ferrera
- UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Emanuela Pesce
- UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Elvira Sondo
- UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Luis J V Galietta
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DISMET), University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Tiziano Bandiera
- D3-PharmaChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 16163 Genova, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Bertozzi
- D3-PharmaChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 16163 Genova, Italy
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2
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Xi J, Zhang Z, Zhu Q, Zhong G. Evolution from Natural β-Carboline Alkaloids to Obtain 1,2,4,9-tetrahydro-3-thia-9-aza-fluorene Derivatives as Potent Fungicidal Agents against Rhizoctonia solani. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E4044. [PMID: 30558145 PMCID: PMC6320924 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice sheath blight, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, is a globally important rice disease and the increasing resistance of this pathogen highlights the need for new active compounds against rice sheath blight. In this study, natural β-carboline alkaloids were optimized to obtain a series of 1,2,4,9-tetrahydro-3-thia-9-aza-fluorene derivatives and evaluated for their fungicidal activity and mode of action against R. solani. Of these compounds, 18 exhibited significant in vitro fungicidal activity against R. solani, with an EC50 value of 2.35 μg/mL, and was more active than validamycin A. In vivo bioassay also demonstrated that 18 displayed superior protective and curative activities as compared to validamycin A. Mechanistically, 18 not only induced the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and accumulation of reactive oxygen species, but also interfered with DNA synthesis. Therefore, compound 18 displayed pronounced in vitro and in vivo fungicidal activity against R. solani and could be used as a potential candidate for the control of rice sheath blight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Xi
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Qi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Guohua Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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3
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Sokolov VB, Aksinenko AY, Bachurin SO. CsF-Catalyzed alkylation of gamma-carbolines with fluorine-containing 3-vinylpyridines. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363214090084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Rajagopalan R, Bandyopadhyaya A, Rajagopalan DR, Rajagopalan P. The synthesis and comparative receptor binding affinities of novel, isomeric pyridoindolobenzazepine scaffolds. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 24:576-9. [PMID: 24365159 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Compounds 7, 8, and 9, derived from the novel scaffolds 3, 5, and 6, were synthesized and evaluated in vitro. The b,c→c,d shift of the E-phenyl ring resulted in a large decrease (ca. 20- to 1000-fold) in binding to the 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C and H2, receptors, and a modest decrease (ca. 10- to 20-fold) in binding to the 5-HT5A, D2, D5, and α1D, receptors. The b,c→d,e shift resulted in a large decrease in binding to the 5-HT1D, 5-HT2C, 5-HT6, and H1 receptors, a modest decrease in binding to 5-HT1A, 5-HT5A and D2, D5, α2B, and H2 receptors, and a large increase in affinity to the 5-HT3, 5-HT6, and σ1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavan Rajagopalan
- Daya Drug Discoveries, Inc., University of Missouri, St. Louis, One University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63303, USA
| | - Acintya Bandyopadhyaya
- Daya Drug Discoveries, Inc., University of Missouri, St. Louis, One University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63303, USA
| | - Desikan R Rajagopalan
- Daya Drug Discoveries, Inc., University of Missouri, St. Louis, One University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63303, USA
| | - Parthasarathi Rajagopalan
- Daya Drug Discoveries, Inc., University of Missouri, St. Louis, One University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63303, USA.
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5
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Wang L, Xie X, Liu Y. Gold-Catalyzed Oxidative Rearrangement Involving 1,2-Acyl Migration: Efficient Synthesis of Functionalized Dihydro-γ-Carbolines from α-(2-Indolyl) Propargylic Alcohols and Imines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:13302-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201304700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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6
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Wang L, Xie X, Liu Y. Gold-Catalyzed Oxidative Rearrangement Involving 1,2-Acyl Migration: Efficient Synthesis of Functionalized Dihydro-γ-Carbolines from α-(2-Indolyl) Propargylic Alcohols and Imines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201304700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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7
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Romagnoli R, Baraldi PG, Carrion MD, Lopez Cara C, Kimatrai Salvador M, Preti D, Aghazadeh Tabrizi M, Moorman AR, Vincenzi F, Borea PA, Varani K. Synthesis and biological effects of novel 2-amino-3-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-4-substituted thiophenes as allosteric enhancers of the A1 adenosine receptor. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 67:409-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Ivachtchenko AV, Mitkin OD, Kysil VM, Kazey VI, Okun IM. Synthesis and receptor activity of 2-substituted 8-methyl-5-(2-pyridinylethyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[4,3-b]indoles. Pharm Chem J 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-013-0887-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Patil NT, Shinde VS, Sridhar B. Relay Catalytic Branching Cascade: A Technique to Access Diverse Molecular Scaffolds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201208738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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10
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Patil NT, Shinde VS, Sridhar B. Relay Catalytic Branching Cascade: A Technique to Access Diverse Molecular Scaffolds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:2251-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201208738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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11
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Carato P, El Bousmaqui M, Donnier-Marechal M, Larchanche PE, Melnyk P. Methodology to Access Tetrahydrodipyridoimidazole Derivatives. HETEROCYCLES 2012. [DOI: 10.3987/com-12-12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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You H, Gadotti VM, Petrov RR, Zamponi GW, Diaz P. Functional characterization and analgesic effects of mixed cannabinoid receptor/T-type channel ligands. Mol Pain 2011; 7:89. [PMID: 22093952 PMCID: PMC3250956 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-7-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Both T-type calcium channels and cannabinoid receptors modulate signalling in the primary afferent pain pathway. Here, we investigate the analgesics activities of a series of novel cannabinoid receptor ligands with T-type calcium channel blocking activity. Results Novel compounds were characterized in radioligand binding assays and in vitro functional assays at human and rat CB1 and CB2 receptors. The inhibitory effects of these compounds on transient expressed human T-type calcium channels were examined in tsA-201 cells using standard whole-cell voltage clamp techniques, and their analgesic effects in response to various administration routes (intrathecally, intraplantarly, intraperitoneally) assessed in the formalin model. A series of compounds were synthesized and evaluated for channel and receptor activity. Compound NMP-7 acted as non-selective CB1/CB2 agonist while NMP4 was found to be a CB1 partial agonist and CB2 inverse agonist. Furthermore, NMP-144 behaved as a selective CB2 inverse agonist. All of these three compounds completely inhibited peak Cav3.2 currents with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. All compounds mediated analgesic effects in the formalin model, but depending on the route of administration, could differentially affect phase 1 and phase 2 of the formalin response. Conclusions Our results reveal that a set of novel cannabinioid receptor ligands potently inhibit T-type calcium channels and show analgesic effects in vivo. Our findings suggest possible novel means of mediating pain relief through mixed T-type/cannabinoid receptor ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao You
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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13
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Dong H, Latka RT, Driver TG. Ruthenium-catalyzed γ-carbolinium ion formation from aryl azides; synthesis of dimebolin. Org Lett 2011; 13:2726-9. [PMID: 21517088 PMCID: PMC3097088 DOI: 10.1021/ol2008268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A range of γ-carbolines were produced stereoselectively from ruthenium(III)-catalyzed reactions of 3-pyridyl substituted aryl azides. Other catalysts and conditions were neither as selective nor as high-yielding. This method was used to synthesize dimebolin in a concise and efficient manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60607-7061
| | - Regina T. Latka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60607-7061
| | - Tom G. Driver
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60607-7061
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14
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Sheng C, Che X, Wang W, Wang S, Cao Y, Yao J, Miao Z, Zhang W. Design and synthesis of antifungal benzoheterocyclic derivatives by scaffold hopping. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:1706-12. [PMID: 21411192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of invasive fungal infections and associated mortality is increasing dramatically. Although azoles are first-line antifungal agents, cross-resistance and hepatic toxicity are their two major limitations. The discovery of novel non-azole lead compounds will be helpful to overcome these problems. On the basis of our previously reported benzopyran non-azole CYP51 inhibitor, scaffold hopping was used to design structurally diverse new compounds and expand the structure-activity relationships of the lead structure. Five kinds of scaffolds, namely benzimidazole, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, quinazolin-4-one and carboline, were chosen for synthesis. In vitro antifungal activity data and results from molecular docking revealed that the scaffold was important for the antifungal activity. Several compounds showed potent activity against both standard and clinically resistant fungal pathogens, suggesting that they can serve as a good starting point for the discovery of novel antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunquan Sheng
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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15
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γ-Carbolines and their hydrogenated derivatives 3.* Hydrogenated derivatives of γ-carbolines: chemical and biological poperties (Review). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-011-0652-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Recent Advances on the 5-HT5A, 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 Receptors. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)00002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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17
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Bleicher KH, Green LG, Martin RE, Rogers-Evans M. Ligand identification for G-protein-coupled receptors: a lead generation perspective. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2004; 8:287-96. [PMID: 15183327 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2004.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses strategies for the generation of ligands for G-protein-coupled receptors outside classical high-throughput screening and literature based approaches. These range from the chemical intuition-based strategies of endogenous ligand elaboration and privileged structure decoration to the in silico approaches of virtual screening and de novo design. Examples are cited where supporting pharmacological data has been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad H Bleicher
- F Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharmaceuticals Division, Lead Generation, PRBD-CI, Bldg 65/410, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland.
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18
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Sprouse J, Reynolds L, Braselton J, Schmidt A. Serotonin-induced phase advances of SCN neuronal firing in vitro: A possible role for 5-HT5A receptors? Synapse 2004; 54:111-8. [PMID: 15352136 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous firing rates of neurons in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) follow a consistent pattern, peaking near the midpoint of the light phase in a 12:12 light/dark schedule, and repeating this brief period of increased activity in subsequent circadian cycles. These carefully timed fluctuations reflect the output signal of the SCN, long recognized as the site of the endogenous biological clock in mammals. In rat hypothalamic slices, bath incubations of 8-OH-DPAT had previously been shown to elicit phase advances when applied at ZT6 (or 6 h following the onset of light), an action that could readily be attributed to 5-HT7 receptor activation. The present studies set out with the simple goal of establishing that the same receptor mechanism was responsible for the phase-shifting actions of 5-HT itself. Surprisingly, the phase advances elicited by 5-HT (0.5 microM, 1 h) at ZT6 were reduced by one 5-HT7 antagonist, ritanserin (10 microM), but not by another, mesulergine (10 microM). Receptor binding studies demonstrated a 25-fold greater affinity of ritanserin for h5-HT5A sites compared to mesulergine (Ki = 71 nM vs. 1,800 nM), an observation suggestive of a 5-HT5A mechanism for 5-HT and consistent with earlier observations of robust labeling of 5-HT5A sites in the SCN. 5-HT generated by the addition of L-tryptophan (10 microM, 1 h) to the slices displayed the same pattern of sensitivity, that is, blockade by ritanserin but not by mesulergine. Rp-cAMPS, a cAMP antagonist, failed to block the phase shifts elicited by 5-HT at a concentration (1 microM) previously shown to be effective against 8-OH-DPAT-induced phase shifts, in keeping with the proposed negative coupling of 5-HT5A receptors to cAMP production. Taken together, these results suggest that activation of both 5-HT5A and 5-HT7 receptors can produce phase advances of the circadian clock in vitro when they occur during mid-subjective day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Sprouse
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
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19
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Khorana N, Smith C, Herrick-Davis K, Purohit A, Teitler M, Grella B, Dukat M, Glennon RA. Binding of tetrahydrocarboline derivatives at human 5-HT5A receptors. J Med Chem 2003; 46:3930-7. [PMID: 12930153 DOI: 10.1021/jm030080s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of an earlier finding that 5-methyl-5H-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrido[4,3-b]indole (5-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-gamma-carboline; 1) binds at murine 5-HT(5A) receptors, preliminary structure-affinity studies were conducted. The present investigation extends these structure-affinity studies using human 5-HT(5A) receptors and examined additional analogues of 1. It was found (a) that there is little interspecies difference for the affinities of these compounds, (b) that an intact 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-gamma-carboline ring system seems optimal and an N(2)-(3-(substituted-phenoxy)propyl) moiety results in high affinity, (c) that structurally related 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carbolines also bind at 5-HT(5A) receptors, and (d) that all examined derivatives also possess affinity for 5-HT(2A) receptors. Evidence is provided that 5-HT(5A) and 5-HT(2A) receptor affinities probably do not covary and that it might be possible, with continued investigation, to develop analogues with enhanced 5-HT(5A) selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nantaka Khorana
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0540, USA
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