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Gülke E, Horn MA, Caffier J, Pinnschmidt H, Hamel W, Moll CKE, Gulberti A, Pötter-Nerger M. Comparison of subthalamic unilateral and bilateral theta burst deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1233565. [PMID: 37868697 PMCID: PMC10585145 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1233565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
High-frequency, conventional deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in Parkinson's disease (PD) is usually applied bilaterally under the assumption of additive effects due to interhemispheric crosstalk. Theta burst stimulation (TBS-DBS) represents a new patterned stimulation mode with 5 Hz interburst and 200 Hz intraburst frequency, whose stimulation effects in a bilateral mode compared to unilateral are unknown. This single-center study evaluated acute motor effects of the most affected, contralateral body side in 17 PD patients with unilateral subthalamic TBS-DBS and 11 PD patients with bilateral TBS-DBS. Compared to therapy absence, both unilateral and bilateral TBS-DBS significantly improved (p < 0.05) lateralized Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III (MDS-UPDRS III) scores. Bilateral TBS-DBS revealed only slight, but not significant additional effects in comparison to unilateral TBS-DBS on total lateralized motor scores, but on the subitem lower limb rigidity. These results indicate that bilateral TBS-DBS has limited additive beneficial effects compared to unilateral TBS-DBS in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Gülke
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin A. Horn
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Caffier
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans Pinnschmidt
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hamel
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian K. E. Moll
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alessandro Gulberti
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Monika Pötter-Nerger
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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2
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Alavi SM, Mirzaei A, Valizadeh A, Ebrahimpour R. Excitatory deep brain stimulation quenches beta oscillations arising in a computational model of the subthalamo-pallidal loop. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7845. [PMID: 35552409 PMCID: PMC9098470 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is associated with abnormal \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\beta$$\end{document}β band oscillations (13–30 Hz) in the cortico-basal ganglia circuits. Abnormally increased striato-pallidal inhibition and strengthening the synaptic coupling between subthalamic nucleus (STN) and globus pallidus externa (GPe), due to the loss of dopamine, are considered as the potential sources of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\beta$$\end{document}β oscillations in the basal ganglia. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the basal ganglia subregions is known as a way to reduce the pathological \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\beta$$\end{document}β oscillations and motor deficits related to PD. Despite the success of the DBS, its underlying mechanism is poorly understood and, there is controversy about the inhibitory or excitatory role of the DBS in the literature. Here, we utilized a computational network model of basal ganglia which consists of STN, GPe, globus pallidus interna, and thalamic neuronal population. This model can reproduce healthy and pathological \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\beta$$\end{document}β oscillations similar to what has been observed in experimental studies. Using this model, we investigated the effect of DBS to understand whether its effect is excitatory or inhibitory. Our results show that the excitatory DBS is able to quench the pathological synchrony and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\beta$$\end{document}β oscillations, while, applying inhibitory DBS failed to quench the PD signs. In light of simulation results, we conclude that the effect of the DBS on its target is excitatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mojtaba Alavi
- Faculty of Computer Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran.,School of Cognitive Sciences (SCS), Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Valizadeh
- Department of Physics, Institute for Advance Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, Iran.,School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ebrahimpour
- Faculty of Computer Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran. .,School of Cognitive Sciences (SCS), Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Sirica D, Hewitt AL, Tarolli CG, Weber MT, Zimmerman C, Santiago A, Wensel A, Mink JW, Lizárraga KJ. Neurophysiological biomarkers to optimize deep brain stimulation in movement disorders. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2021; 11:315-328. [PMID: 34261338 PMCID: PMC8977945 DOI: 10.2217/nmt-2021-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraoperative neurophysiological information could increase accuracy of surgical deep brain stimulation (DBS) lead placement. Subsequently, DBS therapy could be optimized by specifically targeting pathological activity. In Parkinson’s disease, local field potentials (LFPs) excessively synchronized in the beta band (13–35 Hz) correlate with akinetic-rigid symptoms and their response to DBS therapy, particularly low beta band suppression (13–20 Hz) and high frequency gamma facilitation (35–250 Hz). In dystonia, LFPs abnormally synchronize in the theta/alpha (4–13 Hz), beta and gamma (60–90 Hz) bands. Phasic dystonic symptoms and their response to DBS correlate with changes in theta/alpha synchronization. In essential tremor, LFPs excessively synchronize in the theta/alpha and beta bands. Adaptive DBS systems will individualize pathological characteristics of neurophysiological signals to automatically deliver therapeutic DBS pulses of specific spatial and temporal parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sirica
- Motor Physiology & Neuromodulation Program, Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14618, USA
| | - Angela L Hewitt
- Motor Physiology & Neuromodulation Program, Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14618, USA.,Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - Christopher G Tarolli
- Motor Physiology & Neuromodulation Program, Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14618, USA.,Center for Health & Technology (CHeT), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Miriam T Weber
- Motor Physiology & Neuromodulation Program, Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14618, USA
| | - Carol Zimmerman
- Motor Physiology & Neuromodulation Program, Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14618, USA
| | - Aida Santiago
- Motor Physiology & Neuromodulation Program, Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14618, USA
| | - Andrew Wensel
- Motor Physiology & Neuromodulation Program, Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14618, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14618, USA
| | - Jonathan W Mink
- Motor Physiology & Neuromodulation Program, Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14618, USA.,Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - Karlo J Lizárraga
- Motor Physiology & Neuromodulation Program, Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14618, USA.,Center for Health & Technology (CHeT), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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4
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Interaction of Indirect and Hyperdirect Pathways on Synchrony and Tremor-Related Oscillation in the Basal Ganglia. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:6640105. [PMID: 33790961 PMCID: PMC7984917 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6640105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-frequency oscillatory activity (3-9 Hz) and increased synchrony in the basal ganglia (BG) are recognized to be crucial for Parkinsonian tremor. However, the dynamical mechanism underlying the tremor-related oscillations still remains unknown. In this paper, the roles of the indirect and hyperdirect pathways on synchronization and tremor-related oscillations are considered based on a modified Hodgkin-Huxley model. Firstly, the effects of indirect and hyperdirect pathways are analysed individually, which show that increased striatal activity to the globus pallidus external (GPe) or strong cortical gamma input to the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is sufficient to promote synchrony and tremor-related oscillations in the BG network. Then, the mutual effects of both pathways are analysed by adjusting the related currents simultaneously. Our results suggest that synchrony and tremor-related oscillations would be strengthened if the current of these two paths are in relative imbalance. And the network tends to be less synchronized and less tremulous when the frequency of cortical input is in the theta band. These findings may provide novel treatments in the cortex and striatum to alleviate symptoms of tremor in Parkinson's disease.
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Praveen Rajneesh C, Liou JC, Hsieh TH, Lin JH, Peng CW. The voiding efficiency in rat models with dopaminergic brain lesions induced through unilateral and bilateral intrastriatal injections. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243452. [PMID: 33270757 PMCID: PMC7714362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder dysfunction is a common phenomenon in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. A research attempt was made to analyze the voiding efficiency (VE) and bladder functions in rats with PD induced by unilateral or bilateral injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the medial forebrain bundle. PD rats were divided into unilateral- and bilateral-injected groups and subjected to rotation and beam walking tests. Further, the experimental rats underwent cystometric measurements for analyses of bladder dysfunction and VE. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to analyze the dopaminergic neuron depletion on the target area. Outcomes of the rotation and beam walking tests revealed the extent of parkinsonism in the experimental rats. Urodynamic observations denoted that rats with unilateral PD exhibited a significantly decreased VE (from 68.3±3.5% to 32.7±5.8%), while rats with bilateral PD displayed a much-reduced and substantially lower level of VE of 18.3±5.1% compared to the control value and to that of rats with unilateral PD. Rats with bilateral PD showed more-extensive behavioral deficits and urodynamic changes than did rats with unilateral PD. These significant changes in motor, behavioral, bladder function and VE were due to an extensive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra region on both sides of the brain. The obtained results were substantiated with appropriate immunohistochemical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chellappan Praveen Rajneesh
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Chiun Liou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsun Hsieh
- Department of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Hong Lin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Peng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center of Biomedical Device, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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6
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Hasegawa H, Fischer P, Tan H, Pogosyan A, Samuel M, Brown P, Ashkan K. The Effect of Unilateral Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation on Contralateral Subthalamic Nucleus Local Field Potentials. Neuromodulation 2020; 23:509-514. [PMID: 32281215 DOI: 10.1111/ner.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Unilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson's disease (PD) improves ipsilateral symptoms, but how this occurs is not well understood. We investigated whether unilateral STN DBS suppresses contralateral STN beta activity in the local field potential (LFP), since previous research has shown that activity in the beta band can correlate with the severity of contralateral clinical symptoms and is modulated by DBS. MATERIALS AND METHODS We recorded STN LFPs from 14 patients who underwent bilateral STN DBS for PD. Following a baseline recording, unilateral STN stimulation was delivered at therapeutic parameters while LFPs were recorded from the contralateral (unstimulated) STN. RESULTS Unilateral STN DBS suppressed contralateral beta power (p = 0.039, relative suppression = -5.7% ± [SD] 16% when averaging across the highest beta peak channels; p = 0.033, relative suppression = -5.2% ± 13% when averaging across all channels). Unilateral STN DBS produced a 17% ipsilateral (p = 0.016) and 29% contralateral (p = 0.002) improvement in upper limb hemi-body bradykinesia-rigidity (UPDRS-III, items 3.3-3.6). The ipsilateral clinical improvement and the change in contralateral beta power were not significantly correlated. CONCLUSIONS Unilateral STN DBS suppresses contralateral STN beta LFP. This indicates that unilateral STN DBS modulates bilateral basal ganglia networks. It remains unclear whether this mechanism accounts for the ipsilateral motor improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harutomo Hasegawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Neurology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Petra Fischer
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Huiling Tan
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alek Pogosyan
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael Samuel
- Department of Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Neurology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Peter Brown
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Keyoumars Ashkan
- Department of Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Neurology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
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7
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Anastasopoulos D. Tremor in Parkinson's Disease May Arise from Interactions of Central Rhythms with Spinal Reflex Loop Oscillations. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2020; 10:383-392. [PMID: 31929120 PMCID: PMC7242831 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-191715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It is commonly believed that tremor, one of the cardinal signs of Parkinson’s disease, is associated with cerebello-thalamo-cortical oscillations set off by the dopamine-depleted basal ganglia networks. The triggering mechanism has been, however, not entirely delineated. Several reports have pointed to the relevance of interactions with peripheral/spinal mechanisms to tremor generation. Investigations of motor unit synchronization and discharge patterns suggested that exaggerated beta-band oscillations may intermittently reach alpha-motoneurons and modulate low-amplitude membrane oscillations due to spinal loop transmission delays. As a result, the spinal reflex loop will oscillate more vigorously and at a lower frequency and, in turn, entrain larger transcortical loops. Motoneurons may thus represent the specific generator “node” in a tremor network encompassing both cerebral and peripheral/spinal recurrent circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Anastasopoulos
- Department of Neurology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.,Akutnahe Rehabilitation, Kantonsspital Baden, Baden/Bad Zurzach, Switzerland
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8
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Botulinum Neurotoxin-A Injected Intrastriatally into Hemiparkinsonian Rats Improves the Initiation Time for Left and Right Forelimbs in Both Forehand and Backhand Directions. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040992. [PMID: 30823527 PMCID: PMC6412467 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Forelimb stepping is a widely used test for the assessment of forelimb akinesia in hemiparkinsonian (hemi-PD) rats. The initiation time (IT) is considered the most sensitive parameter in the stepping test procedure. Here we propose a novel, reliable, and simple method for the measurement of IT of both forelimbs in both forehand and backhand directions in rats. Evaluating the same videos taken for quantifying adjusting steps, IT measurements were done without additional experiments. This is in contrast to the classical approach introduced by Olsson et al. (1995), in which separate experiments are necessary. We successfully applied our approach to hemi-PD rats intrastriatally treated with botulinum neurotoxin-A (BoNT-A). In naïve rats, an IT of about 0.62 s was found, and in right-sided hemi-PD rats the IT of the left forepaw increased to about 3.62 s. These hemi-PD rats showed, however, reduced ITs of the impaired left forepaws 1 month and the second time 7 months after induction of hemi-PD via the injection of 1 ng BoNT-A into the ipsilateral striatum, depending on post BoNT-A survival time. The method described offers the possibility of a precise and animal-friendly evaluation of IT in rats, including the beneficial effect of BoNT-A treatment in hemi-PD rats.
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9
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Neuronal firing rate and oscillatory patterns in the basal ganglia nuclei differ from those of the ventrolateral thalamus in patients with Parkinson disease. Neurosci Lett 2018; 683:1-6. [PMID: 29913198 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We compared the firing rates and proportion of patterns of oscillatory neurons in the subthalamic nucleus (STN), globus pallidus internus (GPi), and ventrolateral thalamus (VL) in Parkinson disease (PD). Twenty-nine patients with PD who underwent stereotactic neurosurgery were included in the study. Microelectrode recordings in the STN (n = 16), GPi (n = 9), and VL (n = 9) were performed. Power spectral analysis was used to explore neuronal oscillation. Of 76 STN neurons, 39.5% were tremor frequency oscillatory neurons (4-6 Hz, TFB) and 28.9% were β frequency oscillatory neurons (βFB); their mean spontaneous firing rate (MSFR) was 44.2 ± 7.6 Hz (n = 52). Of 62 GPi neurons, 37.1% were TFB oscillatory neurons and 27.4% were βFB oscillatory neurons; the MSFR was 80.9 ± 9.6 Hz. Of 69 V L neurons, 65.2% were TFB oscillatory neurons and 11.6% were βFB oscillatory neurons; the MSFR was 26.7 ± 5.0 Hz. The increased MSFR of GPi and reduced MSFR of VL oscillatory neurons in parkinsonian patients further support prediction of a pathophysiology model of PD. The high proportion of βFB oscillatory neurons in the STN and GPi suggests that dopaminergic deficits result in abnormal β oscillatory synchronization in the basal ganglia in the parkinsonian state. The high proportion of TFB oscillatory neurons in the VL demonstrates that both the basal ganglia and cerebellothalamic circuits are involved in the generation of parkinsonian tremor; the latter circuit might have a more important role in tremor genesis.
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10
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Pallidal deep brain stimulation in juvenile Huntington's disease: local field potential oscillations and clinical data. J Neurol 2018; 265:1573-1579. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-018-8880-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Long LL, Podurgiel SJ, Haque AF, Errante EL, Chrobak JJ, Salamone JD. Subthalamic and Cortical Local Field Potentials Associated with Pilocarpine-Induced Oral Tremor in the Rat. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:123. [PMID: 27378874 PMCID: PMC4911403 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tremulous jaw movements (TJMs) are rapid vertical deflections of the lower jaw that resemble chewing but are not directed at any particular stimulus. In rodents, TJMs are induced by neurochemical conditions that parallel those seen in human Parkinsonism, including neurotoxic or pharmacological depletion of striatal dopamine (DA), DA antagonism, and cholinomimetic administration. Moreover, TJMs in rodents can be attenuated by antiparkinsonian agents, including levodopa (L-DOPA), DA agonists, muscarinic antagonists, and adenosine A2A antagonists. In human Parkinsonian patients, exaggerated physiological synchrony is seen in the beta frequency band in various parts of the cortical/basal ganglia/thalamic circuitry, and activity in the tremor frequency range (3–7 Hz) also has been recorded. The present studies were undertaken to determine if tremor-related local field potential (LFP) activity could be recorded from motor cortex (M1) or subthalamic nucleus (STN) during the TJMs induced by the muscarinic agonist pilocarpine, which is a well-known tremorogenic agent. Pilocarpine induced a robust TJM response that was marked by rhythmic electromyographic (EMG) activity in the temporalis muscle. Compared to periods with no tremor activity, TJM epochs were characterized by increased LFP activity in the tremor frequency range in both neocortex and STN. Tremor activity was not associated with increased synchrony in the beta frequency band. These studies identified tremor-related LFP activity in parts of the cortical/basal ganglia circuitry that are involved in the pathophysiology of Parkinsonism. This research may ultimately lead to identification of the oscillatory neural mechanisms involved in the generation of tremulous activity, and promote development of novel treatments for tremor disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L Long
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT, USA
| | | | - Aileen F Haque
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Emily L Errante
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT, USA
| | - James J Chrobak
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT, USA
| | - John D Salamone
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT, USA
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12
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Bilateral coherence between motor cortices and subthalamic nuclei in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Clin Neurophysiol 2015; 126:1941-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Beudel M, Brown P. Adaptive deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2015; 22 Suppl 1:S123-6. [PMID: 26411502 PMCID: PMC4671979 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is an established treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD), there are still limitations in terms of effectivity, side-effects and battery consumption. One of the reasons for this may be that not only pathological but also physiological neural activity can be suppressed whilst stimulating. For this reason, adaptive DBS (aDBS), where stimulation is applied according to the level of pathological activity, might be advantageous. Initial studies of aDBS demonstrate effectiveness in PD, but there are still many questions to be answered before aDBS can be applied clinically. Here we discuss the feedback signals and stimulation algorithms involved in adaptive stimulation in PD and sketch a potential road-map towards clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Beudel
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P Brown
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; The Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit at the University of Oxford, OX1 3TH, UK.
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14
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Mamun KA, Mace M, Lutman ME, Stein J, Liu X, Aziz T, Vaidyanathan R, Wang S. Movement decoding using neural synchronization and inter-hemispheric connectivity from deep brain local field potentials. J Neural Eng 2015; 12:056011. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/12/5/056011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Sommerlade L, Mader M, Mader W, Timmer J, Thiel M, Grebogi C, Schelter B. Optimized spectral estimation for nonlinear synchronizing systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 89:032912. [PMID: 24730918 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.89.032912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In many fields of research nonlinear dynamical systems are investigated. When more than one process is measured, besides the distinct properties of the individual processes, their interactions are of interest. Often linear methods such as coherence are used for the analysis. The estimation of coherence can lead to false conclusions when applied without fulfilling several key assumptions. We introduce a data driven method to optimize the choice of the parameters for spectral estimation. Its applicability is demonstrated based on analytical calculations and exemplified in a simulation study. We complete our investigation with an application to nonlinear tremor signals in Parkinson's disease. In particular, we analyze electroencephalogram and electromyogram data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Sommerlade
- Institute for Complex Systems and Mathematical Biology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, United Kingdom and Department of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany and Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modeling (FDM), University of Freiburg, Eckerstrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany and Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Malenka Mader
- Department of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany and Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modeling (FDM), University of Freiburg, Eckerstrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany and Hospital for Neuropaediatrics and Muscular Diseases, University Medical Center of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Mader
- Department of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany and Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modeling (FDM), University of Freiburg, Eckerstrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jens Timmer
- Department of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany and Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modeling (FDM), University of Freiburg, Eckerstrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany and Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Thiel
- Institute for Complex Systems and Mathematical Biology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, United Kingdom
| | - Celso Grebogi
- Institute for Complex Systems and Mathematical Biology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, United Kingdom and Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Björn Schelter
- Institute for Complex Systems and Mathematical Biology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, United Kingdom and Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modeling (FDM), University of Freiburg, Eckerstrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Timmermann L, Florin E, Reck C. Pathological cerebral oscillatory activity in Parkinson’s disease: a critical review on methods, data and hypotheses. Expert Rev Med Devices 2014; 4:651-61. [PMID: 17850199 DOI: 10.1586/17434440.4.5.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although well-known for more than a century, a sound pathophysiological mechanism for Parkinson's disease (PD) was lacking for a long time. The recent availability of electrophysiological techniques, such as magnetoencephalography, high-resolution electroencephalography and intra- and post-operative recordings in PD patients undergoing deep brain stimulation, allowed new approaches to record neuronal activity. Furthermore, the new application of signal analysis tools, such as the fast Fourier transformation, coherence, phase shifts, as well as causality measures, gave tremendous new insights into mechanisms of frequency-dependent oscillatory coupling. This review highlights these new analysis approaches, reviews the noninvasive magnetoencephalography, electroencephalography and intra- and post-operative data on PD patients, and summarizes the modern hypothesis that PD results from pathological oscillatory synchronization in the human sensorimotor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Timmermann
- University Hospital Cologne, Department of Neurology, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9, 50924 Köln, Germany.
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17
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Camacho-Abrego I, Tellez-Merlo G, Melo AI, Rodríguez-Moreno A, Garcés L, De La Cruz F, Zamudio S, Flores G. Rearrangement of the dendritic morphology of the neurons from prefrontal cortex and hippocampus after subthalamic lesion in Sprague-Dawley rats. Synapse 2013; 68:114-26. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Israel Camacho-Abrego
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría; Instituto de Fisiología; Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; CP: 72570, Puebla Puebla México
- Departamento de Fisiología; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas; Instituto Politécnico Nacional; México D. F. México
| | - Gullermina Tellez-Merlo
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría; Instituto de Fisiología; Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; CP: 72570, Puebla Puebla México
| | - Angel I. Melo
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal; CINVESTAV-Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala; Tlaxcala México
| | | | - Linda Garcés
- Departamento de Fisiología; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas; Instituto Politécnico Nacional; México D. F. México
| | - Fidel De La Cruz
- Departamento de Fisiología; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas; Instituto Politécnico Nacional; México D. F. México
| | - Sergio Zamudio
- Departamento de Fisiología; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas; Instituto Politécnico Nacional; México D. F. México
| | - Gonzalo Flores
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría; Instituto de Fisiología; Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; CP: 72570, Puebla Puebla México
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18
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Hirschmann J, Hartmann CJ, Butz M, Hoogenboom N, Ozkurt TE, Elben S, Vesper J, Wojtecki L, Schnitzler A. A direct relationship between oscillatory subthalamic nucleus-cortex coupling and rest tremor in Parkinson's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 136:3659-70. [PMID: 24154618 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Electrophysiological studies suggest that rest tremor in Parkinson's disease is associated with an alteration of oscillatory activity. Although it is well known that tremor depends on cortico-muscular coupling, it is unclear whether synchronization within and between brain areas is specifically related to the presence and severity of tremor. To tackle this longstanding issue, we took advantage of naturally occurring spontaneous tremor fluctuations and investigated cerebral synchronization in the presence and absence of rest tremor. We simultaneously recorded local field potentials from the subthalamic nucleus, the magnetoencephalogram and the electromyogram of forearm muscles in 11 patients with Parkinson's disease (all male, age: 52-74 years). Recordings took place the day after surgery for deep brain stimulation, after withdrawal of anti-parkinsonian medication. We selected epochs containing spontaneous rest tremor and tremor-free epochs, respectively, and compared power and coherence between subthalamic nucleus, cortex and muscle across conditions. Tremor-associated changes in cerebro-muscular coherence were localized by Dynamic Imaging of Coherent Sources. Subsequently, cortico-cortical coupling was analysed by computation of the imaginary part of coherency, a coupling measure insensitive to volume conduction. After tremor onset, local field potential power increased at individual tremor frequency and cortical power decreased in the beta band (13-30 Hz). Sensor level subthalamic nucleus-cortex, cortico-muscular and subthalamic nucleus-muscle coherence increased during tremor specifically at tremor frequency. The increase in subthalamic nucleus-cortex coherence correlated with the increase in electromyogram power. On the source level, we observed tremor-associated increases in cortico-muscular coherence in primary motor cortex, premotor cortex and posterior parietal cortex contralateral to the tremulous limb. Analysis of the imaginary part of coherency revealed tremor-dependent coupling between these cortical areas at tremor frequency and double tremor frequency. Our findings demonstrate a direct relationship between the synchronization of cerebral oscillations and tremor manifestation. Furthermore, they suggest the feasibility of tremor detection based on local field potentials and might thus become relevant for the design of closed-loop stimulation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hirschmann
- 1 Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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19
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Sun XR, Chen L, Chen WF, Xue Y, Yung WH. Electrophysiological and behavioral effects of group III metabotropic glutamate receptors on pallidal neurons in normal and parkinsonian rats. Synapse 2013; 67:831-8. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Rong Sun
- Department of Physiology; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071; China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Physiology; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071; China
| | - Wen-Fang Chen
- Department of Physiology; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071; China
| | - Yan Xue
- Department of Physiology; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071; China
| | - Wing-Ho Yung
- School of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR; China
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20
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Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) with [(18)F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose was used to measure changes in regional brain glucose metabolism (BGluM) in response to optogenetic stimulation (using the excitatory channelrhodopsin-2) of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in awake rats. We demonstrated not only increases in BGluM that correlated with c-Fos expression in the region of stimulation, but also BGluM increases in the ipsilateral striatum, periaqueductal gray, and somatosensory cortex, and in contralateral amygdala, ventral pallidum, globus pallidus, and hippocampus, as well as decreases in BGluM in regions of the default mode network (retrosplenial cortex and cingulate gyrus) and secondary motor cortex. Additional exploration of c-Fos expression in regions found to be activated by PET results found corroborating evidence, with increased c-Fos expression in the ipsilateral somatosensory cortex, contralateral amygdala and globus pallidus, and bilateral periaqueductal gray. These findings are consistent with optogenetic excitation of the area of stimulation (NAc), as well as with stimulatory and inhibitory effects on downstream regions. They also confirm the utility of PET imaging to monitor connectivity in the awake rodent brain.
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21
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Hill KK, Campbell MC, McNeely ME, Karimi M, Ushe M, Tabbal SD, Hershey T, Flores HP, Hartlein JM, Lugar HM, Revilla FJ, Videen TO, Earhart GM, Perlmutter JS. Cerebral blood flow responses to dorsal and ventral STN DBS correlate with gait and balance responses in Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2013; 241:105-12. [PMID: 23262122 PMCID: PMC3570746 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The effects of subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) on gait and balance vary and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. DBS location may alter motor benefit due to anatomical heterogeneity in STN. The purposes of this study were to (1) compare the effects of DBS of dorsal (D-STN) versus ventral (V-STN) regions on gait, balance and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and (2) examine the relationships between changes in rCBF and changes in gait and balance induced by D-STN or V-STN DBS. METHODS We used a validated atlas registration to locate and stimulate through electrode contacts in D-STN and V-STN regions of 37 people with Parkinson's disease. In a within-subjects, double-blind and counterbalanced design controlled for DBS settings, we measured PET rCBF responses in a priori regions of interest and quantified gait and balance during DBS Off, unilateral D-STN DBS and unilateral V-STN DBS. RESULTS DBS of either site increased stride length without producing significant group-level changes in gait velocity, cadence or balance. Both sites increased rCBF in subcortical regions and produced variable changes in cortical and cerebellar regions. DBS-induced changes in gait velocity are related to premotor cortex rCBF changes during V-STN DBS (r=-0.40, p=0.03) and to rCBF changes in the cerebellum anterior lobe during D-STN DBS (r=-0.43, p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS DBS-induced changes in gait corresponded to rCBF responses in selected cortical and cerebellar regions. These relationships differed during D-STN versus V-STN DBS, suggesting DBS acts through distinct neuronal pathways dependent on DBS location.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Hill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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22
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Alexander GE. Biology of Parkinson's disease: pathogenesis and pathophysiology of a multisystem neurodegenerative disorder. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2012. [PMID: 22033559 PMCID: PMC3181806 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2004.6.3/galexander] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common movement disorder. The characteristic motor impairments - bradykinesia, rigidity, and resting tremor - result from degenerative loss of midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra, and are responsive to symptomatic treatment with dopaminergic medications and functional neurosurgery. PD is also the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. Viewed from this perspective, PD is a disorder of multiple functional systems, not simply the motor system, and of multiple neurotransmitter systems, not merely that of DA. The characteristic pathology - intraneuronal Lewy body inclusions and reduced numbers of surviving neurons - is similar in each of the targeted neuron groups, suggesting a common neurodegenerative process. Pathological and experimental studies indicate that oxidative stress, proteolytic stress, and inflammation figure prominently in the pathogenesis of PD. Yet, whether any of these mechanisms plays a causal role in human PD is unknown, because to date we have no proven neuroprotective therapies that slow or reverse disease progression in patients with PD. We are beginning to understand the pathophysiology of motor dysfunction in PD, but its etiopathogenesis as a neurodegenerative disorder remains poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett E Alexander
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga, USA
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23
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Parkinsonian tremor identification with multiple local field potential feature classification. J Neurosci Methods 2012; 209:320-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Lessons learned from the transgenic Huntington's disease rats. Neural Plast 2012; 2012:682712. [PMID: 22852099 PMCID: PMC3407652 DOI: 10.1155/2012/682712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal inherited disorder leading to selective neurodegeneration and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Currently, there is no treatment to slow down or to stop the disease. There is also no therapy to effectively reduce the symptoms. In the investigation of novel therapies, different animal models of Huntington's disease, varying from insects to nonhuman primates, have been created and used. Few years ago, the first transgenic rat model of HD, carrying a truncated huntingtin cDNA fragment with 51 CAG repeats under control of the native rat huntingtin promoter, was introduced. We have been using this animal model in our research and review here our experience with the behavioural, neurophysiological, and histopathological phenotype of the transgenic Huntington's disease rats with relevant literature.
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25
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Contarino MF, Bour LJ, Bot M, van den Munckhof P, Speelman JD, Schuurman PR, de Bie RM. Tremor-specific neuronal oscillation pattern in dorsal subthalamic nucleus of parkinsonian patients. Brain Stimul 2012; 5:305-314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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26
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Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor–Dopamine Interactions in the Basal Ganglia Motor Circuit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1201/b11284-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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27
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Johnson KA, Niswender CM, Conn PJ, Xiang Z. Activation of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors induces long-term depression of excitatory synaptic transmission in the substantia nigra pars reticulata. Neurosci Lett 2011; 504:102-106. [PMID: 21945652 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Activation of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu2 and mGlu3) has been implicated as a potential therapeutic strategy for treating both motor symptoms and progressive neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). Modulation of excitatory transmission in the basal ganglia represents a possible mechanism by which group II mGlu agonists could exert antiparkinsonian effects. Previous studies have identified reversible effects of mGlu2/3 activation on excitatory transmission at various synapses in the basal ganglia, including the excitatory synapse between the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr). Using whole-cell patch clamp studies of GABAergic SNr neurons in rat midbrain slices, we have found that a prolonged activation of group II mGlus by the selective agonist LY379268 induces a long-term depression (LTD) of evoked excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) amplitude. Bath application of LY379268 (100nM, 10min) induced a marked reduction in EPSC amplitude, and excitatory transmission remained depressed for at least 40min after agonist washout. The effect of LY379268 was concentration-dependent and was completely blocked by the group II mGlu-preferring antagonist LY341495 (500nM). To determine the relative contributions of mGlu2 and mGlu3 to the LTD induced by LY379268, we tested the ability of LY379268 (100nM) to induce LTD in wild type mice and mice lacking mGlu2 or mGlu3. LY379268 induced similar LTD in wild type mice and mGlu3 knockout mice, whereas LTD was absent in mGlu2 knockout mice, indicating that mGlu2 activation is necessary for the induction of LTD in the SNr. These studies suggest a novel role for mGlu2 in the long-term regulation of excitatory transmission in the SNr and invite further exploration of mGlu2 as a therapeutic target for treating the motor symptoms of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari A Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Zixiu Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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28
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Walker HC, Watts RL, Schrandt CJ, Huang H, Guthrie SL, Guthrie BL, Montgomery EB. Activation of subthalamic neurons by contralateral subthalamic deep brain stimulation in Parkinson disease. J Neurophysiol 2010; 105:1112-21. [PMID: 21177996 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00266.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple studies have shown bilateral improvement in motor symptoms in Parkinson disease (PD) following unilateral deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and internal segment of the globus pallidus, yet the mechanism(s) underlying this phenomenon are poorly understood. We hypothesized that STN neuronal activity is altered by contralateral STN DBS. This hypothesis was tested intraoperatively in humans with advanced PD using microelectrode recordings of the STN during contralateral STN DBS. We demonstrate alterations in the discharge pattern of STN neurons in response to contralateral STN DBS including short latency, temporally precise, stimulation frequency-independent responses consistent with antidromic activation. Furthermore, the total discharge frequency during contralateral high frequency stimulation (160 Hz) was greater than during low frequency stimulation (30 Hz) and the resting state. These findings demonstrate complex responses to DBS and imply that output activation throughout the basal ganglia-thalamic-cortical network rather than local inhibition is a therapeutic mechanism of DBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison C Walker
- Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
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29
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Reck C, Himmel M, Florin E, Maarouf M, Sturm V, Wojtecki L, Schnitzler A, Fink GR, Timmermann L. Coherence analysis of local field potentials in the subthalamic nucleus: differences in parkinsonian rest and postural tremor. Eur J Neurosci 2010; 32:1202-14. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07362.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Bilateral symmetry and coherence of subthalamic nuclei beta band activity in Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2010; 221:260-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Novak P, Klemp JA, Ridings LW, Lyons KE, Pahwa R, Nazzaro JM. Effect of deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus upon the contralateral subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson disease. Neurosci Lett 2009; 463:12-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Amtage F, Henschel K, Schelter B, Vesper J, Timmer J, Lücking CH, Hellwig B. High functional connectivity of tremor related subthalamic neurons in Parkinson’s disease. Clin Neurophysiol 2009; 120:1755-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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33
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Johnson KA, Conn PJ, Niswender CM. Glutamate receptors as therapeutic targets for Parkinson's disease. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2009; 8:475-91. [PMID: 19702565 DOI: 10.2174/187152709789824606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms including tremor and bradykinesia. The primary pathophysiology underlying PD is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta. Loss of these neurons causes pathological changes in neurotransmission in the basal ganglia motor circuit. The ability of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors to modulate neurotransmission throughout the basal ganglia suggests that these receptors may be targets for reversing the effects of altered neurotransmission in PD. Studies in animal models suggest that modulating the activity of these receptors may alleviate the primary motor symptoms of PD as well as side effects induced by dopamine replacement therapy. Moreover, glutamate receptor ligands may slow disease progression by delaying progressive dopamine neuron degeneration. Antagonists of NMDA receptors have shown promise in reversing motor symptoms, levodopa-induced dyskinesias, and neurodegeneration in preclinical PD models. The effects of drugs targeting AMPA receptors are more complex; while antagonists of these receptors exhibit utility in the treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesias, AMPA receptor potentiators show promise for neuroprotection. Pharmacological modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) may hold even more promise for PD treatment due to the ability of mGluRs to fine-tune neurotransmission. Antagonists of mGluR5, as well as activators of group II mGluRs and mGluR4, have shown promise in several animal models of PD. These drugs reverse motor deficits in addition to providing protection against neurodegeneration. Glutamate receptors therefore represent exciting targets for the development of novel pharmacological therapies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari A Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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34
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Christakos CN, Erimaki S, Anagnostou E, Anastasopoulos D. Tremor-related motor unit firing in Parkinson's disease: implications for tremor genesis. J Physiol 2009; 587:4811-27. [PMID: 19703960 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2009.173989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle tremors reflect rhythmical motor unit (MU) activities. Therefore, the MU firing patterns and synchrony determine the properties of the parkinsonian force tremor (FT) and the neurogenic components of associated limb tremors. They may also be indicative of the neural mechanisms of tremor genesis which to date remain uncertain. We examined these MU behaviours during isometric contractions of a finger muscle in 19 parkinsonian subjects. Our results reveal that the parkinsonian FT is abnormally large. Like the physiological FT, it is accompanied by in-phase rhythms in all MU activities. However, there exist two important differences. Firstly, the synchrony during the parkinsonian FT is stronger than the normal one and therefore contributes to the FT enhancement. Secondly, the synchronous MU components partly represent rhythmical sequences of spike doublets and triplets whose incidences directly reflect the differences of the MU firing rates to the FT frequency. According to our analyses, the latter frequency coincides with the MU recruitment rate. Consequently, the numerous medium- and small-sized active MUs contribute rhythmical twitch doublets and triplets, i.e. large force pulses, to the parkinsonian FT. The impact of this effect on the FT amplitude is found to predominate over the impact of the augmented synchrony. Importantly, apart from the rule governing the occurrence of doublets/triplets, the mean interspike intervals within such spike events are fairly fixed around 50 ms. Such regularities in MU activities may reflect properties of the neural input underlying the FT, and thus represent a basis for more focused studies of the generator(s) of parkinsonian tremors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Christakos
- Laboratory of Systems Physiology, Division of Basic Sciences, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece.
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35
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Modolo J, Beuter A. Linking brain dynamics, neural mechanisms, and deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease: An integrated perspective. Med Eng Phys 2009; 31:615-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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36
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Reck C, Florin E, Wojtecki L, Krause H, Groiss S, Voges J, Maarouf M, Sturm V, Schnitzler A, Timmermann L. Characterisation of tremor-associated local field potentials in the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 29:599-612. [PMID: 19187268 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06597.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We simultaneously recorded local field potentials (LFPs) in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and surface electromyographic signals (EMGs) from the extensor and flexor muscles of the contralateral forearm in eight patients with idiopathic tremor-dominant Parkinson's disease (resting tremor) during the bilateral implantation of deep brain stimulation electrodes. Recordings were made at different heights (in 0.5- to 2.0-mm steps beginning outside the STN) using up to five concentrically configured macroelectrodes (2 mm apart). The patients were instructed to relax their contralateral forearm (rest condition). We analysed the coherence between tremor EMGs and STN LFPs, which showed significant tremor-associated coupling at single tremor and double tremor frequencies. Moreover, the EMG-LFP coherences were characterised by differences between antagonistic muscles (flexor, extensor) and by the spatial distribution of LFPs within the STN. Coherence at single and double tremor frequencies occurred significantly more frequently within STN than above STN (in the zona incerta). In this study, we were able to show that, within STN, tremor-associated LFP activity varied with spatial distribution and with the contralateral antagonistic forearm muscles. These findings suggest the existence of distribution- and muscle-specific tremor-associated LFP activity at different tremor frequencies and an organisation of tremor-related subloops within the STN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Reck
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Barnikol UB, Popovych OV, Hauptmann C, Sturm V, Freund HJ, Tass PA. Tremor entrainment by patterned low-frequency stimulation. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2008; 366:3545-3573. [PMID: 18632457 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2008.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
High-frequency test stimulation for tremor suppression is a standard procedure for functional target localization during deep brain stimulation. This method does not work in cases where tremor vanishes intraoperatively, for example, due to general anaesthesia or due to an insertional effect. To overcome this difficulty, we developed a stimulation technique that effectively evokes tremor in a well-defined and quantifiable manner. For this, we used patterned low-frequency stimulation (PLFS), i.e. brief high-frequency pulse trains administered at pulse rates similar to neurons' preferred burst frequency. Unlike periodic single-pulse stimulation, PLFS enables one to convey effective and considerably greater integral charge densities without violation of safety requirements. In a computational investigation of an oscillatory neuronal network temporarily rendered inactive, we found that PLFS evokes synchronized activity, phase locked to the stimulus. While a stronger increase in the amount of synchrony in the neuronal population requires higher stimulus intensities, the portion of synchronously active neurons nevertheless becomes strongly phase locked to PLFS already at weak stimulus intensities. The phase entrainment effect of PLFS turned out to be robust against variations in the stimulation frequency, whereas enhancement of synchrony required precisely tuned stimulation frequencies. We applied PLFS to a patient with spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) with pronounced tremor that disappeared intraoperatively under general anaesthesia. In accordance with our computational results, PLFS evoked tremor, phase locked to the stimulus. In particular, weak PLFS caused low-amplitude, but strongly phase-locked tremor. PLFS test stimulations provided the only functional information about target localization. Optimal target point selection was confirmed by excellent post-operative tremor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utako B Barnikol
- Institute of Neurosciences and Biophysics 3-Medicine, Research Center Jülich, Leo-Brand-Street, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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Lin SH, Chen TY, Lin SZ, Shyr MH, Chou YC, Hsieh WA, Tsai ST, Chen SY. Subthalamic deep brain stimulation after anesthetic inhalation in Parkinson disease: a preliminary study. J Neurosurg 2008; 109:238-44. [PMID: 18671635 DOI: 10.3171/jns/2008/109/8/0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT The authors of this preliminary study investigated the outcome and feasibility of intraoperative microelectrode recording (MER) in patients with Parkinson disease (PD) undergoing deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) after anesthetic inhalation. METHODS The authors conducted a retrospective analysis of 10 patients with PD who received a desflurane anesthetic during bilateral STN electrode implantation. The MERs were obtained as an intraoperative guide for final electrode implantation and the data were analyzed offline. The functional target coordinates of the electrodes were compared preoperatively with estimated target coordinates. RESULTS Outcomes were evaluated using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale 6 months after surgery. The mean improvement in total and motor Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale scores was 54.27 +/- 17.96% and 48.85 +/- 16.97%, respectively. The mean STN neuronal firing rate was 29.7 +/- 14.6 Hz. Typical neuronal firing patterns of the STN and substantia pars nigra reticulata were observed in each patient during surgery. Comparing the functional target coordinates, the z axis coordinates were noted to be significantly different between the pre- and postoperative coordinates. CONCLUSIONS The authors found that MER can be adequately performed while the patient receives a desflurane anesthetic, and the results can serve as a guide for STN electrode implantation. This may be a good alternative surgical method in patients with PD who are unable to tolerate deep brain stimulation surgery with local anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Huang Lin
- Department of Neurology, Tzu Chi General Hospital, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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39
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Amtage F, Henschel K, Schelter B, Vesper J, Timmer J, Lücking CH, Hellwig B. Tremor-correlated neuronal activity in the subthalamic nucleus of Parkinsonian patients. Neurosci Lett 2008; 442:195-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.06.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Revised: 05/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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40
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Mechanisms of unilateral STN-DBS in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol 2008; 255:1236-43. [PMID: 18563467 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-008-0906-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Revised: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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41
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Modulating pathological oscillatory activity in Parkinson's disease: What's the rhythm? Exp Neurol 2008; 215:209-11. [PMID: 19041091 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 03/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is associated with pathological oscillatory activity in a wide-range cerebral network of sensory and motor areas. A number of studies identified 5 Hz, 10 Hz and 20 Hz as predominant frequencies of oscillatory activity in this cerebral oscillatory network. Clinical evidence for the importance of the pathological oscillatory activity derives from studies showing modulation of motor deficits and cognitive performance during external stimulation of patients with Parkinson's disease at 5 Hz, 10 Hz and 20 Hz. Furthermore, high-frequency stimulation in the subthalamic nucleus successfully alleviates all cardinal motor deficits in Parkinson's disease probably by suppression of 5 Hz, 10 Hz and 20 Hz activity. However, the specific role of each of these frequencies so far remains unclear. The present commentary summarizes the current pathophysiological concepts of pathological oscillatory activity in Parkinson's disease and highlights the new ideas of modulatory intervention.
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Montgomery EB, Gale JT. Mechanisms of action of deep brain stimulation (DBS). Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008; 32:388-407. [PMID: 17706780 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2005] [Revised: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is remarkably effective for a range of neurological and psychiatric disorders that have failed pharmacological and cell transplant therapies. Clinical investigations are underway for a variety of other conditions. Yet, the therapeutic mechanisms of action are unknown. In addition, DBS research demonstrates the need to re-consider many hypotheses regarding basal ganglia physiology and pathophysiology such as the notion that increased activity in the globus pallidus internal segment is causal to Parkinson's disease symptoms. Studies reveal a variety of apparently discrepant results. At the least, it is unclear which DBS effects are therapeutically effective. This systematic review attempts to organize current DBS research into a series of unifying themes or issues such as whether the therapeutic effects are local or systems-wide or whether the effects are related to inhibition or excitation. A number of alternative hypotheses are offered for consideration including suppression of abnormal activity, striping basal ganglia output of misinformation, reduction of abnormal stochastic resonance effects due to increased noise in the disease state, and reinforcement of dynamic modulation of neuronal activity by resonance effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin B Montgomery
- Department of Neurology, National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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Wang S, Green A, Stein J, Aziz T, Liu X. Identifying rhythms of subthalamic neural oscillations in time-frequency domain. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2008; 2008:5724-5728. [PMID: 19164017 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2008.4650514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to identify neural oscillations in the time-frequency representation of local field potentials recorded from the subthalamic nucleus. The time-frequency representation was normalised over the global mean and standard deviation global normalisation, or against the baseline period at each frequency, local normalisation. The cross-correlation between beta and gamma oscillations was enhanced by global normalisation. Furthermore, voluntary movement related amplitude changes in the gamma band and frequency modulation in the beta band were revealed by local normalisation. Thus global or local normalisation of time-frequency representation provides a reliable and effective way to identify oscillatory rhythms in subthalamic neural activity by reducing noise and increasing frequency discrimination. It can be used to enhance the detection of obscure or hidden neural oscillations and improve the sensitivity of post-hoc analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouyan Wang
- Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, Southampton, UK.
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44
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Brown P, Eusebio A. Paradoxes of functional neurosurgery: Clues from basal ganglia recordings. Mov Disord 2007; 23:12-20; quiz 158. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.21796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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45
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Effects of low-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus on movement in Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2007; 209:125-30. [PMID: 17950279 PMCID: PMC2288636 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Revised: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Excessive synchronization of basal ganglia neural activity at low frequencies is considered a hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, few studies have unambiguously linked this activity to movement impairment through direct stimulation of basal ganglia targets at low frequency. Furthermore, these studies have varied in their methodology and findings, so it remains unclear whether stimulation at any or all frequencies ≤ 20 Hz impairs movement and if so, whether effects are identical across this broad frequency band. To address these issues, 18 PD patients chronically implanted with deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes in both subthalamic nuclei were stimulated bilaterally at 5, 10 and 20 Hz after overnight withdrawal of their medication and the effects of the DBS on a finger tapping task were compared to performance without DBS (0 Hz). Tapping rate decreased at 5 and 20 Hz compared to 0 Hz (by 11.8 ± 4.9%, p = 0.022 and 7.4 ± 2.6%, p = 0.009, respectively) on those sides with relatively preserved baseline task performance. Moreover, the coefficient of variation of tap intervals increased at 5 and 10 Hz compared to 0 Hz (by 70.4 ± 35.8%, p = 0.038 and 81.5 ± 48.2%, p = 0.043, respectively). These data suggest that the susceptibility of basal ganglia networks to the effects of excessive synchronization may be elevated across a broad low-frequency band in parkinsonian patients, although the nature of the consequent motor impairment may depend on the precise frequencies at which synchronization occurs.
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46
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Wu J, Liu X, Feng J. Detecting causality between different frequencies. J Neurosci Methods 2007; 167:367-75. [PMID: 17928062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Revised: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Biological systems are usually non-linear and, as a result, the driving signal frequency (say, MHz) is in general not identical with the output frequency (say, N Hz). Coherence and causality analysis have been well-developed to measure the (directional) correlation between input and output signals with identical frequencies (N=M), but they are not applicable to the cases with different frequencies (N not equal M). In this paper, we propose a novel method called frequency-modified causality (coherence) analysis to resolve the issue. The input or output signal is first modulated by up-sampling or down-sampling, coherence and causality analysis are then applied to the frequency modulated and filtered signals. An optimal coherence and causality is found, revealing the true input-output relationship between signals. The method is successfully tested on data generated from a toy model, the van der Pol oscillator and then employed to analyze data recorded from Parkinson's disease (PD) patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Wu
- Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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47
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Fountas KN, Smith JR. Neuronal networks of the basal ganglia and the value of recording field potentials from them. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2007; 97:155-61. [PMID: 17691300 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-33081-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The basal ganglia constitute parts of highly sophisticated and complex neuronal networks, which represent essential elements of functional circuits, actively involved in the control of movement. The physiologic properties of these networks and their interchange with different brain areas could serve as a model for the pathophysiologic explanation of various movement disorders, particularly Parkinson's disease. Stimulation of these networks and subsequent recording of the evoked Local Field Potentials is currently used not only for understanding the pathophysiology of movement disorders but also for the physiologic localization of the anatomical target during deep brain stimulation procedures. An overview of the currently available research and clinical data from the recording of Local Field Potentials as well as the advantages, the disadvantages and the limitations of this methodology are presented in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Fountas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA.
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48
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Aziz T. Commentary to "excessive synchronisation of basal ganglia neurons at 20 Hz slows movement in Parkinson's disease". Exp Neurol 2007; 206:16. [PMID: 17511986 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 04/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tipu Aziz
- University of Oxford, Neurosurgery, Radcliffe Infirmary, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OXON OX2 6HE, UK.
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49
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Cenci MA. Dopamine dysregulation of movement control in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Trends Neurosci 2007; 30:236-43. [PMID: 17400300 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 02/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) system has an essential role in the selection and control of movement sequences, and its degeneration causes the characteristic motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonian motor symptoms are alleviated by L-DOPA, but this treatment induces motor fluctuations and dyskinesias (abnormal involuntary movements). Clinical and experimental findings indicate that the motor complications of L-DOPA pharmacotherapy are triggered by transient and large changes in extracellular DA levels. The disruption of presynaptic DA homeostasis sets in motion a cascade of postsynaptic alterations, which prime the brain for a complicated motor response to dopaminomimetic treatment. L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia provides a paradigm to study how the dysregulation of DA release and clearance results in maladaptive neuroplasticity sustaining abnormal patterns of movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Angela Cenci
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC F11, S.221 84 Lund, Sweden.
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50
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Blahak C, Wöhrle JC, Capelle HH, Bäzner H, Grips E, Weigel R, Hennerici MG, Krauss JK. Tremor reduction by subthalamic nucleus stimulation and medication in advanced Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol 2007; 254:169-78. [PMID: 17334951 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-006-0305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) has proved to be effective for tremor in Parkinson's disease (PD). Most of the recent studies used only clinical data to analyse tremor reduction. The objective of our study was to quantify tremor reduction by STN DBS and antiparkinsonian medication in elderly PD patients using an objective measuring system. Amplitude and frequency of resting tremor and re-emergent resting tremor during postural tasks were analysed using an ultrasound-based measuring system and surface electromyography. In a prospective study design nine patients with advanced PD were examined preoperatively off and on medication, and twice postoperatively during four treatment conditions: off treatment, on STN DBS, on medication, and on STN DBS plus medication. While both STN DBS and medication reduced tremor amplitude, STN DBS alone and the combination of medication and STN DBS were significantly superior to pre- and postoperative medication. STN DBS but not medication increased tremor frequency, and off treatment tremor frequency was significantly reduced postoperatively compared to baseline. These findings demonstrate that STN DBS is highly effective in elderly patients with advanced PD and moderate preoperative tremor reduction by medication. Thus, with regard to the advanced impact on the other parkinsonian symptoms, STN DBS can replace thalamic stimulation in this cohort of patients. Nevertheless, medication was still effective postoperatively and may act synergistically. The significantly superior efficacy of STN DBS on tremor amplitude and its impact on tremor frequency in contrast to medication might be explained by the influence of STN DBS on additional neural circuits independent from dopaminergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Blahak
- Department of Neurology, Universitäts klinikum Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
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