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Tsai SC(S. The Structural Enzymology of Iterative Aromatic Polyketide Synthases: A Critical Comparison with Fatty Acid Synthases. Annu Rev Biochem 2018; 87:503-531. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-063011-164509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Polyketides are a large family of structurally complex natural products including compounds with important bioactivities. Polyketides are biosynthesized by polyketide synthases (PKSs), multienzyme complexes derived evolutionarily from fatty acid synthases (FASs). The focus of this review is to critically compare the properties of FASs with iterative aromatic PKSs, including type II PKSs and fungal type I nonreducing PKSs whose chemical logic is distinct from that of modular PKSs. This review focuses on structural and enzymological studies that reveal both similarities and striking differences between FASs and aromatic PKSs. The potential application of FAS and aromatic PKS structures for bioengineering future drugs and biofuels is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiou-Chuan (Sheryl) Tsai
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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Korman TP, Tan YH, Wong J, Luo R, Tsai SC. Inhibition kinetics and emodin cocrystal structure of a type II polyketide ketoreductase. Biochemistry 2008; 47:1837-47. [PMID: 18205400 DOI: 10.1021/bi7016427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Type II polyketides are a class of natural products that include pharmaceutically important aromatic compounds such as the antibiotic tetracycline and antitumor compound doxorubicin. The type II polyketide synthase (PKS) is a complex consisting of 5-10 standalone domains homologous to fatty acid synthase (FAS). Polyketide ketoreductase (KR) provides regio- and stereochemical diversity during the reduction. How the type II polyketide KR specifically reduces only the C9 carbonyl group is not well understood. The cocrystal structures of actinorhodin polyketide ketoreductase (actKR) bound with NADPH or NADP+ and the inhibitor emodin were solved with the wild type and P94L mutant of actKR, revealing the first observation of a bent p-quinone in an enzyme active site. Molecular dynamics simulation help explain the origin of the bent geometry. Extensive screening for in vitro substrates shows that unlike FAS KR, the actKR prefers bicyclic substrates. Inhibition kinetics indicate that actKR follows an ordered Bi Bi mechanism. Together with docking simulations that identified a potential phosphopantetheine binding groove, the structural and functional studies reveal that the C9 specificity is a result of active site geometry and substrate ring constraints. The results lay the foundation for the design of novel aromatic polyketide natural products with different reduction patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Paz Korman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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Anthracycline Biosynthesis: Genes, Enzymes and Mechanisms. ANTHRACYCLINE CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY I 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2007_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Hertweck C, Luzhetskyy A, Rebets Y, Bechthold A. Type II polyketide synthases: gaining a deeper insight into enzymatic teamwork. Nat Prod Rep 2007; 24:162-90. [PMID: 17268612 DOI: 10.1039/b507395m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review covers advances in understanding of the biosynthesis of polyketides produced by type II PKS systems at the genetic, biochemical and structural levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hertweck
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Schneider G. Enzymes in the biosynthesis of aromatic polyketide antibiotics. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2005; 15:629-36. [PMID: 16263270 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2005.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2005] [Revised: 07/27/2005] [Accepted: 10/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic polyketides are secondary metabolites that afford some of the most common antibiotics and anti-cancer drugs currently in clinical use. Not least because of their medical importance, the biosynthesis of these compounds has attracted considerable interest during the past few years; important advances have been made in the structural and mechanistic characterisation of the enzymes involved. These studies are expected to have implications for the production of novel therapeutic agents by combinatorial biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter Schneider
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Scheele's väg 2, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Tang Y, Lee TS, Lee HY, Khosla C. Exploring the biosynthetic potential of bimodular aromatic polyketide synthases. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.05.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sultana A, Kallio P, Jansson A, Wang JS, Niemi J, Mäntsälä P, Schneider G. Structure of the polyketide cyclase SnoaL reveals a novel mechanism for enzymatic aldol condensation. EMBO J 2004; 23:1911-21. [PMID: 15071504 PMCID: PMC404321 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2004] [Accepted: 03/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
SnoaL belongs to a family of small polyketide cyclases, which catalyse ring closure steps in the biosynthesis of polyketide antibiotics produced in Streptomyces. Several of these antibiotics are among the most used anti-cancer drugs currently in use. The crystal structure of SnoaL, involved in nogalamycin biosynthesis, with a bound product, has been determined to 1.35 A resolution. The fold of the subunit can be described as a distorted alpha+beta barrel, and the ligand is bound in the hydrophobic interior of the barrel. The 3D structure and site-directed mutagenesis experiments reveal that the mechanism of the intramolecular aldol condensation catalysed by SnoaL is different from that of the classical aldolases, which employ covalent Schiff base formation or a metal ion cofactor. The invariant residue Asp121 acts as an acid/base catalyst during the reaction. Stabilisation of the enol(ate) intermediate is mainly achieved by the delocalisation of the electron pair over the extended pi system of the substrate. These polyketide cyclases thus form of family of enzymes with a unique catalytic strategy for aldol condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azmiri Sultana
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pauli Kallio
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anna Jansson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ji-Shu Wang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jarmo Niemi
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pekka Mäntsälä
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Gunter Schneider
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Räty K, Kantola J, Hautala A, Hakala J, Ylihonko K, Mäntsälä P. Cloning and characterization of Streptomyces galilaeus aclacinomycins polyketide synthase (PKS) cluster. Gene 2002; 293:115-22. [PMID: 12137949 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(02)00699-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have cloned and sequenced polyketide synthase (PKS) genes from the aclacinomycin producer Streptomyces galilaeus ATCC 31,615. The sequenced 13.5-kb region contained 13 complete genes. Their organization as well as their protein sequences showed high similarity to those of other type II PKS genes. The continuous region included the genes for the minimal PKS, consisting of ketosynthase I (aknB), ketosynthase II (aknC), and acyl carrier protein (aknD). These were followed by the daunomycin dpsC and dpsD homologues (aknE2 and F, respectively), which are rare in type II PKS clusters. They are associated with the unusual starter unit, propionate, used in the biosynthesis of aklavinone, a common precursor of aclacinomycin and daunomycin. Accordingly, when aclacinomycins minimal PKS genes were substituted for those of nogalamycin in the plasmid carrying genes for auramycinone biosynthesis, aklavinone was produced in the heterologous hosts. In addition to the minimal PKS, the cloned region included the PKS genes for polyketide ketoreductase (aknA), aromatase (aknE1) and oxygenase (aknX), as well as genes putatively encoding an aklanonic acid methyl transferase (aknG) and an aklanonic acid methyl ester cyclase (aknH) for post-polyketide steps were found. Moreover, the region carried genes for an activator (aknI), a glycosyl transferase (aknK) and an epimerase (aknL) taking part in deoxysugar biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaj Räty
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Vatselankatu 2, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland.
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Kantola J, Kunnari T, Hautala A, Hakala J, Ylihonko K, Mäntsälä P. Elucidation of anthracyclinone biosynthesis by stepwise cloning of genes for anthracyclines from three different Streptomyces spp. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2000; 146 ( Pt 1):155-163. [PMID: 10658662 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-146-1-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The anthracycline skeleton is biosynthesized by aromatic (type II) polyketide synthases. Furthermore, three post-polyketide steps are needed to form the basic aglycone of anthracyclines. Auramycinone was produced in Streptomyces lividans by introducing nine structural genes from three different anthracycline-producing Streptomyces species. The genes used to construct the auramycinone biosynthesis cluster were derived from nogalamycin-, daunomycin- and aclacinomycin-producing Streptomyces strains. The biosynthetic stages were divided into polyketide and post-polyketide steps on the assumption that the first stable intermediate would be nogalonic acid, named analogously to aklanonic acid, the precursor of several anthracyclines. Single genes were cloned in the expression construct in the order determined by the proposed biosynthetic pathway. This facilitated investigation of the products formed in the heterologous host after addition of each separate gene to the construct. The results thus elucidate the biosynthesis steps, products and the genes responsible for the reactions needed to build up an anthracyclinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaana Kantola
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Vatselantie 2, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland1
| | - Tero Kunnari
- Galilaeus Oy, PO BOX 113, FIN-20781 Kaarina, Finland2
| | - Anne Hautala
- Galilaeus Oy, PO BOX 113, FIN-20781 Kaarina, Finland2
| | - Juha Hakala
- Galilaeus Oy, PO BOX 113, FIN-20781 Kaarina, Finland2
| | - Kristiina Ylihonko
- Galilaeus Oy, PO BOX 113, FIN-20781 Kaarina, Finland2
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Vatselantie 2, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland1
| | - Pekka Mäntsälä
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Vatselantie 2, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland1
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Kulowski K, Wendt-Pienkowski E, Han L, Yang K, Vining LC, Hutchinson CR. Functional Characterization of the jadI Gene As a Cyclase Forming Angucyclinones. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja982707f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Kulowski
- Contribution from the School of Pharmacy, Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4JI Canada
| | - Evelyn Wendt-Pienkowski
- Contribution from the School of Pharmacy, Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4JI Canada
| | - Lei Han
- Contribution from the School of Pharmacy, Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4JI Canada
| | - Keqian Yang
- Contribution from the School of Pharmacy, Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4JI Canada
| | - Leo C. Vining
- Contribution from the School of Pharmacy, Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4JI Canada
| | - C. Richard Hutchinson
- Contribution from the School of Pharmacy, Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4JI Canada
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