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Shihab AS, Al-Jarrah OAI. Ambient levels of BTEX at roadside in northern Iraq and its relationship with traffic volume. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:712. [PMID: 37221427 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11284-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Among the mono-aromatic volatile organic compounds, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) have occupied a large area in air pollution studies due to their carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effect. In this study, a station was used to monitor BTEX concentrations at roadside in urban area at Mosul city along a year, with traffic volume and meteorological factors measurement. The annual mean of benzene was 12 µg/m3, which is more than twofolds of the standard European Union level of 5 µg/m3. In addition, 87.4% of the measured values in summer was higher than the standard level at roadside. Benzene was dominant in spring and summer among BTEX species, while the dominance changed to ethylbenzene in autumn and winter. Besides, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and o-xylene showed significant seasonal variation. BTEX and benzene concentrations increased as the number of vehicles on gasoline and diesel increased. In contrast, toluene and ethylbenzene were more affected with number of vehicles on diesel. On the other hand, the weak significant correlations among BTEX species and high T/B ratio indicate the difference in fuel types used and the existence of additional sources of BTEX emission with the vehicular exhausts. These results can be utilized in determining the control strategy in air quality management in Mosul city.
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2
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Abdul Hadi M, Kadhim MM, Sabri Abbas Z, Hachim SK, Abdullaha SA, Mahdi Rheima A. Investigation the sensing behavior of pristine and Ti-doped C2N monolayer toward H2S gas. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.110385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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3
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Farrokhpour H, Gerami M, Jouypazadeh H. Be 2C monolayer as an efficient adsorbent of toxic volatile organic compounds: theoretical investigation. Mol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2022.2132184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehrdad Gerami
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
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4
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Li D, Chen X, Huang Y, Zhang G, Zhou D, Xiao B. Selective catalytic oxidation of formaldehyde on single V- and Cr-atom decorated magnetic C 4N 3 substrate: A first principles study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129608. [PMID: 35872455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) is the most common indoor hazardous pollutant and has attracted great concern because its long-term exposure has adverse health effects on humans. Retention and catalytic oxidation of highly hazardous HCHO is an efficient and environmentally friendly method to use for air remediation, but a major obstacle to this procedure is the lack of an appropriate catalyst. Herein, two-dimensional magnetic C4N3 material with a 3d-transition metal as activate sites was systemically investigated in HCHO oxidation using density functional theory calculations. The results show that V-C4N3 and Cr-C4N3 have high structural stability and shallow activation barriers for O2 decomposition; these characteristics provide the necessary precursors for the subsequent oxidation reaction. Moreover, the V-C4N3 and Cr-C4N3 catalysts have unique selective adsorption and catalysis toward HCHO in a mixture of some typical in-door volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and air. The corresponding dynamic barrier for each reaction step was investigated and the mechanism involved in HCHO oxidation was revealed in detail. Aggregation of metal atoms in the V-C4N3 and Cr-C4N3 catalysts is prevented by enormous diffusion resistance, and this is further confirmed by AIMD simulations. These results provide insightful guidance for developing advanced magnetic catalysts for HCHO oxidation to improve the remediation of air contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqiao Li
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Xianfei Chen
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Synergetic Control and Joint Remediation for Soil & Water Pollution, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China.
| | - Yi Huang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Synergetic Control and Joint Remediation for Soil & Water Pollution, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China.
| | - Guanru Zhang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Synergetic Control and Joint Remediation for Soil & Water Pollution, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Beibei Xiao
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
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5
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He X, Yuan B, Wu C, Wang S, Wang C, Huangfu Y, Qi J, Ma N, Xu W, Wang M, Chen W, Su H, Cheng Y, Shao M. Volatile organic compounds in wintertime North China Plain: Insights from measurements of proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS). J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 114:98-114. [PMID: 35459518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of wintertime volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the North China Plain (NCP) region are complicated and remain obscure. VOC measurements were conducted by a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) at a rural site in the NCP from November to December 2018. Uncalibrated ions measured by PTR-ToF-MS were quantified and the overall VOC compositions were investigated by combining the measurements of PTR-ToF-MS and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer/flame ionization detector (GC-MS/FID). The measurement showed that although atmospheric VOCs concentrations are often dominated by primary emissions, the secondary formation of oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) is non-negligible in the wintertime, i.e., OVOCs accounts for 42% ± 7% in the total VOCs (151.3 ± 75.6 ppbV). We demonstrated that PTR-MS measurements for isoprene are substantially overestimated due to the interferences of cycloalkanes. The chemical changes of organic carbon in a pollution accumulation period were investigated, which suggests an essential role of fragmentation reactions for large, chemically reduced compounds during the heavy-polluted stage in wintertime pollution. The changes of emission ratios of VOCs between winter 2011 and winter 2018 in the NCP support the positive effect of "coal to gas" strategies in curbing air pollutants. The high abundances of some key species (e.g. oxygenated aromatics) indicate the strong emissions of coal combustion in wintertime of NCP. The ratio of naphthalene to C8 aromatics was proposed as a potential indicator of the influence of coal combustion on VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjun He
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Bin Yuan
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Caihong Wu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Sihang Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Chaomin Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yibo Huangfu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jipeng Qi
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Wanyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorology Administration, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Wentai Chen
- Nanjing Intelligent Environmental Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Hang Su
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Yafang Cheng
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Min Shao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
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6
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Yao D, Tang G, Sun J, Wang Y, Yang Y, Wang Y, Liu B, He H, Wang Y. Annual nonmethane hydrocarbon trends in Beijing from 2000 to 2019. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 112:210-217. [PMID: 34955205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
High loads of ground-level ozone have occurred with the implementation of the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan. However, the long temporal variation in precursor nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) has rarely been studied. In this study, we examined the evolution of NMHCs in Beijing based on ambient measurements from 2000 to 2019. The results indicated that the annual variation of ambient NMHCs during 2000 and 2019 could be divided into two stages. The mixing ratios of NMHCs rapidly rose during 2000 and 2009 (1.76 ppbv/year) but exhibited a downward trend from 2009 to 2019 at rate of 0.80 ppbv/yr. Moreover, the notable decrease in alkenes and aromatics after 2009 led to a sharp decrease in the propylene-equivalent concentration (PEC) (-0.80 ppbv/year). Implementation of emission reduction measures in Beijing have effectively reduced the contribution of vehicle-related sources, but the contribution of solvent usage and fuel consumption increased, which will become the focus of VOC control in Beijing in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yao
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guiqian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yinghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baoxian Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Airborne Particulate Matter Monitoring Technology, Beijing Municipal Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hong He
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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7
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Ma J, Chen Z, Wang J, Wang Y, Li L. Diffusion simulation, health risks, ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation potential of gaseous pollutants from rural comprehensive waste treatment plant. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131857. [PMID: 34392199 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive waste treatment plants (CWTPs) are significant sources of gaseous pollutants such as odors, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), polluting the environment and endangering human health. This study conducted on-site investigations on gaseous pollutants emissions from different areas of a CWTP. A total of 10 pollutants were identified of which ammonia (11.32 mg/m³ in average) was the main odorous substance, and benzene (19.51 mg/m³ in average) and toluene (42.07 mg/m³ in average) were the main VOCs. The feeding workshop (FW) was considered the main source of gaseous pollutants. The Gaussian plume model demonstrated that the pollution became more serious after spreading in the southeast downwind direction. Occupational exposure risks of on-site workers were mainly attributed to hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, benzene, and toluene, as their hazard index (HI) and lifetime cancer risk (CR) exceeded the recommended occupational safety limits. The gaseous pollutants diffused from CWTP may still pose a potential health risk to residents within a range of up to 7.5 km. The emulation and quantification of ozone formation potential by methods of Propyl-Equiv and MIR demonstrated that the contribution rate of toluene presented in each stage of CWTP exceed 80 %. Toluene was also the largest contributor to secondary organic aerosol with the contribution rate reached 56.34-85.14 %, followed by benzene (14.72-38.52 %). This research provides a basis for the reduction and control of gaseous pollutants in the treatment and disposal of rural domestic waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
| | - Zexiang Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China.
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China.
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, PR China.
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8
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Rahimi R, Solimannejad M, Chaudhari A. Toxic volatile organic compounds sensing by Al 2C monolayer: A first-principles outlook. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123600. [PMID: 32791480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption and detection performance of two-dimensional Al2C monolayer for four toxic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) viz. acetaldehyde, ethylene oxide, vinyl chloride, and benzene are investigated using first-principles calculations based on the periodic density functional theory. The band gap of Al2C nanosheet is changed substantially from 0.9 eV to 0.52, 1.41, 1.57, and 0.42 eV upon interaction with acetaldehyde, ethylene oxide, vinyl chloride, and benzene molecules respectively. The Al2C nanosheet maintains its semiconductor properties even after the adsorption of the four VOCs. The adsorption energy of four typical toxic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) viz. acetaldehyde, ethylene oxide, vinyl chloride, and benzene on the Al2C monolayer is in a range of -1.972 eV to -2.244 eV, which is higher than the adsorption energies obtained for several other VOCs adsorbed on different materials. Larger VOCs adsorption energies on Al2C monolayer obtained here may lead to adsorption of more VOC molecules on the material and consequently enhanced sensitivity. The results of ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) calculations for the studied complexes confirm their stability under the considered conditions of the simulation. Pristine Al2C monolayer might be a superior adsorbent and a promising sensing medium for toxic VOCs in real applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezvan Rahimi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran; Institute of Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran
| | - Mohammad Solimannejad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran; Institute of Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran.
| | - Ajay Chaudhari
- Department of Physics, The Institute of Science, Dr. Homi Bhabha State University, Mumbai, 400032, India.
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Variations in Levels and Sources of Atmospheric VOCs during the Continuous Haze and Non-Haze Episodes in the Urban Area of Beijing: A Case Study in Spring of 2019. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To better evaluate the variations in concentration characteristics and source contributions of atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during continuous haze days and non-haze days, hourly observations of atmospheric VOCs were conducted using a continuous on-line GC-FID (Airmo VOC GC-866) monitoring system during 1–15 March 2019, in urban areas of Beijing, China. The results showed that the total VOC concentrations during haze days and non-haze days were 59.13 ± 31.08 μg/m3 and 16.91 ± 7.19 μg/m3, respectively. However, the average O3 concentrations during the two haze days were lower than those of non-haze days due to the extremely low concentrations at night instead of the reported lower photochemical reaction in daytime. The ratio of OH radical concentration during haze and non-haze days indicating that the rate of photochemical reaction during haze days was higher than those of non-haze days from 13:00–19:00. The stable air conditions and the local diesel emission at night were the main reasons for the decreased O3 concentrations during haze days. Six major sources were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF), namely, diesel exhaust, combustion, gasoline evaporation, solvent usage, gasoline exhaust, and the petrochemical industry, contributing 9.93%, 25.29%, 3.90%, 16.88%, 35.59% and 8.41%, respectively, during the whole observation period. The contributions of diesel exhaust and the petrochemical industry emissions decreased from 26.14% and 6.43% during non-haze days to 13.70% and 2.57%, respectively, during haze days. These reductions were mainly ascribed to the emergency measures that the government implemented during haze days. In contrast, the contributions of gasoline exhaust increased from 34.92% during non-haze days to 48.77% during haze days. The ratio of specific VOC species and PMF both showed that the contributions of gasoline exhaust emission increased during haze days. The backward trajectories, potential source contribution function (PSCF) and concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) showed that the air mass of VOCs during haze days was mainly affected by the short-distance transportation from the southwestern of Hebei province. However, the air mass of VOCs during non-haze days was mainly affected by the long-distance transportation from the northwest.
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Wang F, Du W, Lv S, Ding Z, Wang G. Spatial and Temporal Distributions and Sources of Anthropogenic NMVOCs in the Atmosphere of China: A Review. ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES 2021; 38:1085-1100. [PMID: 33948045 PMCID: PMC8085794 DOI: 10.1007/s00376-021-0317-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
As the key precursors of O3, anthropogenic non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) have been studied intensively. This paper performed a meta-analysis on the spatial and temporal variations of NMVOCs, their roles in photochemical reactions, and their sources in China, based on published research. The results showed that both non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) in China have higher mixing ratios in the eastern developed cities compared to those in the central and western areas. Alkanes are the most abundant NMHCs species in all reported sites while formaldehyde is the most abundant among the OVOCs. OVOCs have the highest mixing ratios in summer and the lowest in winter, which is opposite to NMHCs. Among all NMVOCs, the top eight species account for 50%-70% of the total ozone formation potential (OFP) with different compositions and contributions in different areas. In devolved regions, OFP-NMHCs are the highest in winter while OFP-OVOCs are the highest in summer. Based on positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis, vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, and solvent usage in China are the main sources for NMHCs. However, the emission trend analysis showed that solvent usage and industrial emissions will exceed vehicle exhaust and become the two major sources of NMVOCs in near future. Based on the meta-analysis conducted in this work, we believe that the spatio-temporal variations and oxidation mechanisms of atmospheric OVOCs, as well as generating a higher spatial resolution of emission inventories of NMVOCs represent an area for future studies on NMVOCs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanglin Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Shaojun Lv
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Zhijian Ding
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai, 200062 China
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Ke J, Li S, Zhao D. The application of leak detection and repair program in VOCs control in China's petroleum refineries. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2020; 70:862-875. [PMID: 32663111 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2020.1772407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone. This causes the phenomena of haze and photochemical smog pollution. Recently, the leak detection and repair (LDAR) program was required to implement in China's petroleum industry on the background of the huge emissions from equipment leaks. This paper analyzed and compared the application of LDAR program in four petroleum refineries and six typical processing units in these refineries. The results showed that non-flanged connectors, flanges, valves, and open-ended lines were the most common components, which accounted for over 99% in these refineries. And over half were non-flanged connectors. About 0.2% to 0.4% of all components were found to leak and emitted up to 91.8% of VOCs, especially the leaking valves and open-ended lines. And over 88.5% of VOC emissions were from high leaking components. The VOC emissions reduced 42% to 57% by repairing 42% to 81% of leaking components. And 90% of the reduction was achieved by repairing high leaking components. Besides, under the same processing capacity, the gas fractionation unit and continuous catalytic reforming unit have a higher average number of components, leaking components and VOC emissions than the other four units. Finally, this paper proposed some problems and suggestions during the implementation of LDAR program. These findings can enhance and improve the effectiveness of LDAR program, and establish a comprehensive VOCs control system, which provides a scientific basis and technical support for the government and refineries. Implications: Recently, China required industries to implement leak detection and repair (LDAR) program to control volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions, especially the petroleum industry. In this paper, we analyzed and compared the LDAR program implementation in four refineries and six typical processing units in these refineries. The results indicate that the implementation of LDAR program was highly effective in petroleum industry. The comparison helps us to enhance the effectiveness of LDAR program by locating the high VOC emission components and units, which provides technical support for the government and refineries in developing specific regulations and plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Ke
- College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China) , Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China) , Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongfeng Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China) , Qingdao, People's Republic of China
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12
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Zhang L, Li H, Wu Z, Zhang W, Liu K, Cheng X, Zhang Y, Li B, Chen Y. Characteristics of atmospheric volatile organic compounds in urban area of Beijing: Variations, photochemical reactivity and source apportionment. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 95:190-200. [PMID: 32653179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were observed by an on-line gas chromatography-flame ionization detector monitoring system from November 2016 to August 2017 in Beijing. The average concentrations were winter (40.27 ± 25.25 μg/m3) > autumn (34.25 ± 19.90 µg/m3) > summer (32.53 ± 17.39 µg/m3) > spring (24.72 ± 17.22 µg/m3). Although benzene (15.70%), propane (11.02%), ethane (9.32%) and n-butane (6.77%) were the most abundant species, ethylene (14.07%) and propene (11.20%) were the key reactive species to ozone formation potential (OFP), and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene + p-xylene and o-xylene (54.13%) were the most reactive species to secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP). The diurnal and seasonal variations indicated that diesel vehicle emission during early morning, gasoline vehicle emission at the traffic rush hours and coal burning during the heating period might be important sources. Five major sources were further identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF). The vehicle exhaust (gasoline exhaust and diesel exhaust) was found to be contributed most to atmospheric VOCs, with 43.59%, 41.91%, 50.45% and 43.91%, respectively in spring, summer, autumn and winter; while solvent usage contributed least, with 11.10%, 7.13%, 14.00% and 19.87%, respectively. Biogenic emission sources (13.11%) were only identified in summer. However, both vehicle exhaust and solvent usage were identified to be the key sources considering contributions to the OFP and SOAFP. Besides, the contributions of combustion during heating period and gasoline evaporation source during warm seasons to OFP and SOAFP should not be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Collaborative Innovation Center on Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhenhai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Kankan Liu
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Shenhua Group Zhungeer Energy Co., Ltd, Gangue Power Company, Ordos 017100, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Bin Li
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Yizhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Hsieh MT, Peng CY, Chung WY, Lai CH, Huang SK, Lee CL. Simulating the spatiotemporal distribution of BTEX with an hourly grid-scale model. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 246:125722. [PMID: 31891849 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Modeling approaches have been utilized to simulate ambient pollutant concentrations, but very limited efforts have been made to estimate volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere. For this reason, an hourly grid-scale simulation model was developed to determine ambient air concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX). BTEX data were collected over a one-year time frame from the database of the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration's photochemical assessment monitoring stations. Multivariate linear regression models were used along with correlation analysis to simulate hourly grid-scale BTEX concentrations, using criteria pollutants and selected meteorological variables as predictors. The simulation model was validated in the southern Taiwan area via a portable micro gas chromatography system (n = 121) with significant correlation (r = 0.566**, ** indicated p < 0.01). Moreover, the grid-scale model was applied to areas covering about 72% of the population in Taiwan. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to visualize the spatial distribution of BTEX concentrations from the modeling results. This new grid-scale modeling strategy, which incorporated the GIS output of the simulated data, provides a useful alternative tool for personal exposure analysis and health risk assessment of ambient air BTEX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Tsuen Hsieh
- Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Yu Peng
- Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yu Chung
- Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hsing Lai
- Environmental Engineering and Science, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shau-Ku Huang
- National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Lou-Hu Hospital, Shen-Zhen University, Shen-Zhen, China
| | - Chon-Lin Lee
- Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Aerosol Science Research Center (ASRC), National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Abstract
The rapid economic growth, the exodus from rural to urban areas, and the associated extreme urban development that occurred in China in the decade of the 2000s have severely impacted the environment in Beijing, its vicinity, and beyond. This article presents an innovative approach for assessing mega-urban changes and their impact on the environment based on the use of decadal QuikSCAT (QSCAT) satellite data, acquired globally by the SeaWinds scatterometer over that period. The Dense Sampling Method (DSM) is applied to QSCAT data to obtain reliable annual infrastructure-based urban observations at a posting of ~1 km. The DSM-QSCAT data, along with different DSM-based change indices, were used to delineate the extent of the Beijing infrastructure-based urban area in each year between 2000 and 2009, and assess its development over time, enabling a physical quantification of its urbanization which reflects the implementation of various development policies during the same time period. Eventually, as a proxy for the impact of Beijing urbanization on the environment, the decadal trend of its infrastructure-based urbanization is compared with that of the corresponding tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) column densities as observed from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) instrument aboard the second European Remote Sensing satellite (ERS-2) between 2000 and 2002, and from the SCanning Imaging Absorption SpectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY aboard of the ESA’s ENVIronmental SATellite (SCIAMACHY /ENVISAT) between 2003 and 2009. Results reveal a threefold increase of the yearly tropospheric NO2 column density within the Beijing infrastructure-based urban area extent in 2009, which had quadrupled since 2000.
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Nie E, Zheng G, Gao D, Chen T, Yang J, Wang Y, Wang X. Emission characteristics of VOCs and potential ozone formation from a full-scale sewage sludge composting plant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 659:664-672. [PMID: 31096396 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the major components of the odor emitted from sewage sludge composting plants and are generally associated with odorous nuisances and health risks. However, few studies have considered the potential ozone generation caused by VOCs emitted from sewage sludge composting plants. This study investigated the VOC emissions from a full-scale composting plant. Five major treatment units of the composting plant were chosen as the monitoring locations, including the dewatered room, dewatered sludge, blender room, fermentation workshop, and product units. The fermentation workshop units displayed the highest concentration of VOC emissions at 2595.7 ± 1367.3 μg.m-3, followed by the blender room, product, dewatered sludge, and dewatered room units, whose emissions ranged from 142.2 ± 86.8 μg.m-3 to 2107.6 ± 1045.6 μg.m-3. The detected VOC families included oxygenated compounds, alkanes, alkenes, sulfide compounds, halogenated compounds, and aromatic compounds. Oxygenated compounds, particularly acetone, were the most abundant compounds in all samples. Principal component analysis revealed that the dewatered room and dewatered sludge units clustered closely, as indicated by their similar component emissions. The product units differed from the other sampling units, as their typical compounds were methanethiol, styrene, carbon disulfide, and hexane, all of which were the products of the latter stages of composting. Among the treatment units, the fermentation workshop units had the highest propylene equivalent (propy-equiv) concentration. Dimethyl disulfide and limonene were the major contributors. Limonene had the highest propy-equiv concentration, which contributed to the increased atmospheric reactivity and ozone formation potential in the surrounding air. To control the secondary environmental pollution caused by the VOC emissions during sewage sludge composting, the emission of limonene and dimethyl disulfide must be controlled from the blender room and fermentation workshop units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erqi Nie
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guodi Zheng
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ding Gao
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tongbin Chen
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junxing Yang
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuewei Wang
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiankai Wang
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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16
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Zhang Y, Li R, Fu H, Zhou D, Chen J. Observation and analysis of atmospheric volatile organic compounds in a typical petrochemical area in Yangtze River Delta, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 71:233-248. [PMID: 30195682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a kind of important precursors for ozone photochemical formation. In this study, VOCs were measured from November 5th, 2013 to January 6th, 2014 at the Second Jinshan Industrial Area, Shanghai, China. The results showed that the measured VOCs were dominated by alkanes (41.8%), followed by aromatics (20.1%), alkenes (17.9%), and halo-hydrocarbons (12.5%). The daily trend of the VOC concentration showed a bimodal feature due to the rush-hour traffic in the morning and at nightfall. Based on the VOC concentration, a receptor model of Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) coupled with the information related to VOC sources was applied to identify the major VOC emissions. The result showed five major VOC sources: solvent use and industrial processes were responsible for about 30% of the ambient VOCs, followed by rubber chemical industrial emissions (23%), refinery and petrochemical industrial emissions (21%), fuel evaporations (13%) and vehicular emissions (13%). The contribution of generalized industrial emissions was about 74% and significantly higher than that made by vehicle exhaust. Using a propylene-equivalent method, alkenes displayed the highest concentration, followed by aromatics and alkanes. Based on a maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) method, the average hourly ozone formation potential (OFP) of VOCs is 220.49 ppbv. The most significant source for ozone chemical formation was identified to be rubber chemical industrial emissions, following one by vehicular emission. The data shown herein may provide useful information to develop effective VOC pollution control strategies in industrialized area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchen Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Rui Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Dong Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Marčiulaitienė E, Šerevičienė V, Baltrėnas P, Baltrėnaitė E. The characteristics of BTEX concentration in various types of environment in the Baltic Sea Region, Lithuania. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:4162-4173. [PMID: 27943137 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8204-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) form an important group of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) affecting troposphere and posing risk to human health. The article examines the Mažeikiai area in the northern part of Lithuania where one of the largest Central European companies and the only oil refinery in the Baltic region (200,000 barrels/day) are close to the Baltic Sea. The research carried out mainly focuses on the following objectives: quantitative assessment of the amounts of BTEX occurring in the impact zone of the oil refinery and transport; estimation of background BTEX concentrations in the region; establishing the main sources of BTEX in the region researched and evaluation of impact of meteorological parameters on BTEX concentrations in different seasons. The passive measurement method was used for analysing VOCs (benzene (C6H6), toluene (C7H8), ethylbenzene (C8H10) and ortho-, meta- para-xylene (C8H10)). The research was carried out in 2010-2012. Its results showed that the average annual concentration of benzene was below the threshold value of 5 μg/m3. Within the measurement period, the average concentration of benzene fluctuated from 1.2 to 2.4 μg/m3, that of toluene varied from 1.3 to 3.5 μg/m3, that of ethylbenzene varied from 0.3 to 0.7 μg/m3 and that of xylene (calculated as para-, meta- and ortho-xylene) varied from 1.0 to 2.4 μg/m3. Compared to the established BTEX concentration, the actual background BTEX concentration in the urban area is two times higher. The seasonal analysis suggests that the highest values of benzene concentration are observed in the winter season.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Marčiulaitienė
- Department of Environmental Protection, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio al. 11, LT-10223, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - V Šerevičienė
- Department of Environmental Protection, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio al. 11, LT-10223, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - P Baltrėnas
- Department of Environmental Protection, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio al. 11, LT-10223, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - E Baltrėnaitė
- Department of Environmental Protection, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio al. 11, LT-10223, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Guo H, Ling ZH, Cheng HR, Simpson IJ, Lyu XP, Wang XM, Shao M, Lu HX, Ayoko G, Zhang YL, Saunders SM, Lam SHM, Wang JL, Blake DR. Tropospheric volatile organic compounds in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 574:1021-1043. [PMID: 27668854 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical smog, characterized by high concentrations of ozone (O3) and fine particles (PM2.5) in the atmosphere, has become one of the top environmental concerns in China. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), one of the key precursors of O3 and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) (an important component of PM2.5), have a critical influence on atmospheric chemistry and subsequently affect regional and global climate. Thus, VOCs have been extensively studied in many cities and regions in China, especially in the North China Plain, the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta regions where photochemical smog pollution has become increasingly worse over recent decades. This paper reviews the main studies conducted in China on the characteristics and sources of VOCs, their relationship with O3 and SOA, and their removal technology. This paper also provides an integrated literature review on the formulation and implementation of effective control strategies of VOCs and photochemical smog, as well as suggestions for future directions of VOCs study in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Guo
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Z H Ling
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - H R Cheng
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - I J Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - X P Lyu
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - X M Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - M Shao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - H X Lu
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - G Ayoko
- Discipline of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Y L Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - S M Saunders
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - S H M Lam
- Pacific Environment Limited, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - J L Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Taiwan
| | - D R Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Wei W, Lv Z, Cheng S, Wang L, Ji D, Zhou Y, Han L, Wang L. Characterizing ozone pollution in a petrochemical industrial area in Beijing, China: a case study using a chemical reaction model. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:377. [PMID: 26013656 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4620-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This study selected a petrochemical industrial complex in Beijing, China, to understand the characteristics of surface ozone (O3) in this industrial area through the on-site measurement campaign during the July-August of 2010 and 2011, and to reveal the response of local O3 to its precursors' emissions through the NCAR-Master Mechanism model (NCAR-MM) simulation. Measurement results showed that the O3 concentration in this industrial area was significantly higher, with the mean daily average of 124.6 μg/m(3) and mean daily maximum of 236.8 μg/m(3), which are, respectively, 90.9 and 50.6 % higher than those in Beijing urban area. Moreover, the diurnal O3 peak generally started up early in 11:00-12:00 and usually remained for 5-6 h, greatly different with the normal diurnal pattern of urban O3. Then, we used NCAR-MM to simulate the average diurnal variation of photochemical O3 in sunny days of August 2010 in both industrial and urban areas. A good agreement in O3 diurnal variation pattern and in O3 relative level was obtained for both areas. For example of O3 daily maximum, the calculated value in the industrial area was about 51 % higher than in the urban area, while measured value in the industrial area was approximately 60 % higher than in the urban area. Finally, the sensitivity analysis of photochemical O3 to its precursors was conducted based on a set of VOCs/NOx emissions cases. Simulation results implied that in the industrial area, the response of O3 to VOCs was negative and to NOx was positive under the current conditions, with the sensitivity coefficients of -0.16~-0.43 and +0.04~+0.06, respectively. By contrast, the urban area was within the VOCs-limitation regime, where ozone enhancement in response to increasing VOCs emissions and to decreasing NOx emission. So, we think that the VOCs emissions control for this petrochemical industrial complex will increase the potential risk of local ozone pollution aggravation, but will be helpful to inhibit the ozone formation in Beijing urban area through reducing the VOCs transport from the industrial area to the urban area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China,
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20
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Liu K, Zhang C, Cheng Y, Liu C, Zhang H, Zhang G, Sun X, Mu Y. Serious BTEX pollution in rural area of the North China Plain during winter season. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 30:186-190. [PMID: 25872726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes) in a rural site of the North China Plain (NCP) were preliminarily investigated in winter, and the outdoor concentrations (25.8-236.0 μg/m3) were found to be much higher than those reported in urban regions. The pollution of BTEX inside a farmer's house was even more serious, with combined concentrations of 254.5-1552.9 μg/m3. Based on the ratio of benzene to toluene (1.17±0.34) measured, the serious BTEX pollution in the rural site was mainly ascribed to domestic coal combustion for heating during the winter season. With the enhancement of farmers' incomes in recent years, coal consumption by farmers in the NCP is rapidly increasing to keep their houses warm, and hence the serious air pollution in rural areas of the NCP during winter, including BTEX, should be paid great attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kankan Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ye Cheng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chengtang Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Hongxing Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Gen Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xu Sun
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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21
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Lang J, Cheng S, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Wang G. Air pollutant emissions from on-road vehicles in China, 1999-2011. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 496:1-10. [PMID: 25051424 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The on-road vehicular emission in China from 1999 to 2011 was estimated, based on the emission factors of vehicles with different emission standards calculated by the COPERT model. The CO, NMVOC, NOX, BC and OC emissions changed from 19.7 Tg, 4.4 Tg, 2.3 Tg, 47.1 Gg and 74.4 Gg in 1999 to 32.7 Tg, 4.1 Tg, 7.6 Tg, 177.6 Gg and 101.5 Gg in 2011, respectively. The general trend for CO, NOX and BC was increasing, while the tendency for NMVOC and OC was firstly increase before 2002 and then decrease from 2003. The spatial analysis results showed that high emissions occurred in developed provinces (Guangdong, Shandong, Hebei, Jiangsu and Henan). The correlation between vehicular emissions and GDP were further investigated and good linear correlation was found. The not-obvious change of the inter-annual (1999-2011) fitted straight line slope and the sustained increasing emissions for NOX and BC suggested that the challenge of mitigating vehicular NOX and BC emissions is severe in China. The contribution from different vehicle types was also analyzed. Passenger car (PC) and motorcycle (MC) was the main contributor to the CO and NMVOC emissions. However, the contribution ratio of MC was decreasing from 36.6% and 68.8% in 1999 to 15.7% and 25.7% in 2011. Heavy duty truck (HDT) was the dominant contributor to NOX, BC and OC, with proportions of 58.9%, 57.6% and 52.8% in 2011, respectively. In addition, the uncertainty of the estimated emissions was also assessed based on the Monte Carlo simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlei Lang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Shuiyuan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Ying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yonglin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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22
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Tian S, Pan Y, Liu Z, Wen T, Wang Y. Size-resolved aerosol chemical analysis of extreme haze pollution events during early 2013 in urban Beijing, China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 279:452-460. [PMID: 25106045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Using size-resolved filter sampling and chemical characterization, high concentrations of water-soluble ions, carbonaceous species and heavy metals were found in both fine (PM2.1) and coarse (PM2.1-9) particles in Beijing during haze events in early 2013. Even on clear days, average mass concentration of submicron particles (PM1.1) was several times higher than that previously measured in most of abroad urban areas. A high concentration of particulate matter on haze days weakens the incident solar radiation, which reduces the generation rate of secondary organic carbon in PM1.1. We show that the peak mass concentration of particles shifted from 0.43-0.65μm on clear days to 0.65-1.1μm on lightly polluted days and to 1.1-2.1μm on heavily polluted days. The peak shifts were also found for the following species: organic carbon, elemental carbon, NH4(+), SO4(2-), NO3(-), K, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb. Our findings demonstrate that secondary inorganic aerosols (36%) and organic matter (26%) dominated the fine particle mass on heavily polluted days, while their contribution reduced to 29% and 18%, respectively, on clear days. Besides fine particles, anthropogenic chemical species also substantially accumulated in the coarse mode, which suggests that particles with aerodynamic diameter larger than 2.1μm cannot be neglected during severe haze events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shili Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuepeng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tianxue Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
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Huang L, Mo J, Sundell J, Fan Z, Zhang Y. Health risk assessment of inhalation exposure to formaldehyde and benzene in newly remodeled buildings, Beijing. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79553. [PMID: 24244522 PMCID: PMC3828412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess health risks associated with inhalation exposure to formaldehyde and benzene mainly emitted from building and decoration materials in newly remodeled indoor spaces in Beijing. METHODS We tested the formaldehyde and benzene concentrations in indoor air of 410 dwellings and 451 offices remodeled within the past year, in which the occupants had health concerns about indoor air quality. To assess non-carcinogenic health risks, we compared the data to the health guidelines in China and USA, respectively. To assess carcinogenic health risks, we first modeled indoor personal exposure to formaldehyde and benzene using the concentration data, and then estimated the associated cancer risks by multiplying the indoor personal exposure by the Inhalation Unit Risk values (IURs) provided by the U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System (U.S. EPA IRIS) and the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), respectively. RESULTS (1) The indoor formaldehyde concentrations of 85% dwellings and 67% offices were above the acute Reference Exposure Level (REL) recommended by the OEHHA and the concentrations of all tested buildings were above the chronic REL recommended by the OEHHA; (2) The indoor benzene concentrations of 12% dwellings and 32% offices exceeded the reference concentration (RfC) recommended by the U.S. EPA IRIS; (3) The median cancer risks from indoor exposure to formaldehyde and benzene were 1,150 and 106 per million (based on U.S. EPA IRIS IURs), 531 and 394 per million (based on OEHHA IURs). CONCLUSIONS In the tested buildings, formaldehyde exposure may pose acute and chronic non-carcinogenic health risks to the occupants, whereas benzene exposure may pose chronic non-carcinogenic risks to the occupants. Exposure to both compounds is associated with significant carcinogenic risks. Improvement in ventilation, establishment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emission labeling systems for decorating and refurbishing materials are recommended to reduce indoor VOCs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Huang
- Institute of Built Environment, Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco Planning & Green Building, Ministry of Education (Tsinghua University), Beijing, China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Institute of Built Environment, Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco Planning & Green Building, Ministry of Education (Tsinghua University), Beijing, China
- Built Environmental Test Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jan Sundell
- Institute of Built Environment, Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihua Fan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Institute of Built Environment, Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco Planning & Green Building, Ministry of Education (Tsinghua University), Beijing, China
- Built Environmental Test Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Lan TTN, Liem NQ, Binh NTT. Personal exposure to benzene of selected population groups and impact of commuting modes in Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 175:56-63. [PMID: 23334286 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Personal exposure to benzene of selected population groups, and impacts of traffic on commuters in Ho Chi Minh City were investigated. The study was carried out in June, July and November 2010. The preliminary data showed that on average, personal exposure to benzene for non-occupational people in Ho Chi Minh is ~18 μg/m(3) and most of the exposure is due to commuting. Benzene exposure during travelling by bus, taxi and motorcycle is, respectively, 22-30, 22-39 and 185-240 μg/m(3). Motorcycle-taxi drivers, petrol filling employees and street vendors suffer high daily exposures at 116, 52, 32 μg/m(3), respectively. Further measurements are needed for a better risk assessment and finding effective measures to reduce exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran Thi Ngoc Lan
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, 227 Nguyen Van Cu, HCMC, Viet Nam.
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25
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Abstract
Monitoring of benzene, toluene and xylenes (BTEX) was conducted along with traffic counts at 17 roadside sites in urban areas of HoChiMinh. Toluene was the most abundant substance, followed by p,m-xylenes, benzene, o-xylene and ethylbenzene. The maximum observed hour-average benzene concentration was 254 microg/m3. Motorcycles contributed to 91% of the traffic fleet. High correlations among BTEX species, between BTEX concentrations and the volume of on-road motorcycles, and between inter-species ratios in air and in gasoline indicate the motorcycle-exhaust origin of BTEX species. Daily concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, p,m-xylenes and o-xylene were 56, 121, 21, 64 and 23 microg/m3, respectively, p,m-xylenes possess the highest ozone formation potential among the BTEX family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran Thi Ngoc Lan
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, 227 Nguyen Van Cu, HoChiMinh 70000, Vietnam.
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