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Aitken-Saavedra J, Tarquinio SB, Kinalski M, Haubman D, Martins MW, Vasconcelos AC. Salivary characteristics in burning mouth syndrome: a systematic review. Minerva Dent Oral Sci 2022; 71:233-241. [PMID: 35920290 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6329.22.04647-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Compare through case-control studies, the salivary characteristics of patients with and without BMS. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Searches in Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane, and BIREME were conducted for the identification of case-controls studies reported. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Thirty-three studies were included, of which 26 articles evaluated OSB, 17 SRF, and 7 SE. Nineteen organic biomarkers showed higher levels in BMS patients, the two most indicated being α-amylase and cortisol. Ten organic biomarkers, including Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) and IL-6, showed lower levels in BMS patients. Regarding salivary flow rate (SFR), five articles indicated that BMS patients have less unstimulated SFR (uSRF)Two articles indicate that stimulated SFR (sSRF) is lower in BMS patients nevertheless, but eight did not show differences. Sialochemical analysis revealed that sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), potassium (K), sodium (Na), and calcium (Ca), showed higher levels in BMS patients according to three studies, but two studies did not establish any differences. Two study established that BMS patients have lower Mg salivary levels. CONCLUSIONS Qualitative salivary characteristics suggest that BMS has neuropathic, inflammatory, emotional, immune, and hormonal involvements. BMS can be associated with changes in salivary biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress, is related to anxiety and degree of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Aitken-Saavedra
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Sandra B Tarquinio
- Diagnostic Center for Oral Diseases, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Matheus Kinalski
- Faculty of Dentistry, Community University of Chapecó, Chapecó, Brazil
| | - Daniela Haubman
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | - Ana C Vasconcelos
- Diagnostic Center for Oral Diseases, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil -
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Beneng
- Consultant Oral Surgeon, Department of Oral Surgery, Guy's and St Thomas' Trust, Tooley Street, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Tara Renton
- Professor of Oral Surgery, King's College London Dental Institute, King's College Hospital London, Bessemer Road, London SE5 9RS, UK
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Forssell H, Jääskeläinen S, List T, Svensson P, Baad-Hansen L. An update on pathophysiological mechanisms related to idiopathic oro-facial pain conditions with implications for management. J Oral Rehabil 2014; 42:300-22. [DOI: 10.1111/joor.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Forssell
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Institute of Dentistry; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - S. Jääskeläinen
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology; University of Turku and Turku University Hospital; Turku Finland
| | - T. List
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function; Faculty of Odontology; Malmö University; Malmö Denmark
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine; Skåne University Hospital; Lund Denmark
- Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neuroscience (SCON); Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - P. Svensson
- Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neuroscience (SCON); Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
- Section of Clinical Oral Physiology; Department of Dentistry; HEALTH; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - L. Baad-Hansen
- Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neuroscience (SCON); Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
- Section of Clinical Oral Physiology; Department of Dentistry; HEALTH; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
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Malik R, Goel S, Misra D, Panjwani S, Misra A. Assessment of anxiety and depression in patients with burning mouth syndrome: A clinical trial. J Midlife Health 2012; 3:36-9. [PMID: 22923978 PMCID: PMC3425147 DOI: 10.4103/0976-7800.98816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Burning mouth syndrome is a chronic pain syndrome primarily affecting elderly women with hormonal changes or psychological disorders. It is multifactorial in origin, often idiopathic and its etiopathogenesis, majorly being neuropathic, largely remains enigmatic. Aim: To determine the prevalence of burning mouth symptom, in elderly women and evaluate local and systemic causes responsible for burning sensation. Materials and Methods: 100 elderly postmenopausal women were included in the study out of which 56 had a chief complaint of burning sensation. These patients were evaluated for the levels of anxiety and depression by means of questionnaire. The severity of burning and the response to the treatment was assessed with a five point Visual Analog Scale. The results were analyzed using “Chi-square test”. Results: There was statistically significant increase in the levels of anxiety and depression in the study group. Conclusion: The present study clearly indicates that most of the patients had moderate to severe levels of depression, which suggests that anxiety and depression are constant features in postmenopausal female patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Malik
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Dental Studies and Technologies, Modinagar, Kadrabad, India
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Abstract
The aetiology of BMS remains an enigma, however novel evidence suggests a neuropathic basis, which may explain concomitant vulvodynia in some patients.The constant high level spontaneous chronic pain in BMS has significant functional and psychological repercussions for these patients.Cognitive behavioural therapy remains the sole evidence based management of this condition, whilst some patients respond to treatment with Tricyclic antidepressants, SSRIs or SNRIs, compliance with medication remains an issue due to pharma side effects.Increasing evidence suggests that there may be 3 subgroups that should be managed differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Renton
- Professor in Oral Surgery, Kings College Dental Institute, Kings College Hospital, London SE5 9RS
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Balasubramaniam R, Klasser GD, Delcanho R. Separating oral burning from burning mouth syndrome: unravelling a diagnostic enigma. Aust Dent J 2009; 54:293-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2009.01153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Pekiner FN, Gümrü B, Demirel GY, Özbayrak S. Burning mouth syndrome and saliva: detection of salivary trace elements and cytokines. J Oral Pathol Med 2009; 38:269-75. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2008.00734.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Klasser GD, Fischer DJ, Epstein JB. Burning Mouth Syndrome: Recognition, Understanding, and Management. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2008; 20:255-71, vii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2007.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Maltsman-Tseikhin A, Moricca P, Niv D. Burning Mouth Syndrome: Will Better Understanding Yield Better Management? Pain Pract 2007; 7:151-62. [PMID: 17559486 DOI: 10.1111/j.1533-2500.2007.00124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
"Burning mouth syndrome" (BMS) refers to a chronic orofacial pain disorder usually unaccompanied by mucosal lesions or other clinical signs of organic disease. BMS is typically characterized by a continuous, spontaneous, and often intense burning sensation as if the mouth or tongue were scalded or on fire. Burning mouth syndrome is a relatively common condition. The estimated prevalence of BMS reported in recent studies ranges between 0.7 and 4.6% of the general population. About 1.3 million American adults, mostly women in the postmenopausal period, are afflicted with BMS. The etiology of this disorder is poorly understood even though new evidence for a possible neuropathic pathogenesis of idiopathic BMS is emerging. Burning mouth syndrome may present as an idiopathic condition (primary BMS type) distinct from the symptom of oral burning that can potentially arise from various local or systemic abnormalities (secondary BMS type), including nutritional deficiencies, hormonal changes associated with menopause, local oral infections, denture-related lesions, xerostomia, hypersensitivity reactions, medications, and systemic diseases including diabetes mellitus. In more than a third of patients, multiple, concurrent causes of BMS may be identified. It is important to note that the diagnosis of BMS should be established only after all other possible causes have been ruled out. Professional delay in diagnosing, referring, and appropriately managing of BMS patients occurs frequently. Treatment should be tailored to each patient and it is recommended to practice the treatment in a multidisciplinary facility. This article discusses our current understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of BMS. The authors have tried to emphasize new pharmacological approaches to manage this challenging disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Maltsman-Tseikhin
- Center for Pain Medicine, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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Morales-Bozo I, Urztúa-Orellana B, Domínguez P, Aguilera S, López-Solís R. Patterns and variability in electrophoretic polypeptide profiles of human saliva in a healthy population. J Physiol Biochem 2006; 62:179-88. [PMID: 17451159 DOI: 10.1007/bf03168467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Electrophoretic polypeptide profiles of normal human saliva differ markedly between different reports. Since both methodological variations and polymorphism may explain these differences, in this study we aimed to establish whether or not the salivary electrophoretic polypeptide profiles of subjects from a healthy population share discrete molecular features. To this end, parotid, submandibular/sublingual and whole salivas were collected separately from each of 40 young and 34 elderly clinically healthy adults and processed for SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Coomassie blue staining. Each type of glandular saliva displayed a different group of invariant (i.e. present in every subject) electrophoretic polypeptide bands while whole saliva showed a profile that reflected mostly the combined contribution of the major salivary glands. Some minor variant (i.e. absent in some subjects) bands were identified in each type of saliva. Regarding those interindividual variations, no age- or sex-dependence was appreciated. Altogether, these results demonstrate the occurrence of distinctive electrophoretic polypeptide patterns, in addition to some minor variations, for each type of normal saliva, thus providing a background for further populational studies on salivary polypeptide profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Morales-Bozo
- Laboratory of Oral Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Center for Oral Research.
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Ramachandran P, Boontheung P, Xie Y, Sondej M, Wong DT, Loo JA. Identification of N-linked glycoproteins in human saliva by glycoprotein capture and mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2006; 5:1493-503. [PMID: 16740002 DOI: 10.1021/pr050492k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycoproteins make up a major and important part of the salivary proteome and play a vital role in maintaining the health of the oral cavity. Because changes in the physiological state of a person are reflected as changes in the glycoproteome composition, mapping the salivary glycoproteome will provide insights into various processes in the body. Salivary glycoproteins were identified by the hydrazide coupling and release method. In this approach, glycoproteins were coupled onto a hydrazide resin, the proteins were then digested and formerly N-glycosylated peptides were selectively released with the enzyme PNGase F and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Employing this method, coupled with in-solution isoelectric focusing separation as an additional means for pre-fractionation, we identified 84 formerly N-glycosylated peptides from 45 unique N-glycoproteins. Of these, 16 glycoproteins have not been reported previously in saliva. In addition, we identified 44 new sites of N-linked glycosylation on the proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Ramachandran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Boras VV, Brailo V, Lukac J, Kordić D, Blazić-Potocki Z. Salivary interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in patients with burning mouth syndrome. Oral Dis 2006; 12:353-5. [PMID: 16700748 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2005.01209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is characterized by burning symptoms on the clinically healthy oral mucosa. To date, etiology of BMS is still unknown. We hypothesized that maybe inflammation which is not clinically apparent might lead to burning symptoms which would then result in altered cytokine profile. In the 28 female patients with BMS (age range 48-80 years, mean 64.05 years) and 28 female controls (age range 40-75 years, mean 63.82 years) by use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels were determined. Statistical analysis included use of independent sample t-test and P < 0.05 was considered as significant. Our results show no significant differences between patients and controls regarding salivary IL-6 and TNF-alpha.
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Forssell H, Svensson P. Chapter 39 Atypical facial pain and burning mouth syndrome. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2006; 81:597-608. [PMID: 18808861 DOI: 10.1016/s0072-9752(06)80043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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Moody M, Zipp M, Al-Hashimi I. Salivary anti-spectrin autoantibodies in Sjögren's syndrome. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, ORAL PATHOLOGY, ORAL RADIOLOGY, AND ENDODONTICS 2001; 91:322-7. [PMID: 11250630 DOI: 10.1067/moe.2001.112498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was done to compare the anti-spectrin autoantibody levels in the parotid saliva of Sjögren's syndrome patients and in the parotid saliva of healthy control subjects. METHODS The salivary anti-spectrin autoantibody levels of 20 Sjögren's patients and of 20 healthy controls were compared by means of the slot blot immunoassay and the alkaline phosphatase method. RESULTS Various anti-spectrin autoantibody levels were detected in the saliva of both patients and controls. The color intensity of the blots was scored on a scale of 1 to 3. The scores were deemed to indicate the anti-spectrin autoantibody levels in saliva (1 = low, 2 = moderate, and 3 = high). The Mann-Whitney U test did not reveal a significant difference in the anti-spectrin autoantibody levels of patients and the anti-spectrin autoantibody levels of controls (P > or = .31). These results do not support a pathologic role for anti-spectrin autoantibody in Sjögren's syndrome. CONCLUSIONS The overall result of this study substantiates that anti-spectrin autoantibodies occur naturally in saliva. Their role in immune surveillance or pathology is not clear at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Moody
- Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A & M University, Dallas 75246, USA
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Bercier JG, Al-Hashimi I, Haghighat N, Rees TD, Oppenheim FG. Salivary histatins in patients with recurrent oral candidiasis. J Oral Pathol Med 1999; 28:26-9. [PMID: 9890454 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1999.tb01990.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The level of salivary histatins was evaluated in 20 patients with a history of recurrent oral candidiasis and in age-, sex-matched healthy controls. Salivary pH, flow rate, total protein and histatins were compared. Results of this study indicated that salivary pH was significantly lower among patients than controls (5.9 vs. 6.3, respectively, P = 0.002). No significant difference was observed in the mean flow rate and total protein between patients and controls (0.39 ml/min/gland vs. 0.46 ml/min/gland and 112.4 mg% vs. 113.0 mg%, respectively). However, the mean salivary histatin levels were significantly higher among patients than controls, both in terms of concentration (16.8 mg% vs. 11.1 mg%, P = 0.016) as well as a ratio of total protein (15 mg/g vs. 10 mg/g, P = 0.018). These findings indicate that oral candidiasis is associated with increased levels of salivary histatin. Such a finding suggests that oral candidiasis may modulate the levels of salivary histatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Bercier
- Baylor College of Dentistry, TAMUS, Dallas, Texas 75246, USA
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S. Fahmy A, Sh.A. Ghany S, A. Mohamed S, A. Mohamed M, M. Mohamed T. Purification and characterization of proline-rich proteins from developing embryos of the camel tick Hyalomma dromedarii. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(98)10101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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