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Early environmental enrichment rescues memory impairments provoked by mild neonatal hypoxia-ischemia in adolescent mice. Behav Brain Res 2021; 407:113237. [PMID: 33798820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is a consequence of a lack of oxygen and glucose support to the developing brain, which causes several neurodevelopmental impairments. Environmental enrichment (EE) is considered an option to recover the alterations observed in rodents exposed to HI. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of early EE on memory, hippocampal volume and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bbnf) and glucocorticoid receptor (Nr3c1) gene expression of mice exposed to HI. At P10, pups underwent right carotid artery permanent occlusion followed by 35 min of 8% O2 hypoxic environment. Starting at P11, animals were reared in EE or in standard cage (HI-SC or SHAM-SC) conditions until behavioral testing (P45). SHAM pups did not undergo carotid ligation and hypoxic exposure. Memory performance was assessed in the Y-maze, Novel object recognition, and Barnes maze. Animals were then sacrificed for analysis of hippocampal volume and Bdnf and Nr3c1 gene expression. We observed that animals exposed to HI performed worse in all three tests compared to SHAM animals. Furthermore, HI animals exposed to EE did not differ from SHAM animals in all tasks. Moreover, HI decreased hippocampal volume, while animals reared in early EE were not different compared to SHAM animals. Animals exposed to HI also showed upregulated hippocampal Bdnf expression compared to SHAM animals. We conclude that early EE from P11 to P45 proved to be effective in recovering memory impairments and hippocampal volume loss elicited by HI. Nevertheless, Bdnf expression was not associated with the improvements in memory performance observed in animals exposed to EE after a hypoxic-ischemic event.
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2
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Zhang Z, Zhang L, Ding Y, Han Z, Ji X. Effects of Therapeutic Hypothermia Combined with Other Neuroprotective Strategies on Ischemic Stroke: Review of Evidence. Aging Dis 2018; 9:507-522. [PMID: 29896438 PMCID: PMC5988605 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a major cause of death and disability globally, and its incidence is increasing. The only treatment approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for acute ischemic stroke is thrombolytic treatment with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. As an alternative, therapeutic hypothermia has shown excellent potential in preclinical and small clinical studies, but it has largely failed in large clinical studies. This has led clinicians to explore the combination of therapeutic hypothermia with other neuroprotective strategies. This review examines preclinical and clinical progress towards developing highly effective combination therapy involving hypothermia for stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Linlei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Zhao Han
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xunming Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Silva Pereira V, Elfving B, Joca SRL, Wegener G. Ketamine and aminoguanidine differentially affect Bdnf and Mtor gene expression in the prefrontal cortex of adult male rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 815:304-311. [PMID: 28947331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The rapid and sustained antidepressant properties of ketamine provide evidence of the importance of the glutamatergic system in the neurobiology of depression. The antidepressant-like effects of ketamine are dependent on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in limbic brain areas. The nitrergic system is closely related to the glutamatergic system and generates antidepressant-like effects when blocked. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the behavioural effects induced by the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis by aminoguanidine or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blockade by ketamine would affect the gene expression of Bdnf and Mtor in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in rats. The effects of ketamine or aminoguanidine were investigated in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, the Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL), a genetic rat model of depression, and their controls, the Flinders Resistant Line (FRL) rats. In the studies, the three protocols evaluated to which the animals/rats were exposed were: (1) pre-test and test sessions of forced swim test (FST), (2) pre-test session of FST alone, or (3) not exposed to the FST. Ketamine and aminoguanidine both induce antidepressant-like effects in SD and FSL rats. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses in SD rats demonstrated that none of the treatments can change the Bdnf or Mtor gene expression, but in FSL rats the treatment with ketamine increased only Bdnf gene expression. The data obtained strengthens the role of NMDA antagonists and NO inhibitors as potential antidepressant drugs, albeit with different effects on Bdnf gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Silva Pereira
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8240 Risskov, Denmark; Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Campus USP-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-904, Brazil.
| | - Betina Elfving
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8240 Risskov, Denmark.
| | - Sâmia R L Joca
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8240 Risskov, Denmark; Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Campus USP-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-904, Brazil.
| | - Gregers Wegener
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8240 Risskov, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, AUGUST Centre, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark; Centre for Pharmaceutical Excellence, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa.
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4
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Liao Y, Dong Y, Cheng J. The Function of the Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020248. [PMID: 28208618 PMCID: PMC5343785 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU)-a calcium uniporter on the inner membrane of mitochondria-controls the mitochondrial calcium uptake in normal and abnormal situations. Mitochondrial calcium is essential for the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP); however, excessive calcium will induce mitochondrial dysfunction. Calcium homeostasis disruption and mitochondrial dysfunction is observed in many neurodegenerative disorders. However, the role and regulatory mechanism of the MCU in the development of these diseases are obscure. In this review, we summarize the role of the MCU in controlling oxidative stress-elevated mitochondrial calcium and its function in neurodegenerative disorders. Inhibition of the MCU signaling pathway might be a new target for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajin Liao
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, No. 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100039, China.
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Yuan Dong
- Department of Biochemistry, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Jinbo Cheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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5
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Anti-Neuroinflammatory Effects of Fucoxanthin via Inhibition of Akt/NF-κB and MAPKs/AP-1 Pathways and Activation of PKA/CREB Pathway in Lipopolysaccharide-Activated BV-2 Microglial Cells. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:667-677. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Cremer JN, Amunts K, Schleicher A, Palomero-Gallagher N, Piel M, Rösch F, Zilles K. Changes in the expression of neurotransmitter receptors in Parkin and DJ-1 knockout mice--A quantitative multireceptor study. Neuroscience 2015; 311:539-51. [PMID: 26546471 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a well-characterized neurological disorder with regard to its neuropathological and symptomatic appearance. At the genetic level, mutations of particular genes, e.g. Parkin and DJ-1, were found in human hereditary PD with early onset. Neurotransmitter receptors constitute decisive elements in neural signal transduction. Furthermore, since they are often altered in neurological and psychiatric diseases, receptors have been successful targets for pharmacological agents. However, the consequences of PD-associated gene mutations on the expression of transmitter receptors are largely unknown. Therefore, we studied the expression of 16 different receptor binding sites of the neurotransmitters glutamate, GABA, acetylcholine, adrenaline, serotonin, dopamine and adenosine by means of quantitative receptor autoradiography in Parkin and DJ-1 knockout mice. These knockout mice exhibit electrophysiological and behavioral deficits, but do not show the typical dopaminergic cell loss. We demonstrated differential changes of binding site densities in eleven brain regions. Most prominently, we found an up-regulation of GABA(B) and kainate receptor densities in numerous cortical areas of Parkin and DJ-1 knockout mice, as well as increased NMDA but decreased AMPA receptor densities in different brain regions of the Parkin knockout mice. The alterations of three different glutamate receptor types may indicate the potential relevance of the glutamatergic system in the pathogenesis of PD. Furthermore, the cholinergic M1, M2 and nicotinic receptors as well as the adrenergic α2 and the adenosine A(2A) receptors showed differentially increased densities in Parkin and DJ-1 knockout mice. Taken together, knockout of the PD-associated genes Parkin or DJ-1 results in differential changes of neurotransmitter receptor densities, highlighting a possible role of altered non-dopaminergic, and in particular of glutamatergic neurotransmission in PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Cremer
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, and JARA - Translational Brain Medicine, D-52062 Aachen, Germany.
| | - K Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany; Cécile & Oskar Vogt Institute of Brain Research, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - A Schleicher
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - N Palomero-Gallagher
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - M Piel
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - F Rösch
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - K Zilles
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, and JARA - Translational Brain Medicine, D-52062 Aachen, Germany
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Marques NF, Stefanello ST, Froeder ALF, Busanello A, Boligon AA, Athayde ML, Soares FAA, Fachinetto R. Centella asiatica and Its Fractions Reduces Lipid Peroxidation Induced by Quinolinic Acid and Sodium Nitroprusside in Rat Brain Regions. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:1197-210. [PMID: 25903808 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1582-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated in several pathologies including neurological disorders. Centella asiatica is a popular medicinal plant which has long been used to treat neurological disturbances in Ayurvedic medicine. In the present study, we quantified of compounds by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and examined the phenolic content of infusion, ethyl acetate, n-butanolic and dichloromethane fractions. Furthermore, we analyzed the ability of the extracts from C. asiatica to scavenge the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) radical as well as total antioxidant activity through the reduction of molybdenum (VI) (Mo(6+)) to molybdenum (V) (Mo(5+)). Finally, we examined the antioxidant effect of extracts against oxidant agents, quinolinic acid (QA) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), on homogenates of different brain regions (cerebral cortex, striatum and hippocampus). The HPLC analysis revealed that flavonoids, triterpene glycoside, tannins, phenolic acids were present in the extracts of C. asiatica and also the phenolic content assay demonstrated that ethyl acetate fraction is rich in these compounds. Besides, the ethyl acetate fraction presented the highest antioxidant effect by decreasing the lipid peroxidation in brain regions induced by QA. On the other hand, when the pro-oxidant agent was SNP, the potency of infusion, ethyl acetate and dichloromethane fractions was equivalent. Ethyl acetate fraction from C. asiatica also protected against thiol oxidation induced by SNP and QA. Thus, the therapeutic potential of C. asiatica in neurological diseases could be associated to its antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiani Ferreira Marques
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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8
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Alleviation of kainic acid-induced brain barrier dysfunction by 4-o-methylhonokiol in in vitro and in vivo models. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:893163. [PMID: 25688368 PMCID: PMC4320858 DOI: 10.1155/2015/893163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was designed to investigate whether 4-O-methylhonokiol (MH), a principal ingredient of Magnolia (M.) officinalis bark, alleviated acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) kainic acid- (KA-) induced brain blood barrier dysfunction (BBBD) via pathological examination and cytological analyses of the brain tissues of mice. KA (10–30 mg/kg) time- and dose-dependently increased the water content of brain tissues and induced edema and encephalopathy. However, pretreatment with MH (5 and 20 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced the water content of the brain compared to that observed in the KA control group. Furthermore, MH significantly and dose-dependently reversed the remarkable variations in evan's blue dye (EBD) staining and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels that were induced by KA (10 mg/kg, i.p.). MH also decreased the elevated seizure scores that were induced by KA (10 mg/kg, i.p.) in mice in a manner similar to scavengers such as DMTU and trolox. Additionally, MH significantly scavenged intracellular ROS and Ca2+ within hippocampal cells. The tight junction seals mediated by claudin (Cld-5) were also found to be modulated by MH. MH efficiently reduced 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (IC50, 52.4 mM) and •OH with an electron spin resonance (ESR) signal rate constant of 4 × 109 M−1 · S−1, which is close to the reactivity of the vitamin E analog trolox. Taken together, these results suggest that MH may enhance radical scavenging in lipid and hydrophobic environments, which may be important for the physiological activity of the barrier.
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9
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Electrochemically reduced water protects neural cells from oxidative damage. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:869121. [PMID: 25383141 PMCID: PMC4212634 DOI: 10.1155/2014/869121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aging-related neurodegenerative disorders are closely associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stresses and their incidence tends to increase with aging. Brain is the most vulnerable to reactive species generated by a higher rate of oxygen consumption and glucose utilization compared to other organs. Electrochemically reduced water (ERW) was demonstrated to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) in several cell types. In the present study, the protective effect of ERW against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) was investigated in several rodent neuronal cell lines and primary cells. ERW was found to significantly suppress H2O2 (50–200 μM) induced PC12 and SFME cell deaths. ERW scavenged intracellular ROS and exhibited a protective effect against neuronal network damage caused by 200 μM H2O2 in N1E-115 cells. ERW significantly suppressed NO-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells despite the fact that it did not have the ability to scavenge intracellular NO. ERW significantly suppressed both glutamate induced Ca2+ influx and the resulting cytotoxicity in primary cells. These results collectively demonstrated for the first time that ERW protects several types of neuronal cells by scavenging ROS because of the presence of hydrogen and platinum nanoparticles dissolved in ERW.
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10
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Savage S, Ma D. The neurotoxicity of nitrous oxide: the facts and "putative" mechanisms. Brain Sci 2014; 4:73-90. [PMID: 24961701 PMCID: PMC4066238 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci4010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrous oxide is a widely used analgesic agent, used also in combination with anaesthetics during surgery. Recent research has raised concerns about possible neurotoxicity of nitrous oxide, particularly in the developing brain. Nitrous oxide is an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-antagonist drug, similar in nature to ketamine, another anaesthetic agent. It has been linked to post-operative cardiovascular problems in clinical studies. It is also widely known that exposure to nitrous oxide during surgery results in elevated homocysteine levels in many patients, but very little work has investigated the long term effect of these increased homocysteine levels. Now research in rodent models has found that homocysteine can be linked to neuronal death and possibly even cognitive deficits. This review aims to examine the current knowledge of mechanisms of action of nitrous oxide, and to describe some pathways by which it may have neurotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead Savage
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine & Intensive Care, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, UK.
| | - Daqing Ma
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine & Intensive Care, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, UK.
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Chen A, Xiong LJ, Tong Y, Mao M. The neuroprotective roles of BDNF in hypoxic ischemic brain injury. Biomed Rep 2012; 1:167-176. [PMID: 24648914 DOI: 10.3892/br.2012.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-ischemia (H/I) brain injury results in various degrees of damage to the body, and the immature brain is particularly fragile to oxygen deprivation. Hypothermia and erythropoietin (EPO) have long been known to be neuroprotective in ischemic brain injury. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has recently been recognized as a potent modulator capable of regulating a wide repertoire of neuronal functions. This review was based on studies concerning the involvement of BDNF in the protection of H/I brain injury following a search in PubMed between 1995 and December, 2011. We initially examined the background of BDNF, and then focused on its neuroprotective mechanisms against ischemic brain injury, including its involvement in promoting neural regeneration/cognition/memory rehabilitation, angiogenesis within ischemic penumbra and the inhibition of the inflammatory process, neurotoxicity, epilepsy and apoptosis. We also provided a literature overview of experimental studies, discussing the safety and the potential clinical application of BDNF as a neuroprotective agent in the ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Li-Jing Xiong
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yu Tong
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric and Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China ; ; Laboratory of Early Developmental and Injuries, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Meng Mao
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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12
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Red ginseng extract attenuates kainate-induced excitotoxicity by antioxidative effects. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:479016. [PMID: 23133495 PMCID: PMC3485976 DOI: 10.1155/2012/479016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the neuroprotective activity of red ginseng extract (RGE, Panax ginseng, C. A. Meyer) against kainic acid- (KA-) induced excitotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. In hippocampal cells, RGE inhibited KA-induced excitotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner as measured by the MTT assay. To study the possible mechanisms of the RGE-mediated neuroprotective effect against KA-induced cytotoxicity, we examined the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and [Ca2+]i in cultured hippocampal neurons and found that RGE treatment dose-dependently inhibited intracellular ROS and [Ca2+]i
elevation. Oral administration of RGE (30 and 200 mg/kg) in mice decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) level induced by KA injection (30 mg/kg, i.p.). In addition, similar results were obtained after pretreatment with the radical scavengers Trolox and N, N′-dimethylthiourea (DMTU). Finally, after confirming the protective effect of RGE on hippocampal brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) protein levels, we found that RGE is active compounds mixture in KA-induced hippocampal mossy-fiber function improvement. Furthermore, RGE eliminated 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, and the IC50 was approximately 10 mg/ml. The reductive activity of RGE, as measured by reaction with hydroxyl radical (•OH), was similar to trolox. The second-order rate constant of RGE for •OH was 3.5–4.5 × 109 M−1·S−1. Therefore, these results indicate that RGE possesses radical reduction activity and alleviates KA-induced excitotoxicity by quenching ROS in hippocampal neurons.
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Pamenter ME, Ali SS, Tang Q, Finley JC, Gu XQ, Dugan LL, Haddad GG. An in vitro ischemic penumbral mimic perfusate increases NADPH oxidase-mediated superoxide production in cultured hippocampal neurons. Brain Res 2012; 1452:165-72. [PMID: 22459046 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The currently accepted scheme for reactive oxygen species production during ischemia/reperfusion injury is characterized by a deleterious mitochondria-derived burst of radical generation during reperfusion; however, recent examination of the penumbra suggests a central role for NADPH-oxidase (Nox)-mediated radical generation during the ischemic period. Therefore, we utilized a novel in vitro model of the penumbra to examine the free radical profile of ischemic murine hippocampal neurons using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and also the role of Nox in this generation and in cell fate. We report that free radical production increased ~75% at 2 h of ischemia, and this increase was abolished by: (1) scavenging of extracellular free radicals with superoxide dismutase (SOD), (2) a general anion channel antagonist, or (3) the Nox inhibitor apocynin. Similarly, at 24 h of ischemia, [ATP] decreased >95% and vital dye uptake increased 6-fold relative to controls; whereas apocynin, the Cl(-) channel antagonist 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoate (NPPB), or the free radical scavenger N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) each provided moderate neuroprotection, ameliorating 13-32% of [ATP]-depletion and 19-56% of vital dye uptake at 24 h. Our results support a cytotoxic role for Nox-mediated free radical production from penumbral neurons during the ischemic period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Pamenter
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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14
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Cucchiaroni ML, Freestone PS, Berretta N, Viscomi MT, Bisicchia E, Okano H, Molinari M, Bernardi G, Lipski J, Mercuri NB, Guatteo E. Properties of dopaminergic neurons in organotypic mesencephalic-striatal co-cultures - evidence for a facilitatory effect of dopamine on the glutamatergic input mediated by α-1 adrenergic receptors. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 33:1622-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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15
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Ávila DS, Gubert P, Palma A, Colle D, Alves D, Nogueira CW, Rocha JBT, Soares FAA. An organotellurium compound with antioxidant activity against excitotoxic agents without neurotoxic effects in brain of rats. Brain Res Bull 2008; 76:114-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Revised: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Haamedi SN, Karten HJ, Djamgoz MB. Nerve growth factor induces light adaptive cellular and synaptic plasticity in the outer retina of fish. J Comp Neurol 2001; 431:397-404. [PMID: 11223810 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9861(20010319)431:4<397::aid-cne1078>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that neurotrophins can be involved in short-term synaptic plasticity in parts of the central nervous system. In the present study, the possible role of nerve growth factor (NGF) in inducing morphologic (cellular and subcellular) changes in the outer retina of carp was assessed. The effects of NGF on cone photomechanical movements (PMMs) and horizontal cell (HC) spinule formation were measured. NGF-induced cone contraction and formation of HC spinules in the dark-adapted retina were consistent with its role in light adaptation. These effects were dose dependent in the range of 5--250 nM. Because cone contraction and HC spinule formation have previously been shown to be controlled by dopamine (DA), nitric oxide (NO), or both, the possibility that the effects of NGF could be occurring by means of release of DA and/or NO was tested. Haloperidol (HAL), a nonspecific DA receptor blocker, or 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-imidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide potassium (cPTIO), a NO scavenger, was applied in combination with NGF to dark-adapted eyecups. The results showed that both HAL and cPTIO significantly blocked the effects of NGF on cone PMMs and HC spinule formation. In conclusion, (1) NGF represents a novel light-adaptive signalling mechanism in the outer retina of fish; and (2) NGF-induced cone contraction and HC spinule formation in the retina together with our previous observation would suggest that the effects of NGF may be mediated through NO by means of DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Haamedi
- Neurobiology Group, Department of Biology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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