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Ahsan MJ. Recent advances in the development of vaccines for tuberculosis. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN VACCINES 2015; 3:66-75. [PMID: 26288734 DOI: 10.1177/2051013615593891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (Tb) continues to be a dreadful infection worldwide with nearly 1.5 million deaths in 2013. Furthermore multi/extensively drug-resistant Tb (MDR/XDR-Tb) worsens the condition. Recently approved anti-Tb drugs (bedaquiline and delamanid) have the potential to induce arrhythmia and are recommended in patients with MDR-Tb when other alternatives fail. The goal of elimination of Tb by 2050 will not be achieved without an effective new vaccine. The recent advancement in the development of Tb vaccines is the keen focus of this review. To date, Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) is the only licensed Tb vaccine in use, however its efficacy in pulmonary Tb is variable in adolescents and adults. There are nearly 15 vaccine candidates in various phases of clinical trials, includes five protein or adjuvant vaccines, four viral-vectored vaccines, three mycobacterial whole cell or extract vaccines, and one each of the recombinant live and the attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Jawed Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Maharishi Arvind College of Pharmacy, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303 039, India
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Thirumurugan P, Matosiuk D, Jozwiak K. Click Chemistry for Drug Development and Diverse Chemical–Biology Applications. Chem Rev 2013; 113:4905-79. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200409f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1309] [Impact Index Per Article: 119.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Prakasam Thirumurugan
- Laboratory
of Medical Chemistry and Neuroengineering, Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of
Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin
20093, Poland
| | - Dariusz Matosiuk
- Laboratory
of Medical Chemistry and Neuroengineering, Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of
Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin
20093, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Jozwiak
- Laboratory
of Medical Chemistry and Neuroengineering, Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of
Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin
20093, Poland
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Flipo M, Willand N, Lecat-Guillet N, Hounsou C, Desroses M, Leroux F, Lens Z, Villeret V, Wohlkönig A, Wintjens R, Christophe T, Kyoung Jeon H, Locht C, Brodin P, Baulard AR, Déprez B. Discovery of novel N-phenylphenoxyacetamide derivatives as EthR inhibitors and ethionamide boosters by combining high-throughput screening and synthesis. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6391-402. [PMID: 22738293 DOI: 10.1021/jm300377g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe the screening of a 14640-compound library using a novel whole mycobacteria phenotypic assay to discover inhibitors of EthR, a transcriptional repressor implicated in the innate resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to the second-line antituberculosis drug ethionamide. From this screening a new chemical family of EthR inhibitors bearing an N-phenylphenoxyacetamide motif was identified. The X-ray structure of the most potent compound crystallized with EthR inspired the synthesis of a 960-member focused library. These compounds were tested in vitro using a rapid thermal shift assay on EthR to accelerate the optimization. The best compounds were synthesized on a larger scale and confirmed as potent ethionamide boosters on M. tuberculosis -infected macrophages. Finally, the cocrystallization of the best optimized analogue with EthR revealed an unexpected reorientation of the ligand in the binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Flipo
- Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
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Villemagne B, Crauste C, Flipo M, Baulard AR, Déprez B, Willand N. Tuberculosis: the drug development pipeline at a glance. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 51:1-16. [PMID: 22421275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a major disease causing every year 1.8 million deaths worldwide and represents the leading cause of mortality resulting from a bacterial infection. Introduction in the 60's of first-line drug regimen resulted in the control of the disease and TB was perceived as defeating. However, since the progression of HIV leading to co-infection with AIDS and the emergence of drug resistant strains, the need of new anti-tuberculosis drugs was not overstated. However in the past 40 years any new molecule did succeed in reaching the market. Today, the pipeline of potential new treatments has been fulfilled with several compounds in clinical trials or preclinical development with promising activities against sensitive and resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Compounds as gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, metronidazole or linezolid already used against other bacterial infections are currently evaluated in clinical phases 2 or 3 for treating tuberculosis. In addition, analogues of known TB drugs (PA-824, OPC-67683, PNU-100480, AZD5847, SQ609, SQ109, DC-159a) and new chemical entities (TMC207, BTZ043, DNB1, BDM31343) are under development. In this review, we report the chemical synthesis, mode of action when known, in vitro and in vivo activities and clinical data of all current small molecules targeting tuberculosis.
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Carette X, Blondiaux N, Willery E, Hoos S, Lecat-Guillet N, Lens Z, Wohlkönig A, Wintjens R, Soror SH, Frénois F, Dirié B, Villeret V, England P, Lippens G, Deprez B, Locht C, Willand N, Baulard AR. Structural activation of the transcriptional repressor EthR from Mycobacterium tuberculosis by single amino acid change mimicking natural and synthetic ligands. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 40:3018-30. [PMID: 22156370 PMCID: PMC3326297 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethionamide is an antituberculous drug for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This antibiotic requires activation by the monooxygenase EthA to exert its activity. Production of EthA is controlled by the transcriptional repressor EthR, a member of the TetR family. The sensitivity of M. tuberculosis to ethionamide can be artificially enhanced using synthetic ligands of EthR that allosterically inactivate its DNA-binding activity. Comparison of several structures of EthR co-crystallized with various ligands suggested that the structural reorganization of EthR resulting in its inactivation is controlled by a limited portion of the ligand-binding-pocket. In silico simulation predicted that mutation G106W may mimic ligands. X-ray crystallography of variant G106W indeed revealed a protein structurally similar to ligand-bound EthR. Surface plasmon resonance experiments established that this variant is unable to bind DNA, while thermal shift studies demonstrated that mutation G106W stabilizes EthR as strongly as ligands. Proton NMR of the methyl regions showed a lesser contribution of exchange broadening upon ligand binding, and the same quenched dynamics was observed in apo-variant G106W. Altogether, we here show that the area surrounding Gly106 constitutes the molecular switch involved in the conformational reorganization of EthR. These results also shed light on the mechanistic of ligand-induced allosterism controlling the DNA binding properties of TetR family repressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Carette
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019 Lille, France
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Flipo M, Desroses M, Lecat-Guillet N, Villemagne B, Blondiaux N, Leroux F, Piveteau C, Mathys V, Flament MP, Siepmann J, Villeret V, Wohlkönig A, Wintjens R, Soror SH, Christophe T, Jeon HK, Locht C, Brodin P, Déprez B, Baulard AR, Willand N. Ethionamide boosters. 2. Combining bioisosteric replacement and structure-based drug design to solve pharmacokinetic issues in a series of potent 1,2,4-oxadiazole EthR inhibitors. J Med Chem 2011; 55:68-83. [PMID: 22098589 DOI: 10.1021/jm200825u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterial transcriptional repressor EthR controls the expression of EthA, the bacterial monooxygenase activating ethionamide, and is thus largely responsible for the low sensitivity of the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis to this antibiotic. We recently reported structure-activity relationships of a series of 1,2,4-oxadiazole EthR inhibitors leading to the discovery of potent ethionamide boosters. Despite high metabolic stability, pharmacokinetic evaluation revealed poor mice exposure; therefore, a second phase of optimization was required. Herein a structure-property relationship study is reported according to the replacement of the two aromatic heterocycles: 2-thienyl and 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl moieties. This work was done using a combination of structure-based drug design and in vitro/ex vivo evaluations of ethionamide boosters on the targeted protein EthR and on the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Thanks to this process, we identified compound 42 (BDM41906), which displays improved efficacy in addition to high exposure to mice after oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Flipo
- Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
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Flipo M, Desroses M, Lecat-Guillet N, Dirié B, Carette X, Leroux F, Piveteau C, Demirkaya F, Lens Z, Rucktooa P, Villeret V, Christophe T, Jeon HK, Locht C, Brodin P, Déprez B, Baulard AR, Willand N. Ethionamide boosters: synthesis, biological activity, and structure-activity relationships of a series of 1,2,4-oxadiazole EthR inhibitors. J Med Chem 2011; 54:2994-3010. [PMID: 21417236 DOI: 10.1021/jm200076a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report in this article an extensive structure-activity relationships (SAR) study with 58 thiophen-2-yl-1,2,4-oxadiazoles as inhibitors of EthR, a transcriptional regulator controling ethionamide bioactivation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We explored the replacement of two key fragments of the starting lead BDM31343. We investigated the potency of all analogues to boost subactive doses of ethionamide on a phenotypic assay involving M. tuberculosis infected macrophages and then ascertained the mode of action of the most active compounds using a functional target-based surface plasmon resonance assay. This process revealed that introduction of 4,4,4-trifluorobutyryl chain instead of cyanoacetyl group was crucial for intracellular activity. Replacement of 1,4-piperidyl by (R)-1,3-pyrrolidyl scaffold did not enhance activity but led to improved pharmacokinetic properties. Furthermore, the crystal structures of ligand-EthR complexes were consistent with the observed SAR. In conclusion, we identified EthR inhibitors that boost antibacterial activity of ethionamide with nanomolar potency while improving solubility and metabolic stability.
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Willand N, Desroses M, Toto P, Dirié B, Lens Z, Villeret V, Rucktooa P, Locht C, Baulard A, Deprez B. Exploring drug target flexibility using in situ click chemistry: application to a mycobacterial transcriptional regulator. ACS Chem Biol 2010; 5:1007-13. [PMID: 20704273 DOI: 10.1021/cb100177g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In situ click chemistry has been successfully applied to probe the ligand binding domain of EthR, a mycobacterial transcriptional regulator known to control the sensitivity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to several antibiotics. Specific protein-templated ligands were generated in situ from one azide and six clusters of 10 acetylenic fragments. Comparative X-ray structures of EthR complexed with either clicked ligand BDM14950 or its azide precursor showed ligand-dependent conformational impacts on the protein architecture. This approach revealed two mobile phenylalanine residues that control the access to a previously hidden hydrophobic pocket that can be further exploited for the development of structurally diverse EthR inhibitors. This report shows that protein-directed in situ chemistry allows medicinal chemists to explore the conformational space of a ligand-binding pocket and is thus a valuable tool to guide drug design in the complex path of hit-to-lead processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Willand
- Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
- Biostructures and Drug Discovery, INSERM U761, F-59000 Lille, France and UDSL, F-59000 Lille, France
- IPL, F-59000 Lille, France
- PRIM, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Matthieu Desroses
- Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
- Biostructures and Drug Discovery, INSERM U761, F-59000 Lille, France and UDSL, F-59000 Lille, France
- IPL, F-59000 Lille, France
- PRIM, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Patrick Toto
- Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
- Biostructures and Drug Discovery, INSERM U761, F-59000 Lille, France and UDSL, F-59000 Lille, France
- IPL, F-59000 Lille, France
- PRIM, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bertrand Dirié
- Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
- Biostructures and Drug Discovery, INSERM U761, F-59000 Lille, France and UDSL, F-59000 Lille, France
- IPL, F-59000 Lille, France
- PRIM, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Zoé Lens
- Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
- IRI, USR 3078 CNRS, F-59658 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, IBBM, ULB, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Vincent Villeret
- Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
- IRI, USR 3078 CNRS, F-59658 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Prakash Rucktooa
- Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
- IRI, USR 3078 CNRS, F-59658 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Camille Locht
- Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
- IPL, F-59000 Lille, France
- INSERM U1019, F-59000 Lille, France and CNRS UMR8204, F-59021 Lille, France and Center for Infection and Immunity, F-59019 Lille, France
| | - Alain Baulard
- Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
- IPL, F-59000 Lille, France
- PRIM, F-59000 Lille, France
- INSERM U1019, F-59000 Lille, France and CNRS UMR8204, F-59021 Lille, France and Center for Infection and Immunity, F-59019 Lille, France
| | - Benoit Deprez
- Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
- Biostructures and Drug Discovery, INSERM U761, F-59000 Lille, France and UDSL, F-59000 Lille, France
- IPL, F-59000 Lille, France
- PRIM, F-59000 Lille, France
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