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Hu CY, Zhang JC, Lin YL, Ren SC, Zhu YY, Xiong C, Wang QB. Degradation kinetics of prometryn and formation of disinfection by-products during chlorination. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 276:130089. [PMID: 33743417 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Prometryn is a herbicide that is widely used and frequently detected in aqueous environment and soil. Prometryn is chemically stable, biologically toxic, and easily to accumulate in living bodies, which can cause accumulate in the environment and acute and chronic toxicity to living creatures. In this study, factors affecting the degradation kinetics of prometryn chlorination were studied, including solution pH, bromide and ammonium concentrations, and temperature. Prometryn reacted quickly with aqueous chlorine following the pseudo-first-order kinetics. The maximum pseudo-first-order rate constant (kapp) appeared at pH 5 with the observed rate constant (kobs) as 190. 08 h-1; the minimum value of kapp reached at pH 9 with kobs as 5.26 h-1. The presence of Br- and increase of temperature both accelerated the degradation rate of prometryn during chlorination. The activation energy was calculated as 31.80 kJ/mol. Meanwhile 6 disinfection by-products (DBPs) were detected, namely: chloroform (CF), trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), dichloroacetone, trichloronitromethane (TCNM), and trichloroacetone. Solution pH significantly affected the formation and distribution of DBPs. CF was the most formed carbonated DBP (C-DBP) with the maximum of 217.9 μg/L at pH 8, and its formation was significantly higher in alkaline conditions. For nitrogenated DBPs (N-DBPs), the yields of DCAN and TCAN were significantly higher in acidic conditions, while the maximum of TCNM achieved in neutral conditions. Because the toxicity of N-DBPs is higher than that of C-DBPs, the pH should be controlled in neutral or slight alkaline conditions during prometryn chlorination to effectively control DBP formation and reduce the related toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yan Hu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy- Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Ji-Chen Zhang
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy- Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, PR China.
| | - Yi-Li Lin
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 824, ROC, Taiwan.
| | - Si-Cheng Ren
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy- Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, PR China.
| | - Ye-Ye Zhu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy- Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, PR China.
| | - Cun Xiong
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy- Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, PR China.
| | - Qiang-Bing Wang
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy- Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, PR China.
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Luo G, Xie L, Zhou Q. Enhanced treatment efficiency of an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) for cassava stillage with high solids content. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 107:641-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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