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Baptista MS, Cadet J, Greer A, Thomas AH. Photosensitization Reactions of Biomolecules: Definition, Targets and Mechanisms. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:1456-1483. [PMID: 34133762 DOI: 10.1111/php.13470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Photosensitization reactions have been demonstrated to be largely responsible for the deleterious biological effects of UV and visible radiation, as well as for the curative actions of photomedicine. A large number of endogenous and exogenous photosensitizers, biological targets and mechanisms have been reported in the past few decades. Evolving from the original definitions of the type I and type II photosensitized oxidations, we now provide physicochemical frameworks, classifications and key examples of these mechanisms in order to organize, interpret and understand the vast information available in the literature and the new reports, which are in vigorous growth. This review surveys in an extended manner all identified photosensitization mechanisms of the major biomolecule groups such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids bridging the gap with the subsequent biological processes. Also described are the effects of photosensitization in cells in which UVA and UVB irradiation triggers enzyme activation with the subsequent delayed generation of superoxide anion radical and nitric oxide. Definitions of photosensitized reactions are identified in biomolecules with key insights into cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean Cadet
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire et de Radiobiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY, USA.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrés H Thomas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
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2
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Hofmann GA, Gradl G, Schulz M, Haidinger G, Tanew A, Weber B. The frequency of photosensitizing drug dispensings in Austria and Germany: a correlation with their photosensitizing potential based on published literature. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2019; 34:589-600. [PMID: 31520553 PMCID: PMC7065208 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Drug‐induced photosensitivity refers to the development of cutaneous adverse events due to interaction between a pharmaceutical compound and sunlight. Although photosensitivity is a very commonly listed side‐effect of systemic drugs, reliable data on its actual incidence are lacking so far. Objectives A possible approach to evaluate the real‐life extent of drug‐induced photosensitivity would be an analysis of the frequency of exposure to a given photosensitizing drug combined with an indicator of its photosensitizing potential. This could serve as a basis for developing a pharmaceutical ‘heatmap’ of photosensitivity. Methods The present study investigated the number of reimbursed dispensed packages of potentially photosensitizing drugs in Germany (DE) and Austria (AT) between 2010 and 2017 based on nationwide health insurance‐based databases. In addition, an indicator for the photosensitizing potential was established for each drug based on the number of reports on photosensitivity in the literature. Results This analysis includes means of 632 826 944 (+/−14 894 918) drug dispensings per year in DE and 113 270 754 (+/−1 964 690) in AT. Out of these, the mean percentage of drugs that enlist photosensitivity as a potential side‐effect was 49.5% (±0.7) in DE and 48.2% (±1.2) in AT. When plotting the number of reimbursed dispensed packages vs. the number of reports on photosensitivity, two categories of drugs show high numbers for both parameters, that is diuretics and non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Conclusions Diuretics and NSAIDs appear to be responsible for the greatest part of exposure to photosensitizing drugs with potential implication on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Hofmann
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - G Gradl
- German Institute for Drug Use Evaluation (DAPI), Berlin, Germany
| | - M Schulz
- German Institute for Drug Use Evaluation (DAPI), Berlin, Germany.,Department of Medicine, ABDA - Federal Union of German Associations of Pharmacists, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - G Haidinger
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Tanew
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - B Weber
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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3
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Fraix A, Afonso D, Consoli GML, Sortino S. A calix[4]arene-based ternary supramolecular nanoassembly with improved fluoroquinolone photostability and enhanced NO photorelease. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:2216-2224. [PMID: 30855613 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00011a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Micellar-like nanoassemblies of a sulfonate amphiphilic calix[4]arene (1) are able to effectively co-entrap the fluoroquinolone antibacterial norfloxacin (2) and a hydrophobic nitric oxide (NO) photodonor (3), leading to a ternary supramolecular complex having a diameter of ca. 150 nm and a zeta potential of -48 mV. Outstanding photochemical stabilization of the otherwise photolabile fluoroquinolone 2 is observed under UVA excitation. Besides, visible light excitation leads to a remarkable enhancement of the NO photorelease efficiency of 3. Both the results can be explained on the basis of a "cage effect" of the micellar host that, in the case of 2, hinders the formation of the precursor complex responsible for the photodegradation, whereas in the case of 3 it provides a low polarity environment and easily abstractable hydrogens, which facilitate the radical-mediated mechanism involved in NO photorelease. Therefore, this supramolecular ternary nanoassembly simultaneously overcomes the main limitations of the free individual guests such as photolability and low photoreactivity. In view of the well-known antibacterial properties of the NO radical and the biocompatibility of the calixarene host, this nanoassembly represents a suitable bimodal system to be tested in antibacterial research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Fraix
- Laboratory of Photochemistry, Department of Drug Science, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
| | - Damien Afonso
- Laboratory of Photochemistry, Department of Drug Science, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
| | - Grazia M L Consoli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, C.N.R., Via P. Gaifami, 18, I-95126, Catania, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Sortino
- Laboratory of Photochemistry, Department of Drug Science, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
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4
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Crow LD, Kaizer-Salk KA, Juszczak HM, Arron ST. Medications Associated with Increased Risk of Keratinocyte Carcinoma. Dermatol Clin 2019; 37:297-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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5
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Ibbotson S. Drug and chemical induced photosensitivity from a clinical perspective. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:1885-1903. [PMID: 30283959 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00011e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Drug photosensitivity is a relatively common occurrence and a range of mechanisms may be involved. Some of these mechanisms will be discussed, including the most common, that of drug phototoxicity. Different types of photosensitivity are addressed with respect to clinical presentation, mechanisms and additionally the contribution to our understanding through clinically directed investigations and regulatory requirements. Repeated controlled therapeutic use of drug phototoxicity, with psoralen-UVA (PUVA) photochemotherapy and photodynamic therapy (PDT) will also be discussed. Finally, the potential for drug-induced photocarcinogenesis will also be covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Ibbotson
- Photobiology Unit, Dermatology Department, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK.
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6
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Zhou M, Zhang S, Wang L, Zhang B. Ultrafast photoinduced charge transfer character in ofloxacin singlet decay. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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7
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Human activities might influence oncogenic processes in wild animal populations. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:1065-1070. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0558-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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8
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A retrospective analysis of adverse effects of an in vivo fluoroquinolone antibiotic enrofloxacin treatment on oocyte quality in the common marmoset. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 75:86-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Kusuzaki K, Matsubara T, Murata H, Logozzi M, Iessi E, Di Raimo R, Carta F, Supuran CT, Fais S. Natural extracellular nanovesicles and photodynamic molecules: is there a future for drug delivery? J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:908-916. [PMID: 28708430 PMCID: PMC6010042 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1335310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic molecules represent an alternative approach for cancer therapy for their property (i) to be photo-reactive; (ii) to be not-toxic for target cells in absence of light; (iii) to accumulate specifically into tumour tissues; (iv) to be activable by a light beam only at the tumour site and (v) to exert cytotoxic activity against tumour cells. However, to date their clinical use is limited by the side effects elicited by systemic administration. Extracellular vesicles are endogenous nanosized-carriers that have been recently introduced as a natural delivery system for therapeutic molecules. We have recently shown the ability of human exosomes to deliver photodynamic molecules. Therefore, this review focussed on extracellular vesicles as a novel strategy for the delivery of photodynamic molecules at cancer sites. This completely new approach may enhance the delivery and decrease the toxicity of photodynamic molecules, therefore, represent the future for photodynamic therapy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takao Matsubara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of MedicineTsuMieJapan
| | - Hiroaki Murata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Matsushita Memorial HospitalOsakaJapan
| | - Mariantonia Logozzi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of HealthRomeItaly
| | - Elisabetta Iessi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of HealthRomeItaly
| | - Rossella Di Raimo
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of HealthRomeItaly
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di ScienzeFarmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di FirenzeSesto Fiorentino, FlorenceItaly
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di ScienzeFarmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di FirenzeSesto Fiorentino, FlorenceItaly
| | - Stefano Fais
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of HealthRomeItaly
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Brem R, Guven M, Karran P. Oxidatively-generated damage to DNA and proteins mediated by photosensitized UVA. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 107:101-109. [PMID: 27989755 PMCID: PMC5462485 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.10.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
UVA accounts for about 95% of the solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation that reaches Earth and most likely contributes to human skin cancer risk. In contrast to UVB, which comprises the remaining 5% and is absorbed by DNA nucleobases to cause direct photodamage, UVA damages DNA indirectly. It does this largely through its interactions with cellular chromophores that act as photosensitisers to generate reactive oxygen species. Exogenously supplied chemicals, including some widely-prescribed medicines, may also act as photosensitisers and these drugs are associated with an increased risk of sun-related cancer. Because they amplify the effects of UVA on cells, they provide a means to investigate the mechanisms and effects of UVA-induced photodamage. Here, we describe some of the major lesions induced by two groups of UVA photosensitisers, the DNA thionucleotides and the fluoroquinolone antibiotics. In thionucleotides, replacement of the oxygen atoms of canonical nucleobases by sulfur converts them into strong UVA chromophores that can be incorporated into DNA. The fluoroquinolones are also UVA chromophores. They are not incorporated into DNA and induce a different range of DNA damages. We also draw attention to the potentially important contribution of photochemical protein damage to the cellular effects of photosensitised UVA. Proteins targeted for oxidation damage include DNA repair factors and we suggest that UVA-mediated protein damage may contribute to sunlight-induced cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto Brem
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1, Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Melisa Guven
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1, Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Peter Karran
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1, Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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11
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Su T, Li MD, Ma J, Phillips DL. Time-Resolved Spectroscopic Study of the Defluorination and Cyclization Reactions of Lomefloxacin in Water. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:4512-4520. [PMID: 28332403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b11267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of the defluorination reaction(s) of lomefloxacin (LF) upon light illumination was investigated by using ultrafast laser flash photolysis combined with transient resonance Raman spectroscopy in near neutral water solution. The zwitterionic configuration of LF was determined to be the main species present in the near neutral water solution and was the species that was photoexcited to initiate the photochemical reaction. Femtosecond transient absorption revealed that the first excited singlet state (S1) of LF did not appreciably undergo intersystem crossing (ISC), and instead partially decayed to the ground state via fluorescence emission, and there was partial cleavage of the carbon-fluorine bond at position 8 to produce a singlet LF aryl cation intermediate. The transient resonance Raman results provided a direct observation and vibrational spectral characterization of the singlet LF aryl cation species. Subsequently, the transformation from the singlet LF aryl cation to a triplet carbene via an ISC process was seen in nanosecond transient absorption spectra. Finally, the triplet carbene experienced a cyclization reaction with the N-ethyl chain to form a tricyclic product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Su
- Department of Molten Salt Chemistry and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 2019 Jia Luo Road, Jiading District, Shanghai 201800, P. R. China
| | - Ming-De Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University , Guangdong 515063, P. R. China
| | - Jiani Ma
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University , Xi'an 710127, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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Abstract
Assessment of short-term and long-term effects of light (pho—totesting) is part of the safety evaluation of drugs. Results are incorporated into drug package inserts to advise patients and health care providers about the use of drug products on sun—exposed skin. We undertook an exhaustive literature search and a search of archived studies at the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), in order to evaluate the potential of short—term photoassays to predict long—term effects of drugs used in sunlight (280–700 nm). The correlation between the findings from the photococarcinogenicity assays in mice that used exposure to simulated sunlight and those from photogenotoxicity and photosensitivity studies was examined. Results indicated that photosensitivity and photogenotoxicity assays did not necessarily predict effects in photococarcinogenicity studies in mice. Effects of drugs on skin that are not due to photoactivation of drug can be important factors in enhancement of UV—induced skin carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Jacobs
- Division of Dermatologic and Dental Drug Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Javier Avalos
- Division of Dermatologic and Dental Drug Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Paul Brown
- Division of Dermatologic and Dental Drug Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan Wilkin
- Division of Dermatologic and Dental Drug Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, USA
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Abstract
In the three and a half decades since the first published reports of squamous cell carcinomas in the skin of hairless mice exposed to ultraviolet radiation, this animal model has been developed and utilized extensively in basic and applied photobiology. Quantitative aspects of photocarcinogenesis had been investigated initially in haired mice; subsequently, the discipline of photoimmunology has developed largely on the basis of information derived from haired animals. Classical selective breeding methods, a few fortuitous mutations along the way, and the advent of genetic engineering have all enhanced the utility of the laboratory animal models. The benefits have included advances in our understanding of many influences on photocarcinogenesis such as genetic diversity, animal age, epidermal DNA damage and repair, wavelength dependency (action spectrum), ultraviolet radiation dose and its delivery, interactions with chemicals, and nutrition. As in other fields of basic and biomedical research, photobiological data have not been considered journalistically newsworthy or particularly contentious until they acquired potential economic impact. Thus, photocarcinogenesis became a more familiar word (at least along the Washington Beltway) when stratospheric ozone first appeared to be threatened by chlorofluorocarbons, and trends in photocarcinogenesis seemed less arcane when it appeared that the trends might be modified by consumer products and pharmaceuticals. The greatest challenge has not been in finding imaginative ways to exploit the models and to push the frontiers of science, but rather has been the uncertainty about quantitatively extrapolating the findings to humans. Research models would hardly be useful if they were not different from people (i.e., smaller, quicker to respond, shorter lived), and that fact encompasses differences in anatomy, physiology, metabolism, surface-to-weight ratios, etc. Selected examples from photomedicine (e.g., chronic solar damage, occupational exposure to tar, psoriasis phototherapy) tend to confirm that several basic principles about photocarcinogenesis are shared by man and mouse; other risk assessments await development and refinement, or remain to be corrected by experience.
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14
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Zhao J, Liu Y, Jiang X, Guo P, Xu Y, Zhang P, Ji T, Lin Z, Wang W. Effect of C-5 position on the photochemical properties and phototoxicity of antofloxacin and levofloxacin: A stable and transient study. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 155:122-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Peacock M, Brem R, Macpherson P, Karran P. DNA repair inhibition by UVA photoactivated fluoroquinolones and vemurafenib. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:13714-22. [PMID: 25414333 PMCID: PMC4267641 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous photosensitization is a common side effect of drug treatment and can be associated with an increased skin cancer risk. The immunosuppressant azathioprine, the fluoroquinolone antibiotics and vemurafenib—a BRAF inhibitor used to treat metastatic melanoma—are all recognized clinical photosensitizers. We have compared the effects of UVA radiation on cultured human cells treated with 6-thioguanine (6-TG, a DNA-embedded azathioprine surrogate), the fluoroquinolones ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin and vemurafenib. Despite widely different structures and modes of action, each of these drugs potentiated UVA cytotoxicity. UVA photoactivation of 6-TG, ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin was associated with the generation of singlet oxygen that caused extensive protein oxidation. In particular, these treatments were associated with damage to DNA repair proteins that reduced the efficiency of nucleotide excision repair. Although vemurafenib was also highly phototoxic to cultured cells, its effects were less dependent on singlet oxygen. Highly toxic combinations of vemurafenib and UVA caused little protein carbonylation but were nevertheless inhibitory to nucleotide excision repair. Thus, for three different classes of drugs, photosensitization by at least two distinct mechanisms is associated with reduced protection against potentially mutagenic and carcinogenic DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Peacock
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, Herts. EN6 3LD, UK
| | - Reto Brem
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, Herts. EN6 3LD, UK
| | - Peter Macpherson
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, Herts. EN6 3LD, UK
| | - Peter Karran
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, Herts. EN6 3LD, UK
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Structure–activity relationship and role of oxygen in the potential antitumour activity of fluoroquinolones in human epithelial cancer cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 140:57-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Arimoto-Kobayashi S. Photogenotoxicity and Photomutagenicity of Medicines, Carcinogens and Endogenous Compounds. Genes Environ 2014. [DOI: 10.3123/jemsge.2014.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Polishchuk A, Emelina T, Karaseva E, Cramariuc O, Chukharev V, Karasev V. Photochemical Behavior and Photolysis of Protonated Forms of Levofloxacin. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 90:79-84. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Polishchuk
- Institute of Chemistry; Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Vladivostok Russia
| | - Tatyna Emelina
- Institute of Chemistry; Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Vladivostok Russia
| | - Emilya Karaseva
- Institute of Chemistry; Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Vladivostok Russia
| | - Oana Cramariuc
- Department of Physics; Tampere University of Technology; Tampere Finland
| | - Vladimir Chukharev
- Department of Physics; Tampere University of Technology; Tampere Finland
| | - Vladimir Karasev
- Institute of Chemistry; Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Vladivostok Russia
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Er B, Onurdağ FK, Demirhan B, Özgacar SÖ, Öktem AB, Abbasoğlu U. Screening of quinolone antibiotic residues in chicken meat and beef sold in the markets of Ankara, Turkey. Poult Sci 2013; 92:2212-5. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Gao X, Liu Y, Li H, Bian J, Zhao Y, Cao Y, Mao Y, Li X, Xu Y, Ozaki Y, Wu J. A cooperative hydrogen bonding system with a CH⋯O hydrogen bond in ofloxacin. J Mol Struct 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kim JH, Chung CH, Chung BH. Colorimetric detection of UV light-induced single-strand DNA breaks using gold nanoparticles. Analyst 2013; 138:783-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an36458a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Haylett AK, Felton S, Denning DW, Rhodes LE. Voriconazole-induced photosensitivity: photobiological assessment of a case series of 12 patients. Br J Dermatol 2012; 168:179-85. [PMID: 22860570 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11196.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Voriconazole, a broad-spectrum triazole antifungal agent increasingly used to treat aspergillosis, has been linked with acute photosensitivity and skin carcinogenesis. The action spectrum of the photosensitivity is unknown, while an indirect retinol effect secondary to the antifungal's impact on CYP450 enzymes has been proposed to contribute to the underlying mechanism. OBJECTIVES To perform a detailed photobiological assessment of the photosensitivity presenting in a series of 12 patients treated with voriconazole. METHODS Minimal erythemal dose thresholds (MED) to narrow wavebands of ultraviolet (UV) A, UVB and visible light were determined. Provocation testing was performed to broadband UVA (310-400 nm) and to solar-simulated radiation (SSR) (290-400 nm). Patients underwent routine photopatch testing and laboratory investigations including serum vitamin A (retinol). RESULTS Patients (eight men, four women; median age 54years, range 40-63) experienced moderate-severe cutaneous erythema (n = 12), burning pain (n=5), itching (n=3), scaling (n=5), vesiculation (n=5) and oedema (n=1) following sunlight exposure; increased lentigines (n=4) and actinic cheilitis (n = 4) were also observed. While the majority (n=8) of patients showed normal MED thresholds to monochromator phototesting to UVB, UVA and visible light, a low MED to UVA was observed in four patients. Repeated provocation testing with broadband UVA and SSR provoked an abnormal erythema in eight and 10 patients, respectively. Serum retinol levels were mildly elevated in two patients but normal in the majority. CONCLUSION UVA sensitivity is the predominant finding in acute voriconazole-induced photosensitivity. We found little evidence of elevated circulating retinol as the causal factor. Patients with voriconazole-induced photosensitivity require education in appropriate UVA protective measures in addition to consideration of skin surveillance for malignant sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Haylett
- Photobiology Unit, Dermatology Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Stott Lane, Manchester M6 8HD, U.K
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Liu Y, Zhang P, Li H, Tang R, Cui RR, Wang W. Photochemical properties and phototoxicity of Pazufloxacin: a stable and transient study. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2012; 118:58-65. [PMID: 23218540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical properties and phototoxicity of Pazufloxacin (PAX) were systematically investigated in aqueous solutions using UV-Vis, fluorescence, laser flash photolysis, pulse radiolysis and SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis techniques. PAX triplet-state ((3)PAX(*)) absorption spectra (λ(max)=570 nm) was determined. (3)PAX(*) was quenched by PAX and O(2), with rate constants of 6.9×10(8) and 3.2×10(8) dm(3) mol(-1) s(-1), respectively. The pK(a) values (5.7 and 8.6) for the protonation equilibrium were determined by UV-Vis and fluorescence techniques. The PAX triplet energy (E(T)=260.3 kJ/mol) was obtained using energy transfer method. The reaction of electron transfer from tryptophan (TrpH) and dGMP to (3)PAX(*) was found with rate constants of 8.8×10(7) and 8.7×10(6) dm(3) mol(-1) s(-1), respectively. The rate constants for reactions of ()OH, SO(4)(-) and hydrated electron with PAX were found to be 5.8×10(8), 2.1×10(9) and 9×10(9)d m(3) mol(-1) s(-1), respectively. Based on the results obtained, a rational scheme for dGMP, TrpH and lysozyme photodamage induced by PAX was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancheng Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, PR China
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24
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Reus AA, Usta M, Kenny JD, Clements PJ, Pruimboom-Brees I, Aylott M, Lynch AM, Krul CA. The in vivo rat skin photomicronucleus assay: phototoxicity and photogenotoxicity evaluation of six fluoroquinolones. Mutagenesis 2012; 27:721-9. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/ges038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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25
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Liu Y, Zhang P, Li H, Wang W. Ciprofloxacin photosensitized oxidation of 2'-deoxyguanosine-5'-monophosphate in neutral aqueous solution. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:639-44. [PMID: 22321009 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Laser flash photolysis studies have been carried out to investigate the reactions of ciprofloxacin (CPX) with 2'-deoxyguanosine-5'-monophosphate (dGMP), N, N, N', N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD) and ferulic acid (FCA) in neutral aqueous solutions, respectively. CPX triplet state ((3)CPX*) can be quenched by TMPD, FCA and dGMP, with rate constants of 1.8 × 10(9), 1.5 × 10(9) and 5.8 × 10(7) dm(3) mol(-1) s(-1), respectively. TMPD radical cation (TMPD(·+)) and FCA radical cation (FCA(·+)) were observed directly. The formation rate of CPX radical anion (CPX(·-)) was determined to be 1.5 × 10(9) dm(3) mol(-1) s(-1). Redox reaction of dGMP was investigated through competing reactions using TMPD and FCA as probe. The triplet energy of CPX was determined to be 262 kJ mol(-1). Electron transfer from TMPD, FCA and dGMP to (3)CPX* was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancheng Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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26
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UVA1 induces cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers but not 6-4 photoproducts in human skin in vivo. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 132:394-400. [PMID: 21975824 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
UVB readily induces cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, mainly thymine dimers (TTs), and pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproducts (6-4PPs) in DNA. These lesions result in "UVB signature mutations" found in skin cancers. We have investigated the induction of TTs and 6-4PPs in human skin in vivo by broadband UVA1, and have compared this with comparable erythemal doses of monochromatic UVB (300 nm). In vitro and ex vivo studies have shown the production of TTs, without 6-4PPs, by UVA1. We show that UVA1 induces TTs, without 6-4PPs, in the epidermis of healthy volunteers in vivo, whereas UVB induced both photoproducts. UVB induced more TTs than UVA1 for the same level of erythema. The level of UVA1-induced TTs increased with epidermal depth in contrast to a decrease that was seen with UVB. UVA1- and UVB-induced TTs were repaired in epidermal cells at a similar rate. The mechanism by which UVA1 induces TTs is unknown, but a lack of intra-individual correlation between our subjects' UVB and UVA1 minimal erythema doses implies that UVA1 and UVB erythema occur by different mechanisms. Our data suggest that UVA1 may be more carcinogenic than has previously been thought.
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de Guidi G, Bracchitta G, Catalfo A. Photosensitization Reactions of Fluoroquinolones and Their Biological Consequences. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 87:1214-29. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00978.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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28
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Cuquerella MC, Lhiaubet-Vallet V, Bosca F, Miranda MA. Photosensitised pyrimidine dimerisation in DNA. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00088h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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29
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Cuquerella MC, Belvedere A, Catalfo A, Miranda MA, Scaiano J, Guidi GD. Effects of bio-compatible metal ions on rufloxacin photochemistry, photophysics and photosensitization: Copper(II). JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2010; 101:295-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Serrentino ME, Catalfo A, Angelin AR, de Guidi G, Sage E. Photosensitization induced by the antibacterial fluoroquinolone Rufloxacin leads to mutagenesis in yeast. Mutat Res 2010; 692:34-41. [PMID: 20696178 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2010.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Rufloxacin (RFX) is an antibacterial fluoroquinolone that exhibits UVA photosensitization properties. Photosensitization reactions lead to the formation of oxidative damage, mainly via singlet oxygen. Here we explore the phototoxic and photomutagenic potency of RFX using a panel of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) mutants affected in different DNA repair pathways. Yeast mutants provide a sensitive tool to identify the photodamage and the DNA repair pathways that cope with it. Cell viability test at increasing dose of UVA shows that both the DNA repair deficient and wild type cells are equally sensitive to RFX-induced photosensitization, demonstrating that phototoxic effect is not due to DNA injury. Photomutagenicity of RFX is evaluated by measuring the frequency of forward Can(R) mutations. The mutation induction is low in wild type cells. A high increase in mutation frequency is observed in strains affected in Ogg1 gene, compared to wild type and other base excision repair deficient strains. The mutation spectrum photomediated by RFX in wild type cells reveals a bias in favour of GC>TA transversions, whereas transition and frameshift mutations are less represented. Altogether data demonstrates that 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoGua) is by far the major DNA damage produced by RFX photosensitization, leading to mutagenesis. We also explore the role played by DNA mismatch repair, translesion synthesis and post-replication repair in the prevention of mutagenic effects due to RFX exposure. In addition, we show that most of RFX photodegradation products are not mutagenic. This study defines the phototoxic and photomutagenic properties of antibacterial RFX and point out possible unwanted side effects in skin under sunlight.
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Reus AA, van Meeuwen RNC, de Vogel N, Maas WJM, Krul CAM. Development and characterisation of an in vitro photomicronucleus test using ex vivo human skin tissue. Mutagenesis 2010; 26:261-8. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geq056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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32
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Robinson KS, Traynor NJ, Moseley H, Ferguson J, Woods JA. Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers are photosensitised by carprofen plus UVA in human HaCaT cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:1126-32. [PMID: 20307647 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Every year in the UK about 75,000 cases of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) are registered, and about 9500 people are diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma (CM). The main risk factor for these cancers is exposure to sunlight. The effects of light on skin are wavelength dependent, with wavelengths in the UVB waveband (280-315 nm) being the most carcinogenic. UVB is directly absorbed by DNA, producing dimeric pyrimidine photoproducts including cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) and pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimodone photoproducts (6-4PP). However UVA (315-400 nm) can also produce CPD, induce skin tumours in mice, and has been shown to be mutagenic in cell culture. Although the precise role of UVA in human skin cancer remains to be elucidated, it comprises the major portion of solar UV radiation, transmits through window glass and can be delivered in high doses from tanning lamps. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), in particular the 2-aryl propionic acid derivatives, are a well-documented group of photosensitising chemicals producing clinical phototoxic and photoallergic reactions. We have used carprofen, a model compound from this group to see if it could amplify the effects of UVA and contribute to the formation of CPD by UVA. Preliminary work has shown that carprofen combined with low doses of UVA (lambda(max): 365 nm; 5 J/cm(2)) can produce both strand breaks (SB) and CPD in human skin or blood cells. CPD were detected indirectly by both an immunofluorescence method and as T4 endonuclease V sensitive sites in the comet assay. These findings show that compounds other than fluoroquinolones and psoralen derivatives may contribute to CPD formation in skin cells in combination with UVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Robinson
- The Photobiology Unit, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
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Musa KAK, Eriksson LA. Theoretical Assessment of Norfloxacin Redox and Photochemistry. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:10803-10. [DOI: 10.1021/jp904671s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klefah A. K. Musa
- Örebro Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden, and School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Leif A. Eriksson
- Örebro Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden, and School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Lorenzo F, Navaratnam S, Edge R, Allen NS. Primary Photoprocesses in a Fluoroquinolone Antibiotic Sarafloxacin. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:886-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00553.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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35
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Attia SM. Use of centromeric and telomeric DNA probes in in situ hybridization for differentiation of micronuclei induced by lomefloxacin. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2009; 50:394-403. [PMID: 19230000 DOI: 10.1002/em.20451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Classification of micronuclei induced by lomefloxacin, a difluorinated quinolone bactericidal agent, in mouse bone marrow was performed by fluorescence in situ hybridization using DNA probes for the centromere repeated minor satellite DNA and the telomeric hexamer repeat (5'-TTAGGG-3'). Colchicine and mitomycin C were used as a positive control aneugen and clastogen, respectively, and these compounds produced the expected responses. Single doses of 40, 80, 160, or 320 mg/kg lomefloxacin were given via oral intubations and bone marrow was sampled at 24 and 48 hr after treatment. The micronuclei showed significant increases in both sampling times after doses of 320 mg/kg. A statistically significant increase of micronuclei frequency was also detected for 160 mg/kg lomefloxacin at 48 hr after treatment. The responses were directly correlated with bone-marrow cytotoxicity. Following treatment with 160 and 320 mg/kg lomefloxacin, 48.2 and 50.0% of the induced micronuclei, respectively, showed double labeling with centromeric signals and several telomeric signals, indicating that the induced micronuclei were composed of whole chromosomes. Similarly, 51.8 and 50.0% of the induced micronuclei, respectively, were centromere-negative, demonstrating that lomefloxacin not only induces chromosome loss but also chromosome breakage. The results also showed that chromosomes can be enclosed in a micronucleus before and after centromere separation. Overall, this study provides the first evidence of the potential of lomefloxacin to induce aneugenic effect in mice. However, given the high doses used in this study, the clinical significance of this finding is uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Lhiaubet-Vallet V, Bosca F, Miranda MA. Photosensitized DNA damage: the case of fluoroquinolones. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:861-8. [PMID: 19320842 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00548.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on DNA damage photosensitized by the fluoroquinolone (FQ) antibacterial drugs. The in vivo evidence for photocarcinogenesis mediated by FQs is presented in the introduction. The different methods employed for detection of DNA-photodamage mediated by FQs are then summarized, including gel electrophoresis (with whole cells, with isolated DNA and with oligonucleotides) and chromatographic analysis (especially HPLC with electrochemical and MS/MS detection). The chemical mechanisms involved in the formation of the reported lesions are discussed on the basis of product studies and transient spectroscopic evidence. In general, the literature coverage is limited to the last decade, although some earlier citations are also included.
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Lorenzo F, Navaratnam S, Edge R, Allen NS. Primary Photophysical Properties of Moxifloxacin- A Fluoroquinolone Antibiotic. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84:1118-25. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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39
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Attia SM. Abatement by naringin of lomefloxacin-induced genomic instability in mice. Mutagenesis 2008; 23:515-21. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gen045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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40
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Snyder RD, Cooper CS. Photogenotoxicity of Fluoroquinolones in Chinese Hamster V79 Cells: Dependency on Active Topoisomerase II. Photochem Photobiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1999.tb03288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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41
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Fasani E, Profumo A, Albini A. Structure and Medium-Dependent Photodecomposition of Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics. Photochem Photobiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1998.tb02527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Karagas MR, Stukel TA, Umland V, Tsoukas MM, Mott LA, Sorensen HT, Jensen AO, Nelson HH, Spencer SK, Perry AE, Stern RS. Reported Use of Photosensitizing Medications and Basal Cell and Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin: Results of a Population-Based Case–Control Study. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:2901-3. [PMID: 17597817 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Struwe M, Greulich KO, Suter W, Plappert-Helbig U. The photo comet assay—A fast screening assay for the determination of photogenotoxicity in vitro. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2007; 632:44-57. [PMID: 17572134 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Revised: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Different classes of chemicals can induce a phototoxic effect by absorbing light energy within the wavelength range of sunlight. The assessment of photo-safety is therefore an obligatory part of the development of new drugs. Ten UV-vis (280-800nm)-absorbing compounds (ketoprofen, promazine, chlorpromazine, dacarbazine, acridine, lomefloxacin, 8-methoxypsoralen, chlorhexidine, titanium dioxide, octylmethoxycinnamate) were tested for their photogenotoxic potential in the alkaline comet assay in the presence and absence of UV-vis. In order to establish an easy and timesaving protocol for a photo comet assay screening test, the application of 96-well plates was essential. The use of mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells, a cell line growing in suspension, allowed the determination of photocytotoxicity with the Alamar Blue assay and of photogenotoxicity with the alkaline comet assay in parallel. L5178Y cells were incubated with the test compounds for 20min and irradiated with simulated sunlight in the wavelength range from 280 to 800nm. The applied UV dose was 600mJ/cm(2) UV-A and 30mJ/cm(2) UV-B. After a post-incubation of 10min, the Alamar Blue assay and the alkaline comet assay were performed. All of the compounds which are known to be photogenotoxic (8-methoxypsoralen, acridine, chlorpromazine, dacarbazine, ketoprofen, lomefloxacin) showed a positive effect under our assay conditions. Furthermore, four UV-vis absorbing chemicals which are known to be not photogenotoxic (promazine, chlorhexidine, titanium dioxide, octylmethoxycinnamate) were analysed. For none of them an increase of the DNA damage following irradiation was observed in this study. In conclusion, all of the chemical compounds tested were classified in agreement with published data. From the data presented it is concluded that the photo comet assay with L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells is a reliable model to assess photochemical genotoxicity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Struwe
- Genetic Toxicology and Safety Pharmacology, Exploratory Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.
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Iwamoto T. Pharmacokinetic and Molecular Biological Approaches to Achieve the Safety and Effective Management of Drug Therapies. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2007; 127:1077-80. [PMID: 17603266 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.127.1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To prevent medical errors, especially drug-related ones, clinical pharmacists have to play an important role in multidisciplinary team care. We have investigated the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and molecular biology of several drugs and have applied the findings obtained in our studies to therapeutic drug monitoring. The first finding is that achieving vancomycin (VCM) concentrations at an appropriate concentration contributes to a decreased incidence of VCM-induced nephrotoxicity and a decreased duration of VCM therapy. From this result, we have constructed a system to provided recommendations for VCM doses to attending medical staff as soon as possible. The second finding is that we clarified the risk factors for steroid-induced diabetes in patients with neurologic diseases, indicating a close relationship among postprandial hyperglycemia, advanced age, and hypercholesterolemia in these patients. We also determined that monitoring plasma glucose concentrations 2 hours after lunch could be useful to detect diabetes in these patients. Finally, we identified the mechanism of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine and dacarbazine photogenotoxicity, including the specific site of DNA damage. These findings may provide useful information to prevent phototoxicity of drugs and to develop new photodynamic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Iwamoto
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Mie University School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmaceutics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
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Hirakawa K, Yoshida M, Oikawa S, Kawanishi S. Base Oxidation at 5′ Site of GG Sequence in Double-stranded DNA Induced by UVA in the Presence of Xanthone Analogues: Relationship Between the DNA-damaging Abilities of Photosensitizers and Their HOMO Energies ¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)0770349boasog2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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46
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Chignell CF, Haseman JK, Sik RH, Tennant RW, Trempus CS. Photocarcinogenesis in the Tg.AC Mouse: Lomefloxacin and 8-Methoxypsoralen¶†. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)0770077pittam2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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47
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Navaratnam S, Claridge J. Primary Photophysical Properties of Ofloxacin ¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)0720283pppoo2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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48
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Sauvaigo S, Douki T, Odin F, Caillat S, Ravanat JL, Cadet J. Analysis of Fluoroquinolone-mediated Photosensitization of 2′-Deoxyguanosine, Calf Thymus and Cellular DNA: Determination of Type-I, Type-II and Triplet-Triplet Energy Transfer Mechanism Contribution¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0730230aofmpo2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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49
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Hirakawa K, Yoshida M, Nagatsu A, Mizukami H, Rana V, Rawat MSM, Oikawa S, Kawanishi S. Chemopreventive Action of Xanthone Derivatives on Photosensitized DNA Damage¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2005.tb00189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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50
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Hiraku Y, Ito K, Hirakawa K, Kawanishi S. Photosensitized DNA Damage and its Protection via a Novel Mechanism†. Photochem Photobiol 2007; 83:205-12. [PMID: 16965181 DOI: 10.1562/2006-03-09-ir-840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
UVA, which accounts for approximately 95% of solar UV radiation, can cause mutations and skin cancer. Based mainly on the results of our study, this paper summarizes the mechanisms of UVA-induced DNA damage in the presence of various photosensitizers, and also proposes a new mechanism for its chemoprevention. UVA radiation induces DNA damage at the 5'-G of 5'-GG-3' sequence in double-stranded DNA through Type I mechanism, which involves electron transfer from guanine to activated photosensitizers. Endogenous sensitizers such as riboflavin and pterin derivatives and an exogenous sensitizer nalidixic acid mediate DNA photodamage via this mechanism. The major Type II mechanism involves the generation of singlet oxygen from photoactivated sensitizers, including hematoporphyrin and a fluoroquinolone antibacterial lomefloxacin, resulting in damage to guanines without preference for consecutive guanines. UVA also produces superoxide anion radical by an electron transfer from photoexcited sensitizers to oxygen (minor Type II mechanism), and DNA damage is induced by reactive species generated through the interaction of hydrogen peroxide with metal ions. The involvement of these mechanisms in UVA carcinogenesis is discussed. In addition, we found that xanthone derivatives inhibited DNA damage caused by photoexcited riboflavin via the quenching of its excited triplet state. It is thus considered that naturally occurring quenchers including xanthone derivatives may act as novel chemopreventive agents against photocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hiraku
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
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