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Abstract
Traditional brain-machine interfaces decode cortical motor commands to control external devices. These commands are the product of higher-level cognitive processes, occurring across a network of brain areas, that integrate sensory information, plan upcoming motor actions, and monitor ongoing movements. We review cognitive signals recently discovered in the human posterior parietal cortex during neuroprosthetic clinical trials. These signals are consistent with small regions of cortex having a diverse role in cognitive aspects of movement control and body monitoring, including sensorimotor integration, planning, trajectory representation, somatosensation, action semantics, learning, and decision making. These variables are encoded within the same population of cells using structured representations that bind related sensory and motor variables, an architecture termed partially mixed selectivity. Diverse cognitive signals provide complementary information to traditional motor commands to enable more natural and intuitive control of external devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Andersen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering and Tianqiao & Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA;
- USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Tyson Aflalo
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering and Tianqiao & Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA;
| | - Luke Bashford
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering and Tianqiao & Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA;
| | - David Bjånes
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering and Tianqiao & Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA;
| | - Spencer Kellis
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering and Tianqiao & Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA;
- USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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Chandrasekaran S, Fifer M, Bickel S, Osborn L, Herrero J, Christie B, Xu J, Murphy RKJ, Singh S, Glasser MF, Collinger JL, Gaunt R, Mehta AD, Schwartz A, Bouton CE. Historical perspectives, challenges, and future directions of implantable brain-computer interfaces for sensorimotor applications. Bioelectron Med 2021; 7:14. [PMID: 34548098 PMCID: PMC8456563 DOI: 10.1186/s42234-021-00076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost 100 years ago experiments involving electrically stimulating and recording from the brain and the body launched new discoveries and debates on how electricity, movement, and thoughts are related. Decades later the development of brain-computer interface technology began, which now targets a wide range of applications. Potential uses include augmentative communication for locked-in patients and restoring sensorimotor function in those who are battling disease or have suffered traumatic injury. Technical and surgical challenges still surround the development of brain-computer technology, however, before it can be widely deployed. In this review we explore these challenges, historical perspectives, and the remarkable achievements of clinical study participants who have bravely forged new paths for future beneficiaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Chandrasekaran
- Neural Bypass and Brain Computer Interface Laboratory, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Matthew Fifer
- Research and Exploratory Development Department, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Stephan Bickel
- The Human Brain Mapping Laboratory, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Luke Osborn
- Research and Exploratory Development Department, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Jose Herrero
- The Human Brain Mapping Laboratory, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Breanne Christie
- Research and Exploratory Development Department, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Junqian Xu
- Departments of Radiology and Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rory K J Murphy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Sandeep Singh
- Good Shepherd Rehabilitation Hospital, Allentown, PA, USA
| | - Matthew F Glasser
- Departments of Radiology and Neuroscience, Washington University in St Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer L Collinger
- Rehabilitation Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert Gaunt
- Rehabilitation Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ashesh D Mehta
- The Human Brain Mapping Laboratory, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Andrew Schwartz
- McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chad E Bouton
- Neural Bypass and Brain Computer Interface Laboratory, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, USA.
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