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O'Brien CP, Miao RK, Shayesteh Zeraati A, Lee G, Sargent EH, Sinton D. CO 2 Electrolyzers. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3648-3693. [PMID: 38518224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
CO2 electrolyzers have progressed rapidly in energy efficiency and catalyst selectivity toward valuable chemical feedstocks and fuels, such as syngas, ethylene, ethanol, and methane. However, each component within these complex systems influences the overall performance, and the further advances needed to realize commercialization will require an approach that considers the whole process, with the electrochemical cell at the center. Beyond the cell boundaries, the electrolyzer must integrate with upstream CO2 feeds and downstream separation processes in a way that minimizes overall product energy intensity and presents viable use cases. Here we begin by describing upstream CO2 sources, their energy intensities, and impurities. We then focus on the cell, the most common CO2 electrolyzer system architectures, and each component within these systems. We evaluate the energy savings and the feasibility of alternative approaches including integration with CO2 capture, direct conversion of flue gas and two-step conversion via carbon monoxide. We evaluate pathways that minimize downstream separations and produce concentrated streams compatible with existing sectors. Applying this comprehensive upstream-to-downstream approach, we highlight the most promising routes, and outlook, for electrochemical CO2 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin P O'Brien
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Rui Kai Miao
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Ali Shayesteh Zeraati
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Geonhui Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Edward H Sargent
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - David Sinton
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
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Effect of solvent type on fabrication of bipolar membrane for recovering acid in BMED system. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03911-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Karpenko TV, Kovalev NV, Kirillova KR, Achoh AR, Melnikov SS, Sheldeshov NV, Zabolotsky VI. Competing Transport of Malonic and Acetic acids across Commercial and Modified RALEX AMH Anion-Exchange Membranes. MEMBRANES AND MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s2517751622020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Schuler E, Stoop M, Shiju NR, Gruter GJM. Stepping Stones in CO 2 Utilization: Optimizing the Formate to Oxalate Coupling Reaction Using Response Surface Modeling. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2021; 9:14777-14788. [PMID: 34777925 PMCID: PMC8579406 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c04539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
One of the crucial steps for the conversion of CO2 into polymers is the catalytic formate to oxalate coupling reaction (FOCR). Formate can be obtained from the (electro)catalytic reduction of CO2, while oxalate can be further processed toward building blocks for modern plastics. In its 175 year history, multiple parameters for the FOCR have been suggested to be of importance. Yet, no comprehensive understanding considering all those parameters is available. Hence, we aim to assess the relative impact of all those parameters and deduce the optimal reaction conditions for the FOCR. We follow a systematic two-stage approach in which we first evaluate the most suitable categorical variables of catalyst, potential poisons, and reaction atmospheres. In the second stage, we evaluate the impact of the continuous variables temperature, reaction time, catalyst loading, and active gas removal within previously proposed ranges, using a response surface modeling methodology. We found KOH to be the most suitable catalyst, and it allows yields of up to 93%. Water was found to be the strongest poison, and its efficient removal increased oxalate yields by 35%. The most promising reaction atmosphere is hydrogen, with the added benefit of being equal to the gas produced in the reaction. The temperature has the highest impact on the reaction, followed by reaction time and purge rates. We found no significant impact of catalyst loading on the reaction within the ranges reported previously. This research provides a clear and concise multiparameter optimization of the FOCR and provides insight into the reaction cascade involving the formation and decomposition of oxalates from formate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Schuler
- Van
‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marit Stoop
- Van
‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N. Raveendran Shiju
- Van
‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gert-Jan M. Gruter
- Van
‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Avantium
Chemicals BV, Zekeringstraat
29, 1014 BV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Schuler E, Demetriou M, Shiju NR, Gruter GM. Towards Sustainable Oxalic Acid from CO 2 and Biomass. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:3636-3664. [PMID: 34324259 PMCID: PMC8519076 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
To quickly and drastically reduce CO2 emissions and meet our ambitions of a circular future, we need to develop carbon capture and storage (CCS) and carbon capture and utilization (CCU) to deal with the CO2 that we produce. While we have many alternatives to replace fossil feedstocks for energy generation, for materials such as plastics we need carbon. The ultimate circular carbon feedstock would be CO2 . A promising route is the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to formic acid derivatives that can subsequently be converted into oxalic acid. Oxalic acid is a potential new platform chemical for material production as useful monomers such as glycolic acid can be derived from it. This work is part of the European Horizon 2020 project "Ocean" in which all these steps are developed. This Review aims to highlight new developments in oxalic acid production processes with a focus on CO2 -based routes. All available processes are critically assessed and compared on criteria including overall process efficiency and triple bottom line sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Schuler
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041090 GDAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marilena Demetriou
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041090 GDAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - N. Raveendran Shiju
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041090 GDAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Gert‐Jan M. Gruter
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041090 GDAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Avantium Chemicals BVZekeringstraat 291014 BVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Investigation of ion-exchange membranes by means of chronopotentiometry: A comprehensive review on this highly informative and multipurpose technique. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 293:102439. [PMID: 34058435 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrodialysis is mostly used for drinking water production but it has gained applicability in different new fields in recent decades. Membrane characteristics and ion transport properties strongly influence the efficiency of electrodialysis and must be evaluated to avoid an intense energy consumption and ensure long membrane times of usage. To this aim, conducting studies on ion transport across membranes is essential. Several dynamic characterization methods can be employed, among which, chronopotentiometry has shown special relevance because it allows a direct access to the contribution of the potential in different states of the membrane/solution system. The present paper provides a critical review on the use of chronopotentiometry to determine the main membrane transport properties and to evaluate mass transfer phenomena. Properties, such as limiting current density, electrical resistances, plateau length, transport number of counter-ions in the membrane, transition times, and apparent fraction of membrane conductive area have been intensively discussed in the literature and are presented in this review. Some of the phenomena evaluated using this technique are concentration polarization, gravitational convection, electroconvection, water dissociation, and fouling/scaling, all of them also shown herein. Mathematical and experimental studies were considered. New trends in chronopotentiometric studies should include ion-exchange membranes that have been recently developed (presenting anti-fouling, anti-microbial, and monovalent-selective properties) and a deeper discussion on the behaviour of complex solutions that have been often treated by electrodialysis, such as municipal wastewaters. New mathematical models, especially 3D ones, are also expected to be developed in the coming years.
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Lei C, Li Z, Gao Q, Fu R, Wang W, Li Q, Liu Z. Comparative study on the production of gluconic acid by electrodialysis and bipolar membrane electrodialysis: Effects of cell configurations. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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A closed loop production of water insoluble organic acid using bipolar membranes electrodialysis (BMED). J Memb Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hundt M, Engel N, Schnitzlein K, Schnitzlein MG. The AlkaPolP process: Fractionation of various lignocelluloses and continuous pulping within an integrated biorefinery concept. Chem Eng Res Des 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractThe applicability of ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) in chemical synthesis was discussed based on the existing literature. At first, a brief description of properties and structures of commercially available ion-exchange membranes was provided. Then, the IEM-based synthesis methods reported in the literature were summarized, and areas of their application were discussed. The methods in question, namely: membrane electrolysis, electro-electrodialysis, electrodialysis metathesis, ion-substitution electrodialysis and electrodialysis with bipolar membrane, were found to be applicable for a number of organic and inorganic syntheses and acid/base production or recovery processes, which can be conducted in aqueous and non-aqueous solvents. The number and the quality of the scientific reports found indicate a great potential for IEMs in chemical synthesis.
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Xue S, Wu C, Wu Y, Chen J, Li Z. Bipolar membrane electrodialysis for treatment of sodium acetate waste residue. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Rozoy E, Boudesocque L, Bazinet L. Deacidification of cranberry juice by electrodialysis with bipolar membranes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:642-651. [PMID: 25537500 DOI: 10.1021/jf502824f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cranberry is recognized for its many benefits on human health; however, its high acidity may be a limiting factor for its consumption. This study aimed to investigate the deacidification of cranberry juice using a two simultaneous step electrodialysis with bipolar membranes (EDBM) process. In step 1 (deacidification), during the 6 h treatment, the pH of the juice increased from 2.47 to 2.71 and a deacidification rate of 22.84% was obtained, whereas in step 2 (pH lowering) the pH of juice 2 was almost stable. Citric, quinic, and malic acid were extracted with a maximum of 25% and were mainly transferred to the KCl 2 fraction. A significant loss of anthocyanins in juice 2 (step 2) was observed, due to their oxidation by oxygen incorporated by the centrifugal pump. This also affected its coloration. The first step of the EDBM process was successful for cranberry juice deacidification and could be improved by increasing the number of membranes stacked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Rozoy
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF) and Department of Food Sciences, Pavillon Paul Comtois, Université Laval , Quebec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
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Jiang C, Wang Y, Wang Q, Feng H, Xu T. Production of Lithium Hydroxide from Lake Brines through Electro–Electrodialysis with Bipolar Membranes (EEDBM). Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie404334s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenxiao Jiang
- Laboratory
of Functional
Membranes, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yaoming Wang
- Laboratory
of Functional
Membranes, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qiuyue Wang
- Laboratory
of Functional
Membranes, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hongyan Feng
- Laboratory
of Functional
Membranes, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Tongwen Xu
- Laboratory
of Functional
Membranes, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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Shen J, Huang J, Liu L, Ye W, Lin J, Van der Bruggen B. The use of BMED for glyphosate recovery from glyphosate neutralization liquor in view of zero discharge. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 260:660-7. [PMID: 23832058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline glyphosate neutralization liquors containing a high salinity pose a severe environmental pollution problem by the pesticide industry. However, there is a high potential for glyphosate recovery due to the high concentration of glyphosate in the neutralization liquors. In the study, a three-compartment bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) process was applied on pilot scale for the recovery of glyphosate and the production of base/acid with high concentration in view of zero discharge of wastewater. The experimental results demonstrate that BMED can remove 99.0% of NaCl from the feed solution and transform this fraction into HCl and NaOH with high concentration and purity. This is recycled for the hydrolysis reaction of the intermediate product generated by the means of the Mannich reaction of paraformaldehyde, glycine and dimethylphosphite catalyzed by triethylamine in the presence of HCl and reclamation of the triethylamine catalyst during the production process of glyphosate. The recovery of glyphosate in the feed solution was over 96%, which is acceptable for industrial production. The current efficiency for producing NaOH with a concentration of 2.0 mol L(-1) is above 67% and the corresponding energy consumption is 2.97 kWh kg(-1) at a current density of 60 mA cm(-2). The current efficiency increases and energy consumption decreases as the current density decreases, to 87.13% and 2.37 kWh kg(-1), respectively, at a current density of 30 mA cm(-2). Thus, BMED has a high potential for desalination of glyphosate neutralization liquor and glyphosate recovery, aiming at zero discharge and resource recycling in industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangnan Shen
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China.
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Jiang C, Wang Y, Xu T. An excellent method to produce morpholine by bipolar membrane electrodialysis. Sep Purif Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2013.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Production of lactobionic acid by means of a process comprising the catalytic oxidation of lactose and bipolar membrane electrodialysis. Sep Purif Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2013.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zhang K, Wang M, Gao C. Ion conductive spacers for the energy-saving production of the tartaric acid in bipolar membrane electrodialysis. J Memb Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wang Y, Zhang N, Huang C, Xu T. Production of monoprotic, diprotic, and triprotic organic acids by using electrodialysis with bipolar membranes: Effect of cell configurations. J Memb Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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21
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Zhang K, Wang M, Gao C. Tartaric acid production by ion exchange resin-filling electrometathesis and its process economics. J Memb Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Zhang K, Wang M, Wang D, Gao C. The energy-saving production of tartaric acid using ion exchange resin-filling bipolar membrane electrodialysis. J Memb Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2009.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Jaime-Ferrer J, Couallier E, Viers P, Rakib M. Two-compartment bipolar membrane electrodialysis for splitting of sodium formate into formic acid and sodium hydroxide: Modelling. J Memb Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2008.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Huang C, Xu T, Zhang Y, Xue Y, Chen G. Application of electrodialysis to the production of organic acids: State-of-the-art and recent developments. J Memb Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2006.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Shaikh RG, Shukla A, Sinha S, Kumar J, Kumar A. Preparation of bipolar zeolite exchangers by gas-phase modification using NOx. Chem Eng Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2003.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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