The potential of extruded chickpea, corn and bovine lung for malnutrition programs

Pulse-based snacks as functional foods: Processing challenges and biological potential

Despite their high nutritional value and potential health benefits, pulse intake has not increased in the last three decades. Several strategies have been implemented to increase pulse consumption, such as their incorporation in bakery products, breakfast cereals, and snacks. The inclusion of pulses in these products could be an alternative to satisfy the consumers' demand for healthy foods. However, pulse-based snacks face important challenges, including reducing antinutritional factors, achieving consumer acceptance, and consolidating the pulse-based snacks as functional foods. This review summarizes and discusses methods for producing snacks where cereals or tubers were replaced with at least 50% pulses. Also, it briefly assesses their effect on nutritional composition, antinutritional factors, sensory acceptance, and different health benefits evaluations. Extruded snacks exhibited high protein and dietary fiber and low fat content, contrary to the high fat content of deep fat-fried snacks. Meanwhile, baked snacks presented moderate concentrations of protein, dietary fiber, and lipids. Pulses must be pretreated using process combinations such as soaking, dehulling, cooking, fermentation, germination, and extrusion to reduce the antinutritional factors. Pulse-based snacks show good sensory acceptance. However, sensory evaluation should be more rigorous using additional untrained judges. Several studies have evaluated the health benefits of pulse-based snacks. More research is needed to validate scientifically the health benefits associated with their consumption. Pulse-based snacks could be an alternative to improve the nutritional composition of commercially available snacks. The use of pulses as ingredients of healthier snacks represents an important alternative for the food industry due to their low cost, sensory characteristics, high nutritional profile, and environmental benefits.

Current Trends in Enrichment of Wheat Pasta: Quality, Nutritional Value and Antioxidant Properties

Wheat pasta is one of the most important cereal products and is becoming increasingly popular worldwide because of its convenience, simple formulation, long shelf life, and high energetic value. Wheat pasta is usually obtained from refined flour rich in carbohydrates but with low content of phytochemicals, micronutrients, and fibre. The increased demand of consumers for healthy foods has generated interest among both researchers and food producers in developing functional food products. This review showcases the current trends in pasta fortification. Changes in the nutritional value, cooking quality, sensory attributes, and antioxidant properties of durum and common wheat pasta enriched with both plant and animal raw materials are discussed.

The impact of extrusion on the nutritional composition, dietary fiber and in vitro digestibility of gluten-free snacks based on rice, pea and carob flour blends

Consumers and the food industry are demanding healthier products. Expanded snacks with a high nutritional value were developed from different rice, pea and carob flour blends. The proximate composition, starch (total and resistant), amylose and amylopectin, dietary fiber (soluble and insoluble) contents, and the in vitro protein digestibility of different rice-legume formulations, were evaluated before and after the extrusion process. Compared with the corresponding non-extruded blends (control), the extrusion treatment did not change the total protein content, however, it reduced the soluble protein (61-86%), the fat (69-92%) and the resistant starch contents (100%). The total starch content of all studied blends increased (2-19%) after extrusion. The processing increased the in vitro protein digestibility, reaching values around 88-95% after extrusion. Total dietary fiber was reduced around 30%, and the insoluble fraction was affected to a larger extent than the soluble fraction by the extrusion process. Because of its balanced nutritional composition, high dietary fiber content, as well as low energy density, these novel gluten-free snack-like foods could be considered as functional foods and a healthier alternative to commercially available gluten-containing or gluten-free and low nutritional value snacks.

Influence of the extrusion parameters on the physical properties of chickpea and barley extrudates

In this research, the effects of extrusion processing [exit-die temperature (120-150°C), moisture content (20-24% wet basis), and screw speed (260-340 rpm)] on the specific mechanical energy and physical properties (expansion ratio, bulk density, and hardness) of desi chickpea and hullless barley extrudates were estimated using response surface methodology. Exit-die temperature and feed moisture content, as well as the interaction between them were the factors that affected the product responses the most. Significant correlation was found between the hardness and bulk density (positive), hardness and expansion ratio (negative), and bulk density and expansion ratio (negative) for both chickpea and barley extrudates. Desirable characteristics (high expansion, low bulk density, and hardness) for chickpea were obtained at high exit-die temperature, relatively high moisture, and high screw speed. As for the barley extrudates, high exit-die temperature, low moisture, and moderate to high screw speed were identified as optimal.

Utilização da farinha de feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) na elaboração de produtos de panificação

Este trabalho teve como objetivo enriquecer produtos de panificação do tipo biscoito e rocambole com farinha de feijão-caupi (FFC), avaliar sua aceitabilidade e composição química, incluindo o conteúdo dos minerais (ferro, zinco, magnésio, potássio e fósforo) e das vitaminas (tiamina e piridoxina). Foram desenvolvidas três formulações de biscoito contendo 10, 20 e 30% FFC e duas formulações de rocambole contendo 10 e 20% FFC. Observou-se um aumento no teor protéico do biscoito 30% FFC e do rocambole 20% FFC e na quantidade de cinzas dos biscoitos 20 e 30% FFC e rocambole 20% FFC, quando comparados às formulações padrão. O teor dos minerais analisados e de piridoxina aumentou à medida que FFC foi adicionada, enquanto a concentração de tiamina aumentou somente no rocambole 20% FFC. O biscoito com 10% FFC apresentou maior aceitação (84,4%), dentre os biscoitos formulados com FFC, além disso, os rocamboles com 10 e 20% FFC tiveram boa aceitação (86,7 e 77,8%, respectivamente). Todas as formulações contendo FFC tiveram notas superiores a 6, mostrando que os produtos foram aceitos sensorialmente. Desta forma, a adição de FFC visando melhorar o valor nutritivo de formulações à base de cereais é viável.

Prevalência e fatores associados à anemia entre crianças atendidas em creches públicas de São Paulo

Um dos grandes desafios na saúde pública é o combate à anemia ferropriva em crianças. Considerando a importância da cidade de São Paulo em relação ao tamanho da sua população e a escassez de estudos representativos de crianças que freqüentam creches, este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a prevalência de anemia em uma amostra probabilística de crianças freqüentadoras de creches da rede municipal de São Paulo e identificar os fatores associados. Este é um estudo transversal com 330 pré-escolares sorteados entre 20 creches públicas. Anemia foi definida como hemoglobina menor de 11g/dL. Utilizou-se regressão logística hierarquizada para análise múltipla. A prevalência de anemia foi de 68,8% (IC95% = 63,8%; 73,8%). Entre as crianças com anemia, o percentual de anemia grave (< 9,5g/dL) foi de 26,9%. Estiveram associados à anemia idade menor de 24 meses (Odds ratio (OR) = 2,7; IC95% = 1,4; 5,2) e idade do responsável pela criança menor de 25 anos (OR = 1,8; IC95% = 1,0; 3,2). A prevalência de anemia foi alta quando comparada a outros estudos. O acompanhamento de programas de combate a esta doença deve ser realizado e modificado, quando necessário, especialmente entre crianças freqüentadoras de creches públicas menores de dois anos que possuem responsáveis mais jovens.