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Xu HJ, Jiang XY, Sheng LQ, Liu ZD. ( E)-2-[(2-Chlorobenzylidene)amino]isoindoline-1,3-dione. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2011; 67:o3184. [PMID: 22199705 PMCID: PMC3238852 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536811044898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, C15H9ClN2O2, adopts an E configuration about the C=N double bond. The mean plane of the isoindoline ring system [maximum deviation = 0.011 (2) Å] is inclined to the chlorobenzene ring by 22.62 (8)°. In the crystal, molecules are connected by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains that propagate along [010].
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2
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Synthesis, and antitumor activity of some N1-(coumarin-7-yl) amidrazones and related congeners. Molecules 2011; 16:4305-17. [PMID: 21610659 PMCID: PMC6263325 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16054305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of new N1-(coumarin-7-yl)amidrazones incorporating N-piperazines and related congeners were synthesized by reacting the hydrazonoyl chloride derived from 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin with the appropriate piperazines. The chemical structures of the newly prepared compounds were supported by elemental analyses, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, and ESI-HRMS spectral data. The antitumor activity of the newly synthesized compounds was evaluated. Among all the compounds tested, 7-{2-[1-(4-(1-benzyl-2-ethyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazol-5-yl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-oxopropylidene]hydrazinyl}-4-methyl-2H-chromen-2-one (3n) was the most potent against MCF-7 and K562 cells, with IC₅₀ values of 20.2 and 9.3 μM, respectively.
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Ziegler-Borowska M, Ucherek M, Kutkowska J, Mazur L, Modzelewska-Banachiewicz B, Kędziera D, Kaczmarek-Kędziera A. Reaction of N3-phenylbenzamidrazone with cis-1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic anhydride. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.03.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Synthesis, antitumor activity, and electrochemical behavior of some piperazinyl amidrazones. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-009-0241-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Srivastava S, Goswami LN, Dikshit DK. Progress in the design of low molecular weight thrombin inhibitors. Med Res Rev 2005; 25:66-92. [PMID: 15389730 DOI: 10.1002/med.20016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intravascular thrombosis and its complication, embolism, is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Past few decades have seen a great deal of progress in the development of antithrombotic agents, though the current treatment options are limited to heparin, LMW heparins, and warfarin. Detailed understanding of the biochemical and biophysical mechanisms of activation and regulation of blood coagulation have helped in developing specific inhibitors of enzymes, especially thrombin, within the coagulation cascade. Thrombin plays a central role in the coagulation cascade and so has become the primary target for the development of antithrombotic drugs. The review covers the main pharmacological aspects of haemostasis and thrombosis and provides an update on low molecular weight thrombin inhibitors along with the limitations of the prevalent antithrombotic agents. Recent developments in small molecule inhibitors of Protease Activated Receptor-1 (PAR-1) which can be helpful for the treatment of thrombotic and vascular proliferative disorders, have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuti Srivastava
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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6
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Zega A, Mlinsek G, Solmajer T, Trampus-Bakija A, Stegnar M, Urleb U. Thrombin inhibitors built on an azaphenylalanine scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:1563-7. [PMID: 15006404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2003] [Revised: 08/22/2003] [Accepted: 12/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of azaphenylalanine derivatives were investigated as novel thrombin inhibitors based on the prodrug principle. By systematic structural modifications we have identified optimal groups for this series that led us to potent inhibitors of thrombin incorporating the benzamidine fragment at the P1 position, and their potentially orally active benzamidoxime prodrugs. The binding modes in the thrombin active site of two representative compounds were identified by X-ray crystallographic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamarija Zega
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Lee K, Jung WH, Park CW, Park HD, Lee SH, Kwon OH. Noncovalent tripeptidic thrombin inhibitors incorporating amidrazone, amine and amidine functions at P1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:1017-22. [PMID: 11909707 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00093-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of noncovalent tripeptidic thrombin inhibitors incorporating amidrazone, amine and amidine functions at P1 was investigated. While the amidrazone and the amine series displayed limited oral absorption, the amidine series demonstrated generally good oral absorption and strong antithrombotic activity; the single-digit picomolar K(i) achieved from this series is among the best yet reported. The present work highlights the benzamidine compound 11f (LB30812) that exhibits excellent overall profiles of potency, oral absorption and antithrombotic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koo Lee
- Life Science R&D, LGCI, PO Box 61 Yu-Sung, Science Town, Taejon 305-380, Republic of
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8
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9
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Steinmetzer T, Hauptmann J, Sturzebecher J. Advances in the development of thrombin inhibitors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2001; 10:845-64. [PMID: 11322862 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.10.5.845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Thromboembolic diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in the Western world, which has stimulated enormous research efforts by the pharmaceutical industry to introduce new antithrombotic therapies. One strategy is the development of direct inhibitors of the serine protease thrombin, which holds a central position in the final steps of the blood coagulation cascade and in platelet activation. At present there is only limited clinical use of some parenteral preparations of thrombin inhibitors in acute situations, especially when the common antithrombotic drugs heparin, warfarin and aspirin are ineffective or associated with side effects. However, for use in prophylaxis of thrombotic diseases such inhibitors should be orally available, must be safe to avoid bleeding complications and should have an appropriate half-life, allowing once or twice daily dosing to maintain adequate antithrombotically effective blood levels. Details of several new and potent thrombin inhibitors have been published during the last years. For some of them oral bioavailability is claimed and they are effective in in vitro coagulation assays. However, most of them showed only limited efficacy in animal studies with respect to the doses administered. For that reason, effort is concentrated on the evaluation and optimisation of the overall physicochemical characteristics of the inhibitors in order to improve the pharmacokinetics and, thus, the development of promising drug candidates. Nevertheless, only careful clinical studies can give clear answers about the true therapeutical benefit of new developments in this field. This review summarises the current status of direct thrombin inhibitors which are already in clinical use and clinical development and gives an overview on recently published and promising new compounds.
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Lu T, Tomczuk B, Bone R, Murphy L, Salemme FR, Soll RM. Non-peptidic phenyl-based thrombin inhibitors: exploring structural requirements of the S1 specificity pocket with amidines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:83-5. [PMID: 10636250 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00616-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We expand the structural requirements and structure-activity relationship of a novel class of non-peptidic aryl-based thrombin inhibitors through exploration of the S1 specificity pocket of thrombin using flexible and constrained amidines. The most active compound of this class is 11 with Ki = 69 nM, which is ca. 15-fold less potent than constrained guanidine 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lu
- 3-Dimensional Pharmaceuticals, Eagleview Corporate Center, Exton, PA 19341, USA
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11
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Lu T, Soll RM, Illig CR, Bone R, Murphy L, Spurlino J, Salemme FR, Tomczuk BE. Structure-activity and crystallographic analysis of a new class of non-amide-based thrombin inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:79-82. [PMID: 10636249 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00617-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The structure activity relationships of a novel series of non-amide-based thrombin inhibitors are described. Exploration of the P2 and the aryl binding region for this series has identified optimal groups for achieving nanomolar potency. The binding modes of these optimal groups have been confirmed by X-ray structural analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lu
- 3-Dimensional Pharmaceutical, Inc., Eagleview Corporate Center, Exton, PA 19341, USA
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12
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Rewinkel JB, Lucas H, Smit MJ, Noach AB, van Dinther TG, Rood AM, Jenneboer AJ, van Boeckel CA. Design, synthesis and testing of amino-bicycloaryl based orally bioavailable thrombin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:2837-42. [PMID: 10522702 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Replacement of the highly basic benzamidine moiety with moderate basic amino-bicycloaryl moieties in a series of thrombin inhibitors related to NAPAMP provided potent enzyme inhibition and significant improvements in membrane transport and oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Rewinkel
- NV Organon, Research and Development, Oss, The Netherlands
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Lee K, Jung WH, Hwang SY, Lee SH. Fluorobenzamidrazone thrombin inhibitors: influence of fluorine on enhancing oral absorption. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:2483-6. [PMID: 10498193 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00412-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
LB30057 (1) is a selective and efficacious oral thrombin inhibitor. Fluorine-substitution on the phenylene ring of the benzamidrazone portion in both compound 1 and its derivatives gave, in many cases, enhanced oral absorption in rats while maintaining the intrinsic potency and selectivity. Compound 2 demonstrated a 3-fold increase in absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lee
- Biotech Research Institute, LG Chemical Ltd/Research Park, Science Town, Taejon, Korea
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14
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Abstract
A series of novel arylsulfonylpropargylglycinamide derivatives was investigated as thrombin inhibitors in which the SAR was focused on substituents at the acetylenic terminus. Several compounds in this series were identified as potent thrombin inhibitors (Ki up to 5 nM) that are highly selective over trypsin and other serine proteases as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lee
- Biotech Research Institute, LG Chemical Ltd/Research Park, Yu Sung Science Town, Taejon, Korea
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Hauptmann J, Stürzebecher J. Synthetic inhibitors of thrombin and factor Xa: from bench to bedside. Thromb Res 1999; 93:203-41. [PMID: 10074907 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(98)00192-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Hauptmann
- Centre for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Erfurt, Germany
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Chapter 9. Anticoagulants: Thrombin and Factor Xa Inhibitors. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)60571-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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17
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Lee K, Jung WH, Park CW, Hong CY, Kim IC, Kim S, Oh YS, Kwon OH, Lee SH, Park HD, Kim SW, Lee YH, Yoo YJ. Benzylamine-based selective and orally bioavailable inhibitors of thrombin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:2563-8. [PMID: 9873581 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00456-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of p-aminomethylphenylalanine derivatives were investigated as novel thrombin inhibitors. This study led to potent inhibitors of thrombin (Ki up to 3.3 nM) that are trypsin-selective, highly orally bioavailable in rats, and highly permeable across Caco-2 cells. The P1 benzylamine binding mode in the thrombin active site was identified by X-ray crystallographic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lee
- Biotech Research Institute, LG Chemical Ltd./Research Park, Taejon, Korea
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18
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Lee K, Hwang SY, Yun M, Kim DS. Potent and efficacious thienylamidine-incorporated thrombin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:1683-6. [PMID: 9873414 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00293-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Novel thrombin inhibitors incorporating thienylamidine at the P1 position were designed and synthesized. These compounds are potent, trypsin-selective and efficacious in the rat model of venous thrombosis. The proposed P1 binding mode in the thrombin active site was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lee
- Biotech Research Institute, LG Chemical Ltd./Research Park, Science Town, Taejon, Korea
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