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Abstract
Post-translational modifications of cellular substrates with ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs), including ubiquitin, SUMOs, and neural precursor cell-expressed developmentally downregulated protein 8, play a central role in regulating many aspects of cell biology. The UBL conjugation cascade is initiated by a family of ATP-dependent enzymes termed E1 activating enzymes and executed by the downstream E2-conjugating enzymes and E3 ligases. Despite their druggability and their key position at the apex of the cascade, pharmacologic modulation of E1s with potent and selective drugs has remained elusive until 2009. Among the eight E1 enzymes identified so far, those initiating ubiquitylation (UBA1), SUMOylation (SAE), and neddylation (NAE) are the most characterized and are implicated in various aspects of cancer biology. To date, over 40 inhibitors have been reported to target UBA1, SAE, and NAE, including the NAE inhibitor pevonedistat, evaluated in more than 30 clinical trials. In this Review, we discuss E1 enzymes, the rationale for their therapeutic targeting in cancer, and their different inhibitors, with emphasis on the pharmacologic properties of adenosine sulfamates and their unique mechanism of action, termed substrate-assisted inhibition. Moreover, we highlight other less-characterized E1s-UBA6, UBA7, UBA4, UBA5, and autophagy-related protein 7-and the opportunities for targeting these enzymes in cancer. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The clinical successes of proteasome inhibitors in cancer therapy and the emerging resistance to these agents have prompted the exploration of other signaling nodes in the ubiquitin-proteasome system including E1 enzymes. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the biology of different E1 enzymes, their roles in cancer, and how to translate this knowledge into novel therapeutic strategies with potential implications in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir H Barghout
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.H.B., A.D.S.); Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.H.B., A.D.S.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt (S.H.B.)
| | - Aaron D Schimmer
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.H.B., A.D.S.); Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.H.B., A.D.S.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt (S.H.B.)
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2
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Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARSs) have been considered very attractive drug-targets for decades. This interest probably emerged with the identification of differences in AARSs between prokaryotic and eukaryotic species, which provided a rationale for the development of antimicrobials targeting bacterial AARSs with minimal effect on the homologous human AARSs. Today we know that AARSs are not only attractive, but also valid drug targets as they are housekeeping proteins that: (i) play a fundamental role in protein translation by charging the corresponding amino acid to its cognate tRNA and preventing mistranslation mistakes [1], a critical process during fast growing conditions of microbes; and (ii) present significant differences between microbes and humans that can be used for drug development [2]. Together with the vast amount of available data on both pathogenic and mammalian AARSs, it is expected that, in the future, the numerous reported inhibitors of AARSs will provide the basis to develop new therapeutics for the treatment of human diseases. In this chapter, a detailed summary on the state-of-the-art in drug discovery and drug development for each aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lukarska
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Structural Biology of Novel Drug Targets in Human Diseases, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Andrés Palencia
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Structural Biology of Novel Drug Targets in Human Diseases, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.
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3
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Yu Q, Jiang Y, Sun Y. Anticancer drug discovery by targeting cullin neddylation. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:746-765. [PMID: 32528826 PMCID: PMC7276695 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein neddylation is a post-translational modification which transfers the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 to a lysine residue of the target substrate through a three-step enzymatic cascade. The best-known substrates of neddylation are cullin family proteins, which are the core component of Cullin–RING E3 ubiquitin ligases (CRLs). Given that cullin neddylation is required for CRL activity, and CRLs control the turn-over of a variety of key signal proteins and are often abnormally activated in cancers, targeting neddylation becomes a promising approach for discovery of novel anti-cancer therapeutics. In the past decade, we have witnessed significant progress in the field of protein neddylation from preclinical target validation, to drug screening, then to the clinical trials of neddylation inhibitors. In this review, we first briefly introduced the nature of protein neddylation and the regulation of neddylation cascade, followed by a summary of all reported chemical inhibitors of neddylation enzymes. We then discussed the structure-based targeting of protein–protein interaction in neddylation cascade, and finally the available approaches for the discovery of new neddylation inhibitors. This review will provide a focused, up-to-date and yet comprehensive overview on the discovery effort of neddylation inhibitors.
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Key Words
- AMP, adenosine 5′-monophosphate
- Anticancer
- BLI, biolayer interferometry
- CETSA, cellular thermal shift assay
- Drug discovery
- FH, frequent hitters
- HTS, high-throughput screen
- High-throughput screening
- IP, immunoprecipitation
- ITC, isothermal titration calorimetry
- NAE, NEDD8 activating enzyme
- Neddylation
- PAINS, pan-assay interference compounds
- SAR, structure–activity relationship
- Small molecule inhibitors
- UBL, ubiquitin-like protein
- Ubiquitin–proteasome system
- Virtual screen
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4
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Lux MC, Standke LC, Tan DS. Targeting adenylate-forming enzymes with designed sulfonyladenosine inhibitors. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2019; 72:325-349. [PMID: 30982830 PMCID: PMC6594144 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-019-0171-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adenylate-forming enzymes are a mechanistic superfamily that are involved in diverse biochemical pathways. They catalyze ATP-dependent activation of carboxylic acid substrates as reactive acyl adenylate (acyl-AMP) intermediates and subsequent coupling to various nucleophiles to generate ester, thioester, and amide products. Inspired by natural products, acyl sulfonyladenosines (acyl-AMS) that mimic the tightly bound acyl-AMP reaction intermediates have been developed as potent inhibitors of adenylate-forming enzymes. This simple yet powerful inhibitor design platform has provided a wide range of biological probes as well as several therapeutic lead compounds. Herein, we provide an overview of the nine structural classes of adenylate-forming enzymes and examples of acyl-AMS inhibitors that have been developed for each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaelyn C Lux
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Lisa C Standke
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Derek S Tan
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,Pharmacology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, and Tri-Institutional Research Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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5
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Zhang B, De Graef S, Nautiyal M, Pang L, Gadakh B, Froeyen M, Van Mellaert L, Strelkov SV, Weeks SD, Van Aerschot A. Family-wide analysis of aminoacyl-sulfamoyl-3-deazaadenosine analogues as inhibitors of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 148:384-396. [PMID: 29477072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are enzymes that precisely attach an amino acid to its cognate tRNA. This process, which is essential for protein translation, is considered a viable target for the development of novel antimicrobial agents, provided species selective inhibitors can be identified. Aminoacyl-sulfamoyl adenosines (aaSAs) are potent orthologue specific aaRS inhibitors that demonstrate nanomolar affinities in vitro but have limited uptake. Following up on our previous work on substitution of the base moiety, we evaluated the effect of the N3-position of the adenine by synthesizing the corresponding 3-deazaadenosine analogues (aaS3DAs). A typical organism has 20 different aaRS, which can be split into two distinct structural classes. We therefore coupled six different amino acids, equally targeting the two enzyme classes, via the sulfamate bridge to 3-deazaadenosine. Upon evaluation of the inhibitory potency of the obtained analogues, a clear class bias was noticed, with loss of activity for the aaS3DA analogues targeting class II enzymes when compared to the equivalent aaSA. Evaluation of the available crystallographic structures point to the presence of a conserved water molecule which could have importance for base recognition within class II enzymes, a property that can be explored in future drug design efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baole Zhang
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 1041, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steff De Graef
- Laboratory for Biocrystallography, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 822, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manesh Nautiyal
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 1041, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luping Pang
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 1041, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Biocrystallography, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 822, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bharat Gadakh
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 1041, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matheus Froeyen
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 1041, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Van Mellaert
- Laboratory Molecular Bacteriology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 1037, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sergei V Strelkov
- Laboratory for Biocrystallography, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 822, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephen D Weeks
- Laboratory for Biocrystallography, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 822, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arthur Van Aerschot
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 1041, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, PR China
| | - Peng-Cheng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Hai-Liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, PR China
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7
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Serpi M, Ferrari V, Pertusati F. Nucleoside Derived Antibiotics to Fight Microbial Drug Resistance: New Utilities for an Established Class of Drugs? J Med Chem 2016; 59:10343-10382. [PMID: 27607900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Novel antibiotics are urgently needed to combat the rise of infections due to drug-resistant microorganisms. Numerous natural nucleosides and their synthetically modified analogues have been reported to have moderate to good antibiotic activity against different bacterial and fungal strains. Nucleoside-based compounds target several crucial processes of bacterial and fungal cells such as nucleoside metabolism and cell wall, nucleic acid, and protein biosynthesis. Nucleoside analogues have also been shown to target many other bacterial and fungal cellular processes although these are not well characterized and may therefore represent opportunities to discover new drugs with unique mechanisms of action. In this Perspective, we demonstrate that nucleoside analogues, cornerstones of anticancer and antiviral treatments, also have great potential to be repurposed as antibiotics so that an old drug can learn new tricks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Serpi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University , Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, CF10 3NB Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Ferrari
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University , Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, CF10 3NB Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Fabrizio Pertusati
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University , Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, CF10 3NB Cardiff, United Kingdom
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8
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Biotin Protein Ligase Is a Target for New Antibacterials. Antibiotics (Basel) 2016; 5:antibiotics5030026. [PMID: 27463729 PMCID: PMC5039522 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics5030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a desperate need for novel antibiotic classes to combat the rise of drug resistant pathogenic bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus. Inhibitors of the essential metabolic enzyme biotin protein ligase (BPL) represent a promising drug target for new antibacterials. Structural and biochemical studies on the BPL from S. aureus have paved the way for the design and development of new antibacterial chemotherapeutics. BPL employs an ordered ligand binding mechanism for the synthesis of the reaction intermediate biotinyl-5′-AMP from substrates biotin and ATP. Here we review the structure and catalytic mechanism of the target enzyme, along with an overview of chemical analogues of biotin and biotinyl-5′-AMP as BPL inhibitors reported to date. Of particular promise are studies to replace the labile phosphoroanhydride linker present in biotinyl-5′-AMP with alternative bioisosteres. A novel in situ click approach using a mutant of S. aureus BPL as a template for the synthesis of triazole-based inhibitors is also presented. These approaches can be widely applied to BPLs from other bacteria, as well as other closely related metabolic enzymes and antibacterial drug targets.
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9
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Wei W, Shi WK, Wang PF, Zeng XT, Li P, Zhang JR, Li Q, Tang ZP, Peng J, Wu LZ, Xie MQ, Liu C, Li XH, Wang YC, Xiao ZP, Zhu HL. Adenosine analogs as inhibitors of tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase: Design, synthesis and antibacterial evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:6602-11. [PMID: 26404408 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Herein we describe the synthesis and evaluation of a series of adenosine analogs for in vitro antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Out of these compounds, compound c6 has much stronger antibacterial potency against Pseudomonas aeruginosa than ciprofloxacin, and was determined to target tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase with IC50 of 0.8±0.07 μM. Structure-activity relationship analysis suggested that introduction of a fluorine atom at the 3'-position of benzene ring of the phenylacetyl moiety significantly increased affinities to the enzyme. In comparison with isopropylidene analogs, 2',3'-deprotected compounds displayed higher inhibitory activity. Molecular dockings provided an explanation for observations in biological assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, PR China
| | - Wei-Kang Shi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, PR China
| | - Peng-Fei Wang
- School of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, PR China
| | - Xiao-Tong Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, PR China
| | - Pan Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, PR China
| | - Ji-Rong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, PR China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, PR China
| | - Zhi-Ping Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, PR China
| | - Jia Peng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, PR China
| | - Lang-Zhou Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, PR China
| | - Mei-Qun Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, PR China
| | - Chan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, PR China
| | - Xian-Hui Li
- School of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, PR China
| | - Ying-Chun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, PR China
| | - Zhu-Ping Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China.
| | - Hai-Liang Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China.
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10
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(S)-N-(N-(((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-Amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl)sulfamoyl)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxamide. MOLBANK 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/m864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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11
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Gadakh B, Smaers S, Rozenski J, Froeyen M, Van Aerschot A. 5'-(N-aminoacyl)-sulfonamido-5'-deoxyadenosine: attempts for a stable alternative for aminoacyl-sulfamoyl adenosines as aaRS inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 93:227-36. [PMID: 25686591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of aminoacyl-sulfamoyl adenosines (aaSAs) and their peptidyl conjugates as aminoacyl tRNA synthetase (aaRS) inhibitors remains problematic due to the low yield of the aminoacylation and the subsequent conjugation reaction causing concomitant formation of a cyclic adenosine derivative. In an effort to reduce this undesirable side reaction, we aimed to prepare the corresponding aminoacyl sulfonamide (aaSoA) analogues as more stable alternatives for aaSA derivatives. Deletion of the 5'-oxygen in aaSA analogues should render the C-5' less electrophilic and therefore improve the stability of the aminoacyl sulfamate analogues. We therefore synthesized six sulfonamides and compared their activity against the respective aaSA analogues. However, except for the aspartyl derivative, the new compounds are not able to inhibit the corresponding aaRS. Possible reasons for this loss of activity are discussed by modeling and comparison of the newly synthesized aaSoA derivatives with their parent aaSA analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Gadakh
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simon Smaers
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jef Rozenski
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mathy Froeyen
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arthur Van Aerschot
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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12
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Gadakh B, Vondenhoff G, Lescrinier E, Rozenski J, Froeyen M, Van Aerschot A. Base substituted 5'-O-(N-isoleucyl)sulfamoyl nucleoside analogues as potential antibacterial agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2875-86. [PMID: 24746466 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Aminoacyl-sulfamoyl adenosines are well-known nanomolar inhibitors of the corresponding prokaryotic and eukaryotic tRNA synthetases in vitro. Inspired by the aryl-tetrazole containing compounds of Cubist Pharmaceuticals and the modified base as found in the natural antibiotic albomycin, the selectivity issue of the sulfamoylated adenosines prompted us to investigate the pharmacophoric importance of the adenine base. We therefore synthesized and evaluated several isoleucyl-sulfamoyl nucleoside analogues with either uracil, cytosine, hypoxanthine, guanine, 1,3-dideaza-adenine (benzimidazole) or 4-nitro-benzimidazole as the heterocyclic base. Based on the structure and antibacterial activity of microcin C, we also prepared their hexapeptidyl conjugates in an effort to improve their uptake potential. We further compared their antibacterial activity with the parent isoleucyl-sulfamoyl adenosine (Ile-SA), both in in vitro and in cellular assays. Surprisingly, the strongest in vitro inhibition was found for the uracil containing analogue 16f. Unfortunately, only very weak growth inhibitory properties were found as of low uptake. The results are discussed in the light of previous literature findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Gadakh
- KU Leuven, Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gaston Vondenhoff
- KU Leuven, Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eveline Lescrinier
- KU Leuven, Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jef Rozenski
- KU Leuven, Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mathy Froeyen
- KU Leuven, Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arthur Van Aerschot
- KU Leuven, Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium.
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13
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Redwan IN, Bliman D, Tokugawa M, Lawson C, Grøtli M. Synthesis and photophysical characterization of 1- and 4-(purinyl)triazoles. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Mailu BM, Ramasamay G, Mudeppa DG, Li L, Lindner SE, Peterson MJ, DeRocher AE, Kappe SHI, Rathod PK, Gardner MJ. A nondiscriminating glutamyl-tRNA synthetase in the plasmodium apicoplast: the first enzyme in an indirect aminoacylation pathway. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:32539-32552. [PMID: 24072705 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.507467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum and related organisms possess a relict plastid known as the apicoplast. Apicoplast protein synthesis is a validated drug target in malaria because antibiotics that inhibit translation in prokaryotes also inhibit apicoplast protein synthesis and are sometimes used for malaria prophylaxis or treatment. We identified components of an indirect aminoacylation pathway for Gln-tRNA(Gln) biosynthesis in Plasmodium that we hypothesized would be essential for apicoplast protein synthesis. Here, we report our characterization of the first enzyme in this pathway, the apicoplast glutamyl-tRNA synthetase (GluRS). We expressed the recombinant P. falciparum enzyme in Escherichia coli, showed that it is nondiscriminating because it glutamylates both apicoplast tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln), determined its kinetic parameters, and demonstrated its inhibition by a known bacterial GluRS inhibitor. We also localized the Plasmodium berghei ortholog to the apicoplast in blood stage parasites but could not delete the PbGluRS gene. These data show that Gln-tRNA(Gln) biosynthesis in the Plasmodium apicoplast proceeds via an essential indirect aminoacylation pathway that is reminiscent of bacteria and plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boniface M Mailu
- From the Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | | | - Devaraja G Mudeppa
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700
| | - Ling Li
- From the Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Scott E Lindner
- From the Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Megan J Peterson
- From the Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Amy E DeRocher
- From the Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Stefan H I Kappe
- From the Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109,; the Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Pradipsinh K Rathod
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700; the Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Malcolm J Gardner
- From the Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109,; the Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195.
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15
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Teng M, Hilgers MT, Cunningham ML, Borchardt A, Locke JB, Abraham S, Haley G, Kwan BP, Hall C, Hough GW, Shaw KJ, Finn J. Identification of bacteria-selective threonyl-tRNA synthetase substrate inhibitors by structure-based design. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1748-60. [PMID: 23362938 DOI: 10.1021/jm301756m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of potent and bacteria-selective threonyl-tRNA synthetase (ThrRS) inhibitors have been identified using structure-based drug design. These compounds occupied the substrate binding site of ThrRS and showed excellent binding affinities for all of the bacterial orthologues tested. Some of the compounds displayed greatly improved bacterial selectivity. Key residues responsible for potency and bacteria/human ThrRS selectivity have been identified. Antimicrobial activity has been achieved against wild-type Haemophilus influenzae and efflux-deficient mutants of Escherichia coli and Burkholderia thailandensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Teng
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trius Therapeutics, Inc., 6310 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States.
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16
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van Wandelen LTM, van Ameijde J, Mady ASA, Wammes AEM, Bode A, Poot AJ, Ruijtenbeek R, Liskamp RMJ. Directed modulation of protein kinase C isozyme selectivity with bisubstrate-based inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:2113-21. [PMID: 23139239 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Kinases present an attractive target for drug development, since they are involved in vital cellular processes and are implicated in a variety of diseases, such as cancer and diabetes. However, obtaining selectivity for a specific kinase over others is difficult since many current kinase inhibitors exclusively target the highly conserved kinase ATP binding domain. Previously, a microarray-based strategy to discover so-called bisubstrate-based inhibitors that target the more specific peptide binding groove in addition to the ATP binding site was described. One attractive feature of this strategy is the opportunity to tune the selectivity of these inhibitors by systematically varying components. In an extension to this previous work, this study explores the potential of this guided selectivity modulation, leading to a series of inhibitors with different selectivity profiles against highly homologous protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes. Of the inhibitors studied, most exhibited improved potency and selectivity compared with their constituent parts. Furthermore, the selectivity was found to be tunable either through modification of the pseudosubstrate peptide (peptide binding groove) or the ATP-competitive part (ATP binding site). In a number of cases, the selectivity of the construct could be predicted from the initial peptide substrate profiling experiment. Since this strategy is applicable to all kinase sets, it could be used to rapidly develop uniquely selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loek T M van Wandelen
- Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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17
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Abbiati G, Doda A, Dell'Acqua M, Pirovano V, Facoetti D, Rizzato S, Rossi E. Synthesis of two unnatural oxygenated aaptaminoids. J Org Chem 2012; 77:10461-7. [PMID: 23088773 DOI: 10.1021/jo3020598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two unprecedented oxygenated aaptaminoids have been synthesized starting from cheap and easily available 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid with the satisfactory overall yields of 31% and 34%. The key step of the procedure is the divergent thermic 5-exodig vs base-promoted 6-endodig cyclization of a 5-alkynylquinolinone derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Abbiati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica A. Marchesini, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Venezian, 21, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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18
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Redwan IN, Ingemyr HJ, Ljungdahl T, Lawson CP, Grøtli M. Solid-Phase Synthesis of 5′-O-[N-(Acyl)sulfamoyl]adenosine Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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20
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Vondenhoff GHM, Van Aerschot A. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitors as potential antibiotics. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:5227-36. [PMID: 21968372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Increasing resistance to antibiotics is a major problem worldwide and provides the stimulus for development of new bacterial inhibitors with preferably different modes of action. In search for new leads, several new bacterial targets are being exploited beside the use of traditional screening methods. Hereto, inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis is a long-standing validated target. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) play an indispensable role in protein synthesis and their structures proved quite conserved in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. However, some divergence has occurred allowing the development of selective aaRS inhibitors. Following an outline on the action mechanism of aaRSs, an overview will be given of already existing aaRS inhibitors, which are largely based on mimics of the aminoacyl-adenylates, the natural reaction intermediates. This is followed by a discussion on more recent developments in the field and the bioavailability problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaston H M Vondenhoff
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Chiesa K, Shvoryna A, Bernet B, Vasella A. Oligonucleotide Analogues with Integrated Bases and Backbones. Part 24. Helv Chim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Brownell JE, Sintchak MD, Gavin JM, Liao H, Bruzzese FJ, Bump NJ, Soucy TA, Milhollen MA, Yang X, Burkhardt AL, Ma J, Loke HK, Lingaraj T, Wu D, Hamman KB, Spelman JJ, Cullis CA, Langston SP, Vyskocil S, Sells TB, Mallender WD, Visiers I, Li P, Claiborne CF, Rolfe M, Bolen JB, Dick LR. Substrate-assisted inhibition of ubiquitin-like protein-activating enzymes: the NEDD8 E1 inhibitor MLN4924 forms a NEDD8-AMP mimetic in situ. Mol Cell 2010; 37:102-11. [PMID: 20129059 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2009.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The NEDD8-activating enzyme (NAE) initiates a protein homeostatic pathway essential for cancer cell growth and survival. MLN4924 is a selective inhibitor of NAE currently in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. Here, we show that MLN4924 is a mechanism-based inhibitor of NAE and creates a covalent NEDD8-MLN4924 adduct catalyzed by the enzyme. The NEDD8-MLN4924 adduct resembles NEDD8 adenylate, the first intermediate in the NAE reaction cycle, but cannot be further utilized in subsequent intraenzyme reactions. The stability of the NEDD8-MLN4924 adduct within the NAE active site blocks enzyme activity, thereby accounting for the potent inhibition of the NEDD8 pathway by MLN4924. Importantly, we have determined that compounds resembling MLN4924 demonstrate the ability to form analogous adducts with other ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs) catalyzed by their cognate-activating enzymes. These findings reveal insights into the mechanism of E1s and suggest a general strategy for selective inhibition of UBL conjugation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Brownell
- Discovery, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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23
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Farrera-Sinfreu J, Español Y, Geslain R, Guitart T, Albericio F, Ribas de Pouplana L, Royo M. Solid-Phase Combinatorial Synthesis of a Lysyl-tRNA Synthetase (LysRS) Inhibitory Library. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:391-400. [DOI: 10.1021/cc700157j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josep Farrera-Sinfreu
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine and Combinatorial Chemistry Unit, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, Josep Samitier 1, 08028-Barcelona, Spain, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1, 08028-Barcelona, Spain, and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yaiza Español
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine and Combinatorial Chemistry Unit, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, Josep Samitier 1, 08028-Barcelona, Spain, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1, 08028-Barcelona, Spain, and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Renaud Geslain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine and Combinatorial Chemistry Unit, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, Josep Samitier 1, 08028-Barcelona, Spain, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1, 08028-Barcelona, Spain, and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tanit Guitart
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine and Combinatorial Chemistry Unit, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, Josep Samitier 1, 08028-Barcelona, Spain, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1, 08028-Barcelona, Spain, and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine and Combinatorial Chemistry Unit, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, Josep Samitier 1, 08028-Barcelona, Spain, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1, 08028-Barcelona, Spain, and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Ribas de Pouplana
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine and Combinatorial Chemistry Unit, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, Josep Samitier 1, 08028-Barcelona, Spain, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1, 08028-Barcelona, Spain, and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Royo
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine and Combinatorial Chemistry Unit, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, Josep Samitier 1, 08028-Barcelona, Spain, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1, 08028-Barcelona, Spain, and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010-Barcelona, Spain
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24
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Ochsner UA, Sun X, Jarvis T, Critchley I, Janjic N. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases: essential and still promising targets for new anti-infective agents. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007; 16:573-93. [PMID: 17461733 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.16.5.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of resistance to existing antibiotics demands the development of novel antimicrobial agents directed against novel targets. Historically, bacterial cell wall synthesis, protein, and DNA and RNA synthesis have been major targets of very successful classes of antibiotics such as beta-lactams, glycopeptides, macrolides, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, rifampicins and quinolones. Recently, efforts have been made to develop novel agents against validated targets in these pathways but also against new, previously unexploited targets. The era of genomics has provided insights into novel targets in microbial pathogens. Among the less exploited--but still promising--targets is the family of 20 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs), which are essential for protein synthesis. These targets have been validated in nature as aaRS inhibition has been shown as the specific mode of action for many natural antimicrobial agents synthesized by bacteria and fungi. Therefore, aaRSs have the potential to be targeted by novel agents either from synthetic or natural sources to yield specific and selective anti-infectives. Numerous high-throughput screening programs aimed at identifying aaRS inhibitors have been performed over the last 20 years. A large number of promising lead compounds have been identified but only a few agents have moved forward into clinical development. This review provides an update on the present strategies to develop novel aaRS inhibitors as anti-infective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs A Ochsner
- Replidyne, Inc., 1450 Infinite Dr, Louisville, CO 80027, USA.
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25
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Manetto A, Georganakis D, Leondiadis L, Gimisis T, Mayer P, Carell T, Chatgilialoglu C. Independent generation of C5'-nucleosidyl radicals in thymidine and 2'-deoxyguanosine. J Org Chem 2007; 72:3659-66. [PMID: 17425368 DOI: 10.1021/jo062518c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of the C5' tert-butyl ketone of thymidine 1a and 2'-deoxyguanosine 2 is achieved by reaction of 5'-C-cyano derivatives with tert-butyl lithium followed by acid hydrolysis. The 5'R configuration is assigned by X-ray crystal structure determination of an opportunely protected derivative of 1a. The (5'S)-isomers of both nucleosides are not stable, and a complete decomposition occurs in the reaction medium. The photochemistry of 1a and 2 effectively produced the thymidin-5'-yl radical and the 2'-deoxyguanosin-5'-yl radical, respectively. In the thymidine system, the C5' radical is fully quenched in the presence of a physiological concentration of thiols. In the 2'-deoxyguanosine system, the C5' radical undergoes intramolecular attack onto the C8-N7 double bond of guanine leading ultimately to the 5',8-cyclo-2'-deoxyguanosine derivative. The cyclization of the 2'-deoxyguanosin-5'-yl radical occurs with a rate constant of ca. 1x10(6) s-1 and is highly stereoselective affording only the (5'S)-diastereomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Manetto
- ISOF, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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26
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Kim SY, Lee YS, Kang T, Kim S, Lee J. Pharmacophore-based virtual screening: The discovery of novel methionyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:4898-907. [PMID: 16824759 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Revised: 06/01/2006] [Accepted: 06/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We have performed virtual screening of a chemical database of 508,143 commercially available chemicals to search for new methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MetRS) inhibitors. In this study, potent lead compounds with a novel skeleton, including compound 27 with IC50 = 237 nM, were successfully identified as Escherichia coli MetRS inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yeon Kim
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Shinlim-Dong, Kwanak-Ku, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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27
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Abstract
Modern clinical treatments of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) employ enzyme-based methods for depletion of blood asparagine in combination with standard chemotherapeutic agents. Significant side effects can arise in these protocols and, in many cases, patients develop drug-resistant forms of the disease that may be correlated with up-regulation of the enzyme glutamine-dependent asparagine synthetase (ASNS). Though the precise molecular mechanisms that result in the appearance of drug resistance are the subject of active study, potent ASNS inhibitors may have clinical utility in treating asparaginase-resistant forms of childhood ALL. This review provides an overview of recent developments in our understanding of (a) the structure and catalytic mechanism of ASNS, and (b) the role that ASNS may play in the onset of drug-resistant childhood ALL. In addition, the first successful, mechanism-based efforts to prepare and characterize nanomolar ASNS inhibitors are discussed, together with the implications of these studies for future efforts to develop useful drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael S. Kilberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611;
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28
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Kim SE, Kim SY, Kim S, Kang T, Lee J. Deoxyribosyl analogues of methionyl and isoleucyl sulfamate adenylates as inhibitors of methionyl-tRNA and isoleucyl-tRNA synthetases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:3389-93. [PMID: 15951176 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2005] [Revised: 05/06/2005] [Accepted: 05/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
2'-Deoxy, 3'-deoxy, and 2',3'-dideoxyribosyl surrogates of isoleucyl and methionyl sulfamate adenylates have been investigated to identify the pharmacophoric importance of the ribose group for the inhibition of Escherichia coli methionyl-tRNA (MRS) and isoleucyl-tRNA (IRS) synthetases. Molecular modeling of 2',3'-dideoxyribosyl Met-NHSO2-AMP (9) with the crystal structure of E. coli MRS revealed that the lack of the two hydroxyl groups on ribose was compensated by the formation of an extra hydrogen bond between the ring oxygen and His24, resulting in a small activity reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Eun Kim
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Shinlim-Dong, Kwanak-Ku, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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29
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Andresen TL, Jensen SS, Madsen R, Jørgensen K. Synthesis and Biological Activity of Anticancer Ether Lipids That Are Specifically Released by Phospholipase A2 in Tumor Tissue. J Med Chem 2005; 48:7305-14. [PMID: 16279790 DOI: 10.1021/jm049006f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The clinical use of anticancer lipids is severely limited by their ability to cause lysis of red blood cells prohibiting intravenous injection. Novel delivery systems are therefore required in order to develop anticancer ether lipids (AELs) into clinically useful anticancer drugs. In a recent article (J. Med. Chem. 2004, 47, 1694) we showed that it is possible to construct liposome systems composed of masked AELs that are activated by secretory phospholipase A2 in cancerous tissue. We present here the synthesis of six AELs and evaluate the biological activity of these bioactive lipids. The synthesized AEL 1-6 were tested against three different cancer cell lines. It was found that the stereochemistry of the glycerol headgroup in AEL-2 and 3 has a dramatic effect on the cytotoxicity of the lipids. AEL 1-4 were furthermore evaluated for their ability to prevent phosphorylation of the apoptosis regulating kinase Akt, and a correlation was found between their cytotoxic activity and their ability to inhibit Akt phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Andresen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Building 207, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
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30
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Branchini BR, Murtiashaw MH, Carmody JN, Mygatt EE, Southworth TL. Synthesis of an N-acyl sulfamate analog of luciferyl-AMP: a stable and potent inhibitor of firefly luciferase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:3860-4. [PMID: 15990297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.05.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2005] [Accepted: 05/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the first of two half-reactions resulting in the emission of visible light, firefly luciferase forms luciferyl-adenylate from its natural substrates beetle luciferin and Mg-ATP. The acyl-adenylate is subsequently oxidized producing the light emitter oxyluciferin in an electronically excited state. In vitro, under mild conditions of temperature and pH, the acyl-adenylate intermediate is readily hydrolyzed and susceptible to oxidation. We report here the multi-step synthesis and physical and enzymatic characterization of an N-acyl sulfamate analog of luciferyl-adenylate, 5'-O-[(N-dehydroluciferyl)-sulfamoyl]-adenosine (compound 5). This represents the first example of a stable and potent (Ki = 340 nM) reversible inhibitor of firefly luciferase activity based on the structure of the natural acyl-adenylate intermediate. Additionally, we present the results of limited proteolysis studies that demonstrate that the binding of the novel acyl-adenylate analog protects luciferase from proteolysis. The findings presented here are interpreted in the context of the hypothesis that luciferase and the other enzymes in a large superfamily of adenylate-forming proteins adopt two conformations to catalyze two different partial reactions. We anticipate that the novel N-acyl sulfamate analog will be a valuable reagent in future studies designed to elucidate the role of conformational changes in firefly luciferase catalyzed bioluminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce R Branchini
- Department of Chemistry, Connecticut College, 270 Mohegan Avenue, New London, CT 06320, USA.
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31
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Hiratake J. Enzyme inhibitors as chemical tools to study enzyme catalysis: rational design, synthesis, and applications. CHEM REC 2005; 5:209-28. [PMID: 16041744 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.20045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Carefully designed molecules that are intimately related to the reaction mechanism of enzymes are often highly selective and potent inhibitors that serve as extremely useful chemical probes for understanding the reaction mechanism and structure of enzymes. This article describes the design, synthesis, and applications of specific inhibitors of two mechanistically distinct groups of enzymes, ATP-dependent amide ligases and Ser- and Thr-hydrolases. Our strategy is based on the premise that stable analogues of the transition state (transition-state analogues) are highly potent inhibitors that serve as good mechanistic probes, and that a key structure of a good inhibitor of one enzyme is also utilized for the inhibitors of other enzymes that share the same chemistry in their catalyzed reactions, irrespective of the degree of structural similarity and evolutionary link between the enzymes. According to these principles, we designed and synthesized a series of phosphinate- and sulfoximine-based transition-state analogue inhibitors of glutathione synthetase, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and asparagine synthetase. For the second group of enzymes, we synthesized a gamma-monofluorophosphono glutamate analogue for mechanism-based affinity labeling of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and fluorescent phosphonic acid esters for the active-site titration of lipase. These inhibitors were used successfully as ligands for detailed kinetic analyses, X-ray crystallography, and mass analysis of the enzymes to identify the key amino acid residues responsible for catalysis and substrate recognition in the transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hiratake
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
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32
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Bernier S, Dubois DY, Habegger-Polomat C, Gagnon LP, Lapointe J, Chênevert R. Glutamylsulfamoyladenosine and pyroglutamylsulfamoyladenosine are competitive inhibitors of E. coli glutamyl-tRNA synthetase. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2005; 20:61-7. [PMID: 15895686 DOI: 10.1080/14756360400002007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
5'-O-[N-(L-glutamyl)-sulfamoyl] adenosine is a potent competitive inhibitor of E. coli glutamyl-tRNA synthetase with respect to glutamic acid (K(i) = 2.8 nM) and is the best inhibitor of this enzyme. It is a weaker inhibitor of mammalian glutamyl-tRNA synthetase (K(i) = 70 nM). The corresponding 5'-O-[N-(L-pyroglutamyl)-sulfamoyl] adenosine is a weak inhibitor (K(i) = 15 microM) of the E. coli enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Bernier
- Département de chimie, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Centre de recherche sur la fonction, la structure et l'ingénierie des protéines (CREFSIP), Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1K 7P4
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33
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Andresen TL, Jørgensen K. Synthesis and membrane behavior of a new class of unnatural phospholipid analogs useful as phospholipase A2 degradable liposomal drug carriers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2005; 1669:1-7. [PMID: 15842993 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2005.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2004] [Revised: 02/07/2005] [Accepted: 02/24/2005] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A new and unnatural type of lipid analogs with the phosphocholine and phosphoglycerol head groups linked to the C-2 position of the glycerol moiety have been synthesized and the thermodynamic lipid membrane behavior has been investigated using differential scanning calorimetry. From the heat capacity measurements, it was observed that the pre-transition was abolished most likely due to the central position of the head groups providing better packing properties in the low temperature ordered gel phase. Activity measurements of secretory phospholipase A2 (PLA2) on unilamellar liposomal membranes revealed that the unnatural phospholipids are excellent substrates for PLA2 catalyzed hydrolysis. This was manifested as a minimum in the PLA2 lag time in the main phase transition temperature regime and a high degree of lipid hydrolysis over a broad temperature range. The obtained results provide new information about the interplay between the molecular structure of phospholipids and the lipid membrane packing constrains that govern the pre-transition. In addition, the PLA2 activity measurements are useful for obtaining deeper insight into the molecular details of the catalytic site of PLA2. The combined results also suggest new approaches to rationally design liposomal drug carries that can undergo a triggered activation in diseased tissue by overexpressed PLA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Andresen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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34
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Bernier S, Akochy PM, Lapointe J, Chênevert R. Synthesis and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitory activity of aspartyl adenylate analogs. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:69-75. [PMID: 15582453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2004] [Revised: 09/28/2004] [Accepted: 09/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Three nonhydrolyzable aspartyl adenylate analogs have been prepared and tested as inhibitors of E. coli aspartyl-tRNA synthetase. 5'-O-[N-(L-Aspartyl)sulfamoyl]adenosine is a potent competitive inhibitor (K(i) = 15 nM) whereas L-aspartol adenylate is a weaker inhibitor (K(i) = 45 microM) with respect to aspartic acid. The corresponding ketomethylphosphonate (a novel isosteric replacement) is also a strong inhibitor (K(i) = 123 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Bernier
- Département de chimie, Centre de recherche sur la fonction, la structure et l'ingénierie des protéines (CREFSIP), Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1K 7P4
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35
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Winum JY, Scozzafava A, Montero JL, Supuran CT. Therapeutic applications of sulfamates. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.14.9.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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36
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Winum JY, Scozzafava A, Montero JL, Supuran CT. Sulfamates and their therapeutic potential. Med Res Rev 2004; 25:186-228. [PMID: 15478125 DOI: 10.1002/med.20021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Starting from the very simple molecule sulfamic acid, O-substituted-, N-substituted-, or di-/tri-substituted sulfamates may be obtained, which show specific biological activities which were or started to be exploited for the design of many types of therapeutic agents. Among them, sulfamate inhibitors of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) were recently reported, constituting completely new classes of antibiotics, useful in the fight of drug-resistant infections. Anti-viral agents incorporating sulfamate moieties have also been obtained, with at least two types of such derivatives investigated: the nucleoside/nucleotide human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and the HIV protease inhibitors (PIs). In the increasing armamentarium of anti-cancer drugs, the sulfamates occupy a special position, with at least two important targets evidenced so far: the steroid sulfatases (STSs) and the carbonic anhydrases (CAs). An impressing number of inhibitors of STSs of the sulfamate type have been reported in the last years, with several compounds, such as 667COUMATE among others, progressing to clinical trials for the treatment of hormone-dependent tumors (breast and prostate cancers). This field is rapidly evolving, with many types of new inhibitors being constantly reported and designed in such a way as to increase their anti-tumor properties, and decrease undesired features (for example, estrogenicity, a problem encountered with the first generation such inhibitors, such as EMATE). Among the many isozymes of CAs, at least two, CA IX and CA XII, are highly overexpressed in tumors, being generally absent in the normal tissues. Inhibition of tumor-associated CAs was hypothesized to lead to novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of cancer. Many sulfamates act as very potent (low nanomolar) CA inhibitors. The X-ray crystal structure of the best-studied isozyme, CA II, with three sulfamates (sulfamic acid, topiramate, and EMATE) has recently been reported, which allowed for a rationale drug design of new inhibitors. Indeed, low nanomolar CA IX inhibitors of the sulfamate type have been reported, although such compounds also act as efficient inhibitors of isozymes CA I and II, which are not associated with tumors. A large number of anti-convulsant sulfamates have been described, with one such compound, topiramate, being widely used clinically as anti-epileptic drug. By taking into consideration a side effect of topiramate, an anti-epileptic drug leading to weight loss in some patients, it has recently been proposed to use this drug and related sulfamates for the treatment of obesity. The rationale of this use is based on the inhibition of the mitochondrial CA isozyme, CA V, involved in lipogenesis. Some sulfamates were also shown to possess potent inhibitory activity against acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase, an enzyme involved in cholesterol metabolism. One such agent, avasimibe, is in advanced clinical trials for the treatment of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. Thus, the sulfamate moiety offers very attractive possibilities for the drug design of various pharmacological agents, which are on one hand due to the relative ease with which such compounds are synthesized, and on the other one, due to the fact that biological activity of most of them is impressive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Winum
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biomoléculaire, Université Montpellier II, UMR 5032, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex, France.
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37
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Koroniak L, Ciustea M, Gutierrez JA, Richards NGJ. Synthesis and characterization of an N-acylsulfonamide inhibitor of human asparagine synthetase. Org Lett 2003; 5:2033-6. [PMID: 12790521 DOI: 10.1021/ol034212n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] The synthesis of N-acylsulfonamide 6, which is an analogue of beta-aspartyl-AMP, is described. This compound appears to be the first and only potent inhibitor of human asparagine synthetase that has been described to date. The N-acylsulfonamide 6 exhibits slow-onset inhibition kinetics, with a K(i) of 728 nM. Preparation and characterization of two additional N-acylsulfonamide analogues has also demonstrated the importance of hydrogen-bonding interactions in the recognition of the AS inhibitor with the enzyme. These observations provide the basis for the discovery of new compounds with application in the treatment of drug-resistant leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Koroniak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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38
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Lee J, Kim SE, Lee JY, Kim SY, Kang SU, Seo SH, Chun MW, Kang T, Choi SY, Kim HO. N-Alkoxysulfamide, N-hydroxysulfamide, and sulfamate analogues of methionyl and isoleucyl adenylates as inhibitors of methionyl-tRNA and isoleucyl-tRNA synthetases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:1087-92. [PMID: 12643918 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00020-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of sulfamate surrogates of methionyl and isoleucyl adenylate have been investigated as MetRS and IleRS inhibitors by modifications of the sulfamate linker and adenine moieties. The discovery of 2-iodo Ile-NHSO(2)-AMP (58) as a potent Escherichia coli IleRS inhibitor revealed that a significant hydrophobic interaction between the 2-substituent of Ile-NHSO(2)-AMP and the adenine binding site of IleRS provided its high potency to the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeewoo Lee
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, RIPS, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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39
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Brown MJ, Carter PS, Fenwick AS, Fosberry AP, Hamprecht DW, Hibbs MJ, Jarvest RL, Mensah L, Milner PH, O'Hanlon PJ, Pope AJ, Richardson CM, West A, Witty DR. The antimicrobial natural product chuangxinmycin and some synthetic analogues are potent and selective inhibitors of bacterial tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:3171-4. [PMID: 12372526 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00604-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial natural product chuangxinmycin has been found to be a potent and selective inhibitor of bacterial tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase (WRS). A number of analogues have been synthesised. The interaction with WRS appears to be highly constrained, as only sterically smaller analogues afforded significant inhibition. The only analogue to show inhibition comparable to chuangxinmycin also had antibacterial activity. WRS inhibition may contribute to the antibacterial action of chuangxinmycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray J Brown
- GlaxoSmithKline, New Frontiers Science Park, Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AW, UK
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40
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Jarvest RL, Berge JM, Berry V, Boyd HF, Brown MJ, Elder JS, Forrest AK, Fosberry AP, Gentry DR, Hibbs MJ, Jaworski DD, O'Hanlon PJ, Pope AJ, Rittenhouse S, Sheppard RJ, Slater-Radosti C, Worby A. Nanomolar inhibitors of Staphylococcus aureus methionyl tRNA synthetase with potent antibacterial activity against gram-positive pathogens. J Med Chem 2002; 45:1959-62. [PMID: 11985462 DOI: 10.1021/jm025502x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Potent nanomolar inhibitors of Staphylococcus aureus methionyl tRNA synthetase have been derived from a file compound high throughput screening hit. Optimized compounds show excellent antibacterial activity against staphylococcal and enterococcal pathogens, including strains resistant to clinical antibiotics. Compound 11 demonstrated in vivo efficacy in an S. aureus rat abscess infection model.
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41
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Qiu X, Janson CA, Smith WW, Green SM, McDevitt P, Johanson K, Carter P, Hibbs M, Lewis C, Chalker A, Fosberry A, Lalonde J, Berge J, Brown P, Houge-Frydrych CS, Jarvest RL. Crystal structure of Staphylococcus aureus tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase in complex with a class of potent and specific inhibitors. Protein Sci 2001; 10:2008-16. [PMID: 11567092 PMCID: PMC2374228 DOI: 10.1110/ps.18001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2001] [Revised: 07/05/2001] [Accepted: 07/12/2001] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
SB-219383 and its analogues are a class of potent and specific inhibitors of bacterial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases. Crystal structures of these inhibitors have been solved in complex with the tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase from Staphylococcus aureus, the bacterium that is largely responsible for hospital-acquired infections. The full-length enzyme yielded crystals that diffracted to 2.8 A resolution, but a truncated version of the enzyme allowed the resolution to be extended to 2.2 A. These inhibitors not only occupy the known substrate binding sites in unique ways, but also reveal a butyl binding pocket. It was reported that the Bacillus stearothermophilus TyrRS T51P mutant has much increased catalytic activity. The S. aureus enzyme happens to have a proline at position 51. Therefore, our structures may contribute to the understanding of the catalytic mechanism and provide the structural basis for designing novel antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Qiu
- GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA.
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42
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Jarvest RL, Berge JM, Houge-Frydrych CS, Mensah LM, O'Hanlon PJ, Pope AJ. Inhibitors of bacterial tyrosyl tRNA synthetase: synthesis of carbocyclic analogues of the natural product SB-219383. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:2499-502. [PMID: 11549455 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00475-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Carbocyclic analogues of the microbial metabolite SB-219383 have been synthesised and evaluated as inhibitors of bacterial tyrosyl tRNA synthetase. One compound showed highly potent and selective nanomolar inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Jarvest
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, New Frontiers Science Park, Third Avenue, Harlow, CM19 5AW, Essex, UK
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43
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Lee J, Kang SU, Kim SY, Kim SE, Kang MK, Jo YJ, Kim S. Ester and hydroxamate analogues of methionyl and isoleucyl adenylates as inhibitors of methionyl-tRNA and isoleucyl-tRNA synthetases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:961-4. [PMID: 11327600 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00095-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The structure activity relationship on a series of ester and hydroxamate analogues of methionyl and isoleucyl adenylate has been investigated through introducing linkers between the 1'-position of ribose and adenine surrogates as methionyl-tRNA, and isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitors, respectively. The results indicate that ester analogue 23 was found to be a potent inhibitor of Escherichia coli methionyl-tRNA synthetase, and its interaction with the active site was proposed by a molecular modeling study.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lee
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Kwanak-Ku, South Korea.
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44
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Brown P, Eggleston DS, Haltiwanger RC, Jarvest RL, Mensah L, O'Hanlon PJ, Pope AJ. Synthetic analogues of SB-219383. Novel C-glycosyl peptides as inhibitors of tyrosyl tRNA synthetase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:711-4. [PMID: 11266175 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00039-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Novel inhibitors of bacterial tyrosyl tRNA synthetase have been synthesised in which the cyclic hydroxylamine moiety of SB-219383 is replaced by C-pyranosyl derivatives. Potent and selective inhibition of bacterial tyrosyl tRNA synthetase was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brown
- GlaxoSmithKline, New Frontiers Science Park, Harlow, Essex, USA.
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45
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Jarvest RL, Berge JM, Brown P, Hamprecht DW, McNair DJ, Mensah L, O'Hanlon PJ, Pope AJ. Potent synthetic inhibitors of tyrosyl tRNA synthetase derived from C-pyranosyl analogues of SB-219383. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:715-8. [PMID: 11266176 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Novel pyranosyl analogues of SB-219383 have been synthesised to elucidate the structure-activity relationships around the pyran ring. Analogues with highly potent stereoselective and bacterioselective inhibition of bacterial tyrosyl tRNA synthetase have been identified. A major reduction in the overall polarity of the molecule can be tolerated without loss of the nanomolar level of inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Jarvest
- GlaxoSmithKline, New Frontiers Science Park, Harlow, Essex, UK.
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46
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Bernier S, Dubois DY, Therrien M, Lapointe J, Chênevert R. Synthesis of glutaminyl adenylate analogues that are inhibitors of glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:2441-4. [PMID: 11078196 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00478-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutaminol adenylate 5 is a competitive inhibitor of glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase with respect to glutamine (Ki = 280 nM) and to ATP (Ki = 860 nM). The corresponding methyl phosphate ester 4 is a weaker inhibitor (Ki approximately 10 microM) with respect to glutamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bernier
- Département de Chimie, Centre de Recherche sur la Fonction, la Structure et l'Ingénierie des Protéines (CREFSIP), Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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47
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Berge JM, Copley RC, Eggleston DS, Hamprecht DW, Jarvest RL, Mensah LM, O'Hanlon PJ, Pope AJ. Inhibitors of bacterial tyrosyl tRNA synthetase: synthesis of four stereoisomeric analogues of the natural product SB-219383. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:1811-4. [PMID: 10969974 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00348-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic analogues of the microbial metabolite SB-219383 have been synthesised with defined stereochemistry. Densely functionalised hydroxylamine containing amino acids were prepared by the addition of a glycine anion equivalent to sugar-derived cyclic nitrones. One of four stereoisomeric dipeptides incorporating these novel amino acids was found to be a potent and selective inhibitor of bacterial tyrosyl tRNA synthetase, suggesting analogous stereochemistry of the natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Berge
- SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Harlow, Essex, UK
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48
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Forrest AK, Jarvest RL, Mensah LM, O'Hanlon PJ, Pope AJ, Sheppard RJ. Aminoalkyl adenylate and aminoacyl sulfamate intermediate analogues differing greatly in affinity for their cognate Staphylococcus aureus aminoacyl tRNA synthetases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:1871-4. [PMID: 10969988 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00360-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Aminoalkyl adenylates and aminoacyl sulfamates derived from arginine, histidine and threonine, have been prepared and tested as inhibitors of their cognate Staphylococcus aureus aminoacyl tRNA synthetases. The arginyl derivatives were both potent nanomolar inhibitors of the Class I arginyl tRNA synthetase whereas for the Class II histidyl and threonyl tRNA synthetases, the acyl sulfamates were potent inhibitors but the adenylates had very little affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Forrest
- SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Discovery Research, Harlow, Essex, UK
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