Patterns of palmar skin temperature alterations during transthoracic endoscopic T2 sympathectomy for palmar hyperhidrosis

Optimal targeting of sympathetic chain levels for treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis: an updated systematic review

BACKGROUND

Palmar hyperhidrosis involves excessive sweating of the palms, with no known etiology. Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy (ETS) is a safe and effective treatment for palmar hyperhidrosis, but compensatory hyperhidrosis is a common complication after ETS, leading to reduced patient satisfaction and postoperative quality of life. However, the appropriate level of the sympathetic chain to target with ETS to achieve maximum efficacy and reduce the risk of compensatory hyperhidrosis (CH) is controversial. In this systemic review, we investigated the appropriate level of sympathectomy for palmar hyperhidrosis.

METHODS

PRISMA guidelines were implemented to complete a systematic review. We performed a computerized systematic literature search using PubMed and EMBASE from January 1990 to July 2016. We chose the Cochrane Collaboration's tool and the methodological index for non-randomized studies tool for examining study bias.

RESULTS

A total of 4075 citations were identified, of which 91 were eligible for inclusion, including 68 observational studies and 23 comparative trials. In observational studies, sympathectomies showed similar efficacies for curing PH at different levels. However, T2-free groups (i.e., at levels T3, T4, or T3-T4 combined) could render a lower risk of Horner's syndrome (0 vs. 1.21 ± 0.49%, p = 0.036) and CH (28.75 ± 7.25 vs. 57.46 ± 3.86, p = 0.002) compared with T2 involved. In comparative trials, there were 12 studies describing the comparison between T2-free ETS and T2 involved, and 9 of 12 (75%) showed T2-free ETS could reduce the incidence of CH. Overall, lowering the level and limiting the extent of sympathectomy could reduce the incidence of complications.

CONCLUSIONS

Cumulative data from more than 13,000 patients suggest that ETS is a safe, effective, and reproducible procedure with a high degree of patient satisfaction. Currently available evidence suggests that T2-free ETS may reduce the incidence of compensatory hyperhidrosis without compromising success rates and safety.

Sympathicotomy for palmar hyperhidrosis: the association between intraoperative palm temperature change and the curative effect

PURPOSE

To investigate the association between intraoperative palm temperature change and the curative effect of sympathicotomy.

METHODS

49 patients with palmar hyperhidrosis were treated with bilateral endoscopic sympathicotomy. Ipsilateral palm temperature was monitored before and at 3-5 min increments after the sympathetic trunk was transected. The maximum temperature elevation (Tmax) was calculated and used to evaluate the effect on postoperative cure rates.

RESULTS

Forty-nine patients underwent 98 sympathicotomies. There were 77 T4 sympathicotomies, 15 T4 + T5 sympathicotomies, and six T3 sympathicotomies due to pleural adhesions or neurovascular proximity. The Tmax was ≤1°C in 49 (50.0%), 1-1.5°C in 17 (17.3%), and >1.5°C in 32 (32.7%) palms. Ninety-two palms of 46 patients were followed with complete efficacy, and three patients were lost to follow up. Cure was achieved in 86 palms (93.4%). Of the 71 palms which underwent T4 sympathicotomy, cure was achieved in 67 palms (94.3%). In those palms which did not achieve cure, the Tmax was less than 1°C in each case, while in palms with a Tmax ≤1°C, 32 of 36 (88.9%) were cured.

CONCLUSION

There is an association between intraoperative palmar temperature change and curative effect. However, palmar temperature change cannot be used to predict cure or guide surgical approach.

Long-term effects of thoracic sympathectomy on microcirculation in the hands of patients with primary Raynaud disease

OBJECTIVE

Videothoracoscopic sympathecomy is a widely used treatment modality in patients with severe Raynaud disease, but the reported late results are less than favorable. There have been no direct studies of the long-term effect of sympathectomy on microcirculation in the hands of these patients.

METHODS

In 25 patients with Raynaud disease treated with videothoracoscopic Th2-Th4 sympathectomy, we performed basal laser-Doppler flowmetry and measured the maximal refilling time after 1-minute occlusion measurements preoperatively and at 1 week, 6 months, and 1, 2, 3, and 5 years after the sympathectomy. The results were compared with the same measurements obtained in the group of 50 healthy individuals.

RESULTS

The patients' symptom severity was assessed by using the visual analogue scale. The basal capillary flow and the maximal refilling time improved after the sympathectomy to a level not different from that seen in the healthy population, and the effect was maintained during the 5-year follow-up period. The patients' symptom severity scores diminished to zero in the early postoperative period and increased to 28% of their initial value 5 years after the operation.

CONCLUSIONS

The videothoracoscopic Th2-Th4 sympathectomy produces excellent and long-lasting improvement of microcirculation function in patients with Raynaud disease. The mild return of symptoms might be due to factors other than the capillary blood flow alterations.

Oximetry-derived perfusion index for intraoperative identification of successful thoracic sympathectomy

BACKGROUND

Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy treats patients with hyperhidrosis. Laser Doppler flow and changes in palmar temperature have been advocated for intraoperative monitoring. The pulse oximetry-derived perfusion index (PI) is used to quantify pulsatile blood flow at the pulse oximeter. Upper limb sympathectomy is associated with increased flow to the ipsilateral extremity; thus we postulate that it will increase PI. We evaluated changes in intraoperative PI as a monitor of successful thoracic sympathectomy.

METHODS

After institutional review board approval and informed consent, 10 adult patients undergoing bilateral endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy under general anesthesia were studied. Finger pulse-oximetry probes were placed on each hand, and reference probes on each earlobe. Hemodynamic variables and PI were continuously monitored. Data were collected immediately before and every minute after sympathectomy for 5 minutes. Anesthetic management remained constant throughout. A successful sympathectomy was defined by a twofold increase in PI on the ipsilateral arm. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance and Student's t tests; a p < 0.05 was considered significant.

RESULTS

Baseline oximetric waveforms were adequate in all subjects. Right sympathectomy was associated with a 372% increase in PI (p < 0.0001), and left sympathectomy with a 316% increase in PI (p < 0.029). This occurred as early as 1 minute after transection of the sympathetic chain. The PI in the reference probes as well as the hemodynamics remained constant. All patients had postoperative resolution of their hyperhidrosis symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS

In patients with hyperhidrosis of the upper extremity, the intraoperative PI derived from pulse oximetry is an additional indicator of successful thoracic sympathectomy.

Bilateral pain relief after unilateral thoracic percutaneous sympathectomy

PURPOSE

To present a case of unexpected bilateral pain relief following unilateral thoracic percutaneous sympathectomy.

CLINICAL FINDINGS

We present a case report where severe ischemic pain due to paraneoplastic Raynaud's syndrome with distal gangrene was successfully treated by means of percutaneous thoracic sympathectomy. A unilateral T2, T3 radiofrequency sympathectomy combined with small volume phenol injection resulted in unexpected bilateral pain relief.

CONCLUSION

Our observations from this case report suggest a possible crossover of sympathetic innervation at the cervical and thoracic levels. Percutanenous thoracic radiofrequency sympathectomy is a feasible option for the treatment of refractory ischemic upper limb pain.

A Comparison of Peripheral Skin Blood Flow and Temperature During Endoscopic Thoracic Sympathotomy

The assessment of sympathetic denervation to the upper extremities during surgery for hyperhidrosis is essential in predicting postoperative outcome, particularly for endoscopic thoracic chain sympathotomy, a recently described, minimally destructive technique that minimizes postoperative compensatory hyperhidrosis. To test the hypothesis that skin blood flow (SkBF; laser Doppler flowmetry) provides a faster and more reliable indication of denervation than temperature (temp), we prospectively compared palmar SkBF and fingertip temp in 10 patients undergoing endoscopic thoracic chain sympathotomy for essential hyperhidrosis. From baseline to peak values, palmar SkBF (mean +/- SEM) increased 273.3 +/- 24.7 arbitrary units and 252.4 +/- 30.1 arbitrary units, whereas temp increased 0.9 degrees C +/- 0.3 degrees C and 1.5 degrees C +/- 0.6 degrees C on the right and left, respectively. Upon effective sympathotomy of the right thoracic chain, the time to peak SkBF was 43 +/- 13 s, whereas the time to peak temp was 277 +/- 53 s (P <0.001). On the left, the time to peak SkBF was 81 +/- 14 s, and time to peak temp was 305 +/- 34 s (P <0.001). All patients considered the sympathotomy successful. We conclude that laser Doppler SkBF is superior to temp in temporal resolution for assessment of denervation during sympathotomy and that it provides a superior qualitative and quantitative adjunct to monitoring denervation.