1
|
Sasidharan S, Kaveri AN, Sithara MS, Nair J H. Pharmacological Evaluation of the Anesthetic and Analgesic Potential of Injection Harsha 22: A Novel Polyherbal Local Anesthetic Formulation Intended for Parenteral Administration in Wistar Albino Rats. J Exp Pharmacol 2023; 15:149-161. [PMID: 37008368 PMCID: PMC10065419 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s402277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Local anaesthetics are medications that cause numbness that can be reversed by applying them topically. Local anaesthetics are clinically used to control pain during minor surgeries or to treat other acute and chronic pain. The present investigation intended to investigate the anesthetic as well as analgesic potential of Injection Harsha 22, a novel polyherbal formulation in Wistar albino rats. Methods The anesthetic potential of Injection Harsha 22 was evaluated by a heat tail-flick latency (TFL) test, whereas the analgesic effect was elevated by electrical stimulation testing. Here, lignocaine (2%) was used as the standard anesthetic drug. Results In TFL, Injection Harsha 22 showed anesthetic effects up to 90 minutes after application. Also, the duration of anesthesia in rats that were administered subcutaneously with Injection Harsha 22 was comparable to that of the rats treated with commercial lignocaine (2%). In an electrical stimulation test, single administration of Injection Harsha 22 to rats significantly prolonged analgesia compared with the normal control group. The median duration of analgesia in rats administered subcutaneously with Injection Harsha 22 and lignocaine solution was 40 minutes and 35 minutes, respectively. Furthermore, Injection Harsha 22 does not interfere with the hematopoietic system of the experiment animals. Conclusion Thus, the present investigation established the in vivo anesthetic and analgesic potential of Injection Harsha 22 in experimental animals. Hence, it can be concluded that Injection Harsha 22 can become a prominent substitute for lignocaine as a local anaesthetic agent after establishing its efficacy through stringent clinical trials in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Sasidharan
- Department of R&D, Pankajakasthuri Herbal Research Foundation, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- Small Animal Research Centre, Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, CARe KERALA, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Asha Nair Kaveri
- Department of Shalyatantra, Pankajakasthuri Ayurveda Medical College & P.G. Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - M S Sithara
- Small Animal Research Centre, Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, CARe KERALA, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Hareendran Nair J
- Pankajakasthuri Herbal India Pvt. Ltd, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Volodin IA, Yurlova DD, Ilchenko OG, Volodina EV. Ontogeny of audible squeaks in yellow steppe lemming Eolagurus luteus: trend towards shorter and low-frequency calls is reminiscent of those in ultrasonic vocalization. BMC ZOOL 2021; 6:27. [PMID: 37170373 PMCID: PMC10127023 DOI: 10.1186/s40850-021-00092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rodents are thought to be produced their human-audible calls (AUDs, below 20 kHz) with phonation mechanism based on vibration of the vocal folds, whereas their ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs, over 20 kHz) are produced with aerodynamic whistle mechanism. Despite of different production mechanisms, the acoustic parameters (duration and fundamental frequency) of AUDs and USVs change in the same direction along ontogeny in collared lemming Dicrostonyx groenlandicus and fat-tailed gerbil Pachyuromys duprasi. We hypothesize that this unidirectional trend of AUDs and USVs is a common rule in rodents and test whether the AUDs of yellow steppe lemmings Eolagurus luteus would display the same ontogenetic trajectory (towards shorter and low-frequency calls) as their USVs, studied previously in the same laboratory colony. RESULTS We examined for acoustic variables 1200 audible squeaks emitted during 480-s isolation-and-handling procedure by 120 individual yellow steppe lemmings (at 12 age classes from neonates to breeding adults, 10 individuals per age class, up to 10 calls per individual, each individual tested once). We found that the ontogenetic pathway of the audible squeaks, towards shorter and lower frequency calls, was the same as the pathway of USVs revealed during 120-s isolation procedure in a previous study in the same laboratory population. Developmental milestone for the appearance of mature patterns of the squeaks (coinciding with eyes opening at 9-12 days of age), was the same as previously documented for USVs. Similar with ontogeny of USVs, the chevron-like squeaks were prevalent in neonates whereas the squeaks with upward contour were prevalent after the eyes opening. CONCLUSION This study confirms a hypothesis of common ontogenetic trajectory of call duration and fundamental frequency for AUDs and USVs within species in rodents. This ontogenetic trajectory is not uniform across species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilya A Volodin
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia.
- Department of Behaviour and Behavioural Ecology of Mammals, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia.
| | - Daria D Yurlova
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Olga G Ilchenko
- Department of Small Mammals, Moscow Zoo, Moscow, 123242, Russia
| | - Elena V Volodina
- Department of Behaviour and Behavioural Ecology of Mammals, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Smith BJ, Bruner KEP, Hess AM, Kendall LV. Female Urine-induced Ultrasonic Vocalizations in Male C57BL/6J Mice as a Proxy Indicator for Postoperative Pain. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020; 59:204-211. [PMID: 31918790 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Objectively recognizing postoperative pain in mice is challenging, making it difficult to determine an appropriate postoperative analgesic regimen. Adult male mice produce ultrasonic vocalizations after exposure to adult female urine (FiUSV). To determine if FiUSV can be used as a indicator of postoperative pain, FiUSV produced by male C57BL/6J mice were assessed for 5 d before and after vasectomy or sham surgery with or without sustained-release buprenorphine. Postoperative pain was assessed by monitoring vocalization using an ultrasonic microphone and by evaluating orbital tightness, posture, and piloerection at postoperative time points. Before vasectomy or sham surgery, 25 of 38 male mice produced FiUSV on 4 of 5 d (143 ± 93 FiUSV). Vasectomized mice without postoperative analgesia produced significantly fewer FiUSV (59 ± 26 FiUSV) compared with baseline (212 ± 102 FiUSV) at 4 h postoperatively, but returned to baseline by 28 h. Vasectomized mice treated with buprenorphine and sham-surgery mice had no change in FiUSV from baseline at any time point after surgery. Activity was decreased compared with baseline in vasectomized mice, regardless of receiving postoperative analgesia or not, but only at the 4-h time point. There were no differences in behavior scores between vasectomized mice and sham-surgery mice at any time point. These results show that FiUSV can be used to detect postoperative pain in male C57BL/6J mice after vasectomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Smith
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Natural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado;,
| | - Kate E P Bruner
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Natural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Ann M Hess
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Lon V Kendall
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Natural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Smith BJ, Bruner KEP, Kendall LV. Female- and Intruder-induced Ultrasonic Vocalizations in C57BL/6J Mice as Proxy Indicators for Animal Wellbeing. Comp Med 2019; 69:374-383. [PMID: 31578163 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-18-000147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Female urine-induced male mice ultrasonic vocalizations (FiUSV) are ultrasonic vocalizations produced by adult male mice after presentation of adult female urine, whereas intruder-induced ultrasonic vocalizations (IiUSV) are produced by resident adult female mice when interacting with an intruder female mouse. These affiliative behaviors may be reduced when mice have decreased wellbeing or are in pain and distress. To determine whether FiUSV and IiUSV can be used as proxy indicators of animal wellbeing, we assessed FiUSV produced by male C57BL/6J mice in response to female urine and IiUSV produced by female C57BL/6J mice in response to a female intruder at baseline and 1 and 3 h after administration of a sublethal dose of LPS (6 or 12.5 mg/kg IP) or an equal volume of saline. Behavior was assessed by evaluating orbital tightness, posture, and piloerection immediately after USV collection. We hypothesized that LPS-injected mice would have a decreased inclination to mate or to interact with same-sex conspecifics and therefore would produce fewer USV. At baseline, 32 of 33 male mice produced FiUSV (149 ± 127 USV in 2 min), whereas all 36 female mice produced IiUSV (370 ± 156 USV in 2 min). Saline-injected mice showed no change from baseline at the 1- and 3-h time points, whereas LPS-injected mice demonstrated significantly fewer USV than baseline, producing no USV at both 1 and 3 h. According to orbital tightness, posture, and piloerection, LPS-injected mice showed signs of poor wellbeing at 3 h but not 1 h. These findings indicate that FiUSV and IiUSV can be used as proxy indicators of animal wellbeing associated with acute inflammation in mice and can be detected before the onset of clinical signs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Smith
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado;,
| | - Kate E P Bruner
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Lon V Kendall
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Grimaud J, Murthy VN. How to monitor breathing in laboratory rodents: a review of the current methods. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:624-632. [PMID: 29790839 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00708.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurately measuring respiration in laboratory rodents is essential for many fields of research, including olfactory neuroscience, social behavior, learning and memory, and respiratory physiology. However, choosing the right technique to monitor respiration can be tricky, given the many criteria to take into account: reliability, precision, and invasiveness, to name a few. This review aims to assist experimenters in choosing the technique that will best fit their needs, by surveying the available tools, discussing their strengths and weaknesses, and offering suggestions for future improvements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Grimaud
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Venkatesh N Murthy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Riede T. Peripheral Vocal Motor Dynamics and Combinatory Call Complexity of Ultrasonic Vocal Production in Rats. HANDBOOK OF ULTRASONIC VOCALIZATION - A WINDOW INTO THE EMOTIONAL BRAIN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-809600-0.00005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
7
|
Baotic A, Sicks F, Stoeger AS. Nocturnal "humming" vocalizations: adding a piece to the puzzle of giraffe vocal communication. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:425. [PMID: 26353836 PMCID: PMC4565008 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1394-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research reveals that giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis sp.) exhibit a socially structured, fission-fusion system. In other species possessing this kind of society, information exchange is important and vocal communication is usually well developed. But is this true for giraffes? Giraffes are known to produce sounds, but there is no evidence that they use vocalizations for communication. Reports on giraffe vocalizations are mainly anecdotal and the missing acoustic descriptions make it difficult to establish a call nomenclature. Despite inconclusive evidence to date, it is widely assumed that giraffes produce infrasonic vocalizations similar to elephants. In order to initiate a more detailed investigation of the vocal communication in giraffes, we collected data of captive individuals during day and night. We particularly focussed on detecting tonal, infrasonic or sustained vocalizations. FINDINGS We collected over 947 h of audio material in three European zoos and quantified the spectral and temporal components of acoustic signals to obtain an accurate set of acoustic parameters. Besides the known burst, snorts and grunts, we detected harmonic, sustained and frequency-modulated "humming" vocalizations during night recordings. None of the recorded vocalizations were within the infrasonic range. CONCLUSIONS These results show that giraffes do produce vocalizations, which, based on their acoustic structure, might have the potential to function as communicative signals to convey information about the physical and motivational attributes of the caller. The data further reveal that the assumption of infrasonic communication in giraffes needs to be considered with caution and requires further investigations in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Baotic
- Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Florian Sicks
- Berlin Tierpark, Am Tierpark 125, 10319, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Angela S Stoeger
- Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Menuet C, Cazals Y, Gestreau C, Borghgraef P, Gielis L, Dutschmann M, Van Leuven F, Hilaire G. Age-related impairment of ultrasonic vocalization in Tau.P301L mice: possible implication for progressive language disorders. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25770. [PMID: 22022446 PMCID: PMC3192129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tauopathies, including Alzheimer's Disease, are the most frequent neurodegenerative diseases in elderly people and cause various cognitive, behavioural and motor defects, but also progressive language disorders. For communication and social interactions, mice produce ultrasonic vocalization (USV) via expiratory airflow through the larynx. We examined USV of Tau.P301L mice, a mouse model for tauopathy expressing human mutant tau protein and developing cognitive, motor and upper airway defects. Methodology/Principal Findings At age 4–5 months, Tau.P301L mice had normal USV, normal expiratory airflow and no brainstem tauopathy. At age 8–10 months, Tau.P301L mice presented impaired USV, reduced expiratory airflow and severe tauopathy in the periaqueductal gray, Kolliker-Fuse and retroambiguus nuclei. Tauopathy in these nuclei that control upper airway function and vocalization correlates well with the USV impairment of old Tau.P301L mice. Conclusions In a mouse model for tauopathy, we report for the first time an age-related impairment of USV that correlates with tauopathy in midbrain and brainstem areas controlling vocalization. The vocalization disorder of old Tau.P301L mice could be, at least in part, reminiscent of language disorders of elderly suffering tauopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clément Menuet
- Maturation, Plasticity, Physiology and Pathology of Respiration, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6231, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de la Méditerranée, Université Paul Cézanne, Marseille, France
| | - Yves Cazals
- Neurovegetative physiology laboratory, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6231, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de la Méditerranée, Université Paul Cézanne, Marseille, France
| | - Christian Gestreau
- Maturation, Plasticity, Physiology and Pathology of Respiration, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6231, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de la Méditerranée, Université Paul Cézanne, Marseille, France
| | - Peter Borghgraef
- Experimental Genetics Group, Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies Gielis
- Experimental Genetics Group, Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mathias Dutschmann
- Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Fred Van Leuven
- Experimental Genetics Group, Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gérard Hilaire
- Maturation, Plasticity, Physiology and Pathology of Respiration, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6231, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de la Méditerranée, Université Paul Cézanne, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Riede T, York A, Furst S, Müller R, Seelecke S. Elasticity and stress relaxation of a very small vocal fold. J Biomech 2011; 44:1936-40. [PMID: 21550608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Across mammals many vocal sounds are produced by airflow induced vocal fold oscillation. We tested the hypothesis that stress-strain and stress-relaxation behavior of rat vocal folds can be used to predict the fundamental frequency range of the species' vocal repertoire. In a first approximation vocal fold oscillation has been modeled by the string model but it is not known whether this concept equally applies to large and small species. The shorter the vocal fold, the more the ideal string law may underestimate normal mode frequencies. To accommodate the very small size of the tissue specimen, a custom-built miniaturized tensile test apparatus was developed. Tissue properties of 6 male rat vocal folds were measured. Rat vocal folds demonstrated the typical linear stress-strain behavior in the low strain region and an exponential stress response at strains larger than about 40%. Approximating the rat's vocal fold oscillation with the string model suggests that fundamental frequencies up to about 6 kHz can be produced, which agrees with frequencies reported for audible rat vocalization. Individual differences and time-dependent changes in the tissue properties parallel findings in other species, and are interpreted as universal features of the laryngeal sound source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Riede
- Department of Biology and National Center for Voice and Speech, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mazzuca M, Minlebaev M, Shakirzyanova A, Tyzio R, Taccola G, Janackova S, Gataullina S, Ben-Ari Y, Giniatullin R, Khazipov R. Newborn Analgesia Mediated by Oxytocin during Delivery. Front Cell Neurosci 2011; 5:3. [PMID: 21519396 PMCID: PMC3080614 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2011.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms controlling pain in newborns during delivery are poorly understood. We explored the hypothesis that oxytocin, an essential hormone for labor and a powerful neuromodulator, exerts analgesic actions on newborns during delivery. Using a thermal tail-flick assay, we report that pain sensitivity is two-fold lower in rat pups immediately after birth than 2 days later. Oxytocin receptor antagonists strongly enhanced pain sensitivity in newborn, but not in 2-day-old rats, whereas oxytocin reduced pain at both ages suggesting an endogenous analgesia by oxytocin during delivery. Similar analgesic effects of oxytocin, measured as attenuation of pain-vocalization induced by electrical whisker pad stimulation, were also observed in decerebrated newborns. Oxytocin reduced GABA-evoked calcium responses and depolarizing GABA driving force in isolated neonatal trigeminal neurons suggesting that oxytocin effects are mediated by alterations of intracellular chloride. Unlike GABA signaling, oxytocin did not affect responses mediated by P2X3 and TRPV1 receptors. In keeping with a GABAergic mechanism, reduction of intracellular chloride by the diuretic NKCC1 chloride co-transporter antagonist bumetanide mimicked the analgesic actions of oxytocin and its effects on GABA responses in nociceptive neurons. Therefore, endogenous oxytocin exerts an analgesic action in newborn pups that involves a reduction of the depolarizing action of GABA on nociceptive neurons. Therefore, the same hormone that triggers delivery also acts as a natural pain killer revealing a novel facet of the protective actions of oxytocin in the fetus at birth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Mazzuca
- INMED/INSERM U901, Université de la Méditerranée Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jourdan D, Ardid D, Eschalier A. Analysis of ultrasonic vocalisation does not allow chronic pain to be evaluated in rats. Pain 2002; 95:165-73. [PMID: 11790479 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3959(01)00394-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Most pain tests used for the assessment of drug analgesic activity in animal chronic pain models are based on the measurement of the response to an external acute stimulation (thermal, mechanical or electrical). But these stimuli are not related to the chronic pain experienced by the animal. Quantitative analysis of the spontaneous behaviour induced by the chronic pain state is needed. Several authors have suggested that ultrasonic vocalisations (USVs) emitted by rats in painful situations might reflect expression of affective pain. In a first study, we recorded spontaneous USVs in sub-chronic and chronic pain models: inflammation induced by carrageenan, arthritis induced by Freund's adjuvant and diabetes induced by streptozotocin. The USVs were analysed when naive Sprague-Dawley rats were alone and during non-agonistic interaction with a conspecific. When the rats were alone they did not emit any USV. During social interaction, no difference in either the frequency or the duration was observed between the emissions of healthy rats and rats in pain. In a third study, the influence of three parameters, degree of confrontation between the rats, age of the conspecific and housing conditions (isolated or collective) was studied in the arthritic rat model. Arthritic rats did not emit more USVs than controls in any of our experimental conditions. A fourth study showed that Aspirin (200 mg/kg) had no effect on the USVs, this data confirms the lack of direct relationship between USVs and experimental chronic pain in rats in our conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Didier Jourdan
- EMI INSERM 9904, EA 1741, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Médicale, Faculté de Médecine, B.P. 38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Grant GJ, Piskoun B, Lin A, Bansinath M. An in vivo method for the quantitative evaluation of local anesthetics. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2000; 43:69-72. [PMID: 11091131 DOI: 10.1016/s1056-8719(00)00079-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe a mouse model for evaluation of skin anesthesia after infiltration of local anesthetic. The method involves subcutaneous injection of the anesthetic over the abdomen, and monitoring the vocalization response to electrical stimulus as a measure of analgesia. Prior to drug injection, the vocalization threshold was determined. Mice that vocalized at < or = 8 mA were included in the study. The model was tested using representative agents of the two classes of local anesthetics, bupivacaine, an amide, and chloroprocaine, an ester. The time course and dose response were assessed after injection. The median analgesic time was 15, 40, and 55 min for 0.015%, 0.0625%, and 0.25% bupivacaine and 30, 50, and 55 min for 0.125%, 0.25%, and 2.0% chloroprocaine, respectively. Statistical analysis of the data showed that this method is sufficiently sensitive to detect differences between the dose and duration of local anesthesia (p<0.05, by log rank test of the survival curves). To further validate the model, we compared the duration of anesthesia between the 0.5% bupivacaine and a new long-acting liposomal formulation of 2% bupivacaine. The results showed that the new formulation significantly prolonged the duration of anesthesia (p<0.05). This simple and reliable method may facilitate research on the pharmacology of infiltration anesthesia and the development of new local anesthetics and/or formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G J Grant
- Department of Anesthesiology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|