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Cerritelli F, Frasch MG, Antonelli MC, Viglione C, Vecchi S, Chiera M, Manzotti A. A Review on the Vagus Nerve and Autonomic Nervous System During Fetal Development: Searching for Critical Windows. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:721605. [PMID: 34616274 PMCID: PMC8488382 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.721605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is one of the main biological systems that regulates the body's physiology. Autonomic nervous system regulatory capacity begins before birth as the sympathetic and parasympathetic activity contributes significantly to the fetus' development. In particular, several studies have shown how vagus nerve is involved in many vital processes during fetal, perinatal, and postnatal life: from the regulation of inflammation through the anti-inflammatory cholinergic pathway, which may affect the functioning of each organ, to the production of hormones involved in bioenergetic metabolism. In addition, the vagus nerve has been recognized as the primary afferent pathway capable of transmitting information to the brain from every organ of the body. Therefore, this hypothesis paper aims to review the development of ANS during fetal and perinatal life, focusing particularly on the vagus nerve, to identify possible "critical windows" that could impact its maturation. These "critical windows" could help clinicians know when to monitor fetuses to effectively assess the developmental status of both ANS and specifically the vagus nerve. In addition, this paper will focus on which factors-i.e., fetal characteristics and behaviors, maternal lifestyle and pathologies, placental health and dysfunction, labor, incubator conditions, and drug exposure-may have an impact on the development of the vagus during the above-mentioned "critical window" and how. This analysis could help clinicians and stakeholders define precise guidelines for improving the management of fetuses and newborns, particularly to reduce the potential adverse environmental impacts on ANS development that may lead to persistent long-term consequences. Since the development of ANS and the vagus influence have been shown to be reflected in cardiac variability, this paper will rely in particular on studies using fetal heart rate variability (fHRV) to monitor the continued growth and health of both animal and human fetuses. In fact, fHRV is a non-invasive marker whose changes have been associated with ANS development, vagal modulation, systemic and neurological inflammatory reactions, and even fetal distress during labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cerritelli
- Research and Assistance for Infants to Support Experience Lab, Foundation Center for Osteopathic Medicine Collaboration, Pescara, Italy
| | - Martin G. Frasch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Marta C. Antonelli
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia “Prof. E. De Robertis”, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Chiara Viglione
- Research and Assistance for Infants to Support Experience Lab, Foundation Center for Osteopathic Medicine Collaboration, Pescara, Italy
| | - Stefano Vecchi
- Research and Assistance for Infants to Support Experience Lab, Foundation Center for Osteopathic Medicine Collaboration, Pescara, Italy
| | - Marco Chiera
- Research and Assistance for Infants to Support Experience Lab, Foundation Center for Osteopathic Medicine Collaboration, Pescara, Italy
| | - Andrea Manzotti
- Research and Assistance for Infants to Support Experience Lab, Foundation Center for Osteopathic Medicine Collaboration, Pescara, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, “V. Buzzi” Children's Hospital, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
- Research Department, Istituto Osteopatia Milano, Milan, Italy
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Dore S, Ehman W. No. 396-Fetal Health Surveillance: Intrapartum Consensus Guideline. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2021; 42:316-348.e9. [PMID: 32178781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present evidence and recommendations regarding use, classification, interpretation, response, and documentation of fetal surveillance in the intrapartum period and to provide information to help minimize the risk of birth asphyxia while maintaining the lowest possible rate of obstetrical intervention. INTENDED USERS Members of intrapartum care teams, including but not limited to obstetricians, family physicians, midwives and nurses, and their learners TARGET POPULATION: Intrapartum women OPTIONS: All methods of uterine activity assessment and fetal heart rate surveillance were considered in developing this document. OUTCOMES The impact, benefits, and risks of different methods of surveillance on the diverse maternal-fetal health conditions have been reviewed based on current evidence and expert opinion. No fetal surveillance method will provide 100% detection of fetal compromise; thus, all FHS methods are viewed as screening tests. As the evidence continues to evolve, caregivers from all disciplines are encouraged to attend evidence-based Canadian educational programs every 2 years. EVIDENCE Literature published between January 1976 and February 2019 was reviewed. Medline, the Cochrane Database, and international guidelines were used to search the literature for all studies on intrapartum fetal surveillance. VALIDATION METHODS The principal and contributing authors agreed to the content and recommendations. The Board of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada approved the final draft for publication. The level of evidence has been determined using the criteria and classifications of the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. BENEFITS, HARM, AND COSTS Consistent interdisciplinary use of the guideline, appropriate equipment, and trained professional staff enhances safe intrapartum care. Women and their support person(s) should be informed of the benefits and harms of different methods of fetal health surveillance. RECOMMENDATIONS CommunicationSupport During Active LabourPrinciples of Intrapartum Fetal SurveillanceSelecting the Method of Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring: Intermittent Auscultation or Electronic Fetal MonitoringPaper SpeedAdmission AssessmentsEpidural AnalgesiaIntermittent Auscultation in LabourElectronic Fetal Monitoring in LabourClassification of Intrapartum Fetal SurveillanceMaternal Heart RateFetal Health Surveillance Assessment in the Active Second Stage of LabourIntrauterine ResuscitationDigital Fetal Scalp StimulationFetal Scalp Blood SamplingUmbilical Cord Blood GasesDocumentationFetal Surveillance Technology Not RecommendedFetal Health Surveillance Education.
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Antenatal Corticosteroids and Magnesium Sulfate for Improved Preterm Neonatal Outcomes: A Review of Guidelines. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2021; 75:298-307. [PMID: 32469415 DOI: 10.1097/ogx.0000000000000778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Importance In cases of anticipated preterm delivery, corticosteroids for fetal lung maturation and magnesium sulfate for fetal neuroprotection may improve neonatal outcomes. Objective The aim of this study was to summarize and compare published guidelines from 4 leading medical societies on the administration of antenatal corticosteroids and magnesium sulfate. Evidence Acquisition A descriptive review of major national guidelines on corticosteroids and magnesium sulfate was conducted: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence on "Preterm labour and birth," World Health Organization on "WHO recommendations on interventions to improve preterm birth outcomes," American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists on "Antenatal corticosteroid therapy for fetal maturation" and "Magnesium sulfate use in obstetrics," and Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada on "Antenatal corticosteroid therapy for improving neonatal outcomes" and "Magnesium sulphate for fetal neuroprotection." Results A variation in the appropriate timing of administration exists, whereas repeated courses are not routinely recommended for corticosteroids or magnesium sulfate. In addition, the recommendations are the same for singleton and multiple gestations, and no specific recommendation exists according to maternal body mass index. Finally, a variation in guidelines regarding the administration of corticosteroids before cesarean delivery exists. Conclusion The adoption of an international consensus on corticosteroids and magnesium sulfate may increase their endorsement by health care professionals, leading to more favorable neonatal outcomes after preterm delivery.
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Bester M, Moors S, Joshi R, Nichting TJ, van der Hout-van der Jagt MB, Oei SG, Mischi M, Vullings R, van Laar JOEH. Changes in Maternal Heart Rate Variability in Response to the Administration of Routine Obstetric Medication in Hospitalized Patients: Study Protocol for a Cohort Study (MAMA-Heart Study). Clin Pract 2021; 11:13-25. [PMID: 33599215 PMCID: PMC7838947 DOI: 10.3390/clinpract11010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is a period of continuous change in the maternal cardiovascular system, partly mediated by the autonomic nervous system. Insufficient autonomic adaptation to increasing gestation is associated with pregnancy complications, such as hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and preterm birth (both major causes of perinatal morbidity and mortality). Consequently, maternal heart rate variability (mHRV), which is a proxy measure for autonomic activity, is increasingly assessed in these cohorts to investigate the pathophysiology of their complications. A better pathophysiological understanding could facilitate the early detection of these complications, which remains challenging. However, such studies (typically performed in pregnancies leading to hospitalization) have generated conflicting findings. A probable reason for these conflicting findings is that these study cohorts were likely administered routine obstetric medications during the study period of which the effects on mHRV are largely unknown. Subsequently, we design a longitudinal, observational study to quantifying the effect of these medications-particularly corticosteroids, which are known to affect fetal HRV-on mHRV to improve the interpretation of past and future studies. We will enroll 61 women admitted to a tertiary obstetric unit with an indication to receive corticosteroids antenatally. Participants' mHRV will be continuously acquired throughout their hospitalization with wrist-worn photoplethysmography to facilitate a within-patient comparison of the effect of corticosteroids on mHRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maretha Bester
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AP Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (S.M.); (T.J.N.); (M.B.v.d.H.-v.d.J.); (S.G.O.); (M.M.); (R.V.); (J.O.E.H.v.L.)
- Department of Family Care Solutions, Philips Research, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Suzanne Moors
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AP Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (S.M.); (T.J.N.); (M.B.v.d.H.-v.d.J.); (S.G.O.); (M.M.); (R.V.); (J.O.E.H.v.L.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Máxima MC, 5504 DB Veldhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rohan Joshi
- Department of Family Care Solutions, Philips Research, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Thomas J. Nichting
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AP Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (S.M.); (T.J.N.); (M.B.v.d.H.-v.d.J.); (S.G.O.); (M.M.); (R.V.); (J.O.E.H.v.L.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Máxima MC, 5504 DB Veldhoven, The Netherlands
| | - M. Beatrijs van der Hout-van der Jagt
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AP Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (S.M.); (T.J.N.); (M.B.v.d.H.-v.d.J.); (S.G.O.); (M.M.); (R.V.); (J.O.E.H.v.L.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Máxima MC, 5504 DB Veldhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AP Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - S. Guid Oei
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AP Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (S.M.); (T.J.N.); (M.B.v.d.H.-v.d.J.); (S.G.O.); (M.M.); (R.V.); (J.O.E.H.v.L.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Máxima MC, 5504 DB Veldhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Massimo Mischi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AP Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (S.M.); (T.J.N.); (M.B.v.d.H.-v.d.J.); (S.G.O.); (M.M.); (R.V.); (J.O.E.H.v.L.)
| | - Rik Vullings
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AP Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (S.M.); (T.J.N.); (M.B.v.d.H.-v.d.J.); (S.G.O.); (M.M.); (R.V.); (J.O.E.H.v.L.)
| | - Judith O. E. H. van Laar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AP Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (S.M.); (T.J.N.); (M.B.v.d.H.-v.d.J.); (S.G.O.); (M.M.); (R.V.); (J.O.E.H.v.L.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Máxima MC, 5504 DB Veldhoven, The Netherlands
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective is to provide guidelines for the use of antenatal magnesium sulphate for fetal neuroprotection of the preterm infant. OPTIONS Antenatal magnesium sulphate administration should be considered for fetal neuroprotection when women present at ≤33 + 6 weeks with imminent preterm birth, defined as a high likelihood of birth because of active labour with cervical dilatation ≥4 cm, with or without preterm pre-labour rupture of membranes, and/or planned preterm birth for fetal or maternal indications. There are no other known fetal neuroprotective agents. OUTCOMES The outcomes measured are the incidence of cerebral palsy (CP) and neonatal death. EVIDENCE Published literature was retrieved through searches of PubMed or Medline, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library in December 2017, using appropriate controlled vocabulary and key words (magnesium sulphate, cerebral palsy, preterm birth). Results were restricted to systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, and relevant observational studies. There were no date or language restrictions. Searches were updated on a regular basis and incorporated in the guideline to December 2017. Grey (unpublished) literature was identified through searching the websites of health technology assessment and health technology assessment-related agencies, clinical practice guideline collections, clinical trial registries, and national and international medical specialty societies. VALUES The quality of evidence was rated using the criteria described in the Report of the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (Table 1). BENEFITS, HARMS, AND COSTS Antenatal magnesium sulphate for fetal neuroprotection reduces the risk of "death or CP" (relative risk [RR] 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.74-0.98; 4 trials, 4446 infants), "death or moderate-severe CP" (RR 0.85; 95% CI 0.73-0.99; 3 trials, 4250 infants), "any CP" (RR 0.71; 95% CI 0.55-0.91; 4, trials, 4446 infants), "moderate-to-severe CP" (RR 0.60; 95% CI 0.43-0.84; 3 trials, 4250 infants), and "substantial gross motor dysfunction" (inability to walk without assistance) (RR 0.60; 95% CI 0.43-0.83; 3 trials, 4287 women) at 2 years of age. Results were consistent between trials and across the meta-analyses. There is no anticipated significant increase in health care-related costs because women eligible to receive antenatal magnesium sulphate will be judged to have imminent preterm birth. VALIDATION Australian National Clinical Practice Guidelines were published in March 2010 by the Antenatal Magnesium Sulphate for Neuroprotection Guideline Development Panel. Antenatal magnesium sulphate was recommended for fetal neuroprotection in the same dosage as recommended in these guidelines. However, magnesium sulphate was recommended only at <30 weeks gestation, based on 2 considerations. First, no single gestational age subgroup was considered to show a clear benefit. Second, in the face of uncertainty, the committee felt it was prudent to limit the impact of their clinical practice guidelines on resource allocation. In March 2010, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists issued a Committee Opinion on magnesium sulphate for fetal neuroprotection. It stated that "the available evidence suggests that magnesium sulfate given before anticipated early preterm birth reduces the risk of cerebral palsy in surviving infants." No official opinion was given on a gestational age cut-off, but it was recommended that physicians develop specific guidelines around the issues of inclusion criteria, dosage, concurrent tocolysis, and monitoring in accordance with 1 of the larger trials. Similarly, the World Health Organization also strongly recommends use of magnesium sulphate for fetal neuroprotection in its 2015 recommendations on interventions to improve preterm birth outcomes but cites further researching on dosing regimen and re-treatment. SPONSORS Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR). SUMMARY STATEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS.
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Moors S, Staaks KJJ, Westerhuis MEMH, Dekker LRC, Verdurmen KMJ, Oei SG, van Laar JOEH. Heart rate variability in hypertensive pregnancy disorders: A systematic review. Pregnancy Hypertens 2020; 20:56-68. [PMID: 32179490 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertensive pregnancy disorders (HPD) are associated with dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system. Cardiac autonomic functions can be assessed by heart rate variability (HRV) measurements. OBJECTIVE To study whether HRV detects differences in the function of the autonomic nervous system between pregnant women with HPD compared to normotensive pregnant women and between women with a history of a pregnancy complicated by HPD compared to women with a history of an uncomplicated pregnancy. METHODS A systematic search was performed in Medline, EMBASE, and CENTRAL to identify studies comparing HRV between pregnant women with HPD or women with a history of HPD to women with (a history of) normotensive pregnancies. RESULTS The search identified 523 articles of which 24 were included in this review, including 850 women with (a history of) HPD and 1205 normotensive controls. The included studies showed a large heterogenicity. A decrease in overall HRV was found in preeclampsia (PE), compared to normotensive pregnant controls. A trend is seen towards increased low frequency/high frequency-ratio in women with PE compared to normotensive pregnant controls. CONCLUSION Our systematic review supports the hypothesis a sympathetic overdrive is found in HPD which is associated with a parasympathetic withdrawal. However, the included studies in our review showed a large diversity in the methods applied and their results.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moors
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, The Netherlands; Eindhoven MedTech Innovation Center (e/MTIC), Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - K J J Staaks
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, The Netherlands
| | - M E M H Westerhuis
- Eindhoven MedTech Innovation Center (e/MTIC), Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - L R C Dekker
- Eindhoven MedTech Innovation Center (e/MTIC), Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - K M J Verdurmen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, The Netherlands
| | - S G Oei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, The Netherlands; Eindhoven MedTech Innovation Center (e/MTIC), Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - J O E H van Laar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, The Netherlands; Eindhoven MedTech Innovation Center (e/MTIC), Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Dore S, Ehman W. No396 - Surveillance du bien-être fœtal : Directive clinique de consensus des soins intrapartum. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2020; 42:349-384.e10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Shepherd E, Salam RA, Manhas D, Synnes A, Middleton P, Makrides M, Crowther CA. Antenatal magnesium sulphate and adverse neonatal outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2019; 16:e1002988. [PMID: 31809499 PMCID: PMC6897495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is widespread, increasing use of magnesium sulphate in obstetric practice for pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, and preterm fetal neuroprotection; benefit for preventing preterm labour and birth (tocolysis) is unproven. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess whether antenatal magnesium sulphate is associated with unintended adverse neonatal outcomes. METHODS AND FINDINGS CINAHL, Cochrane Library, LILACS, MEDLINE, Embase, TOXLINE, and Web of Science, were searched (inceptions to 3 September 2019). Randomised, quasi-randomised, and non-randomised trials, cohort and case-control studies, and case reports assessing antenatal magnesium sulphate for pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, fetal neuroprotection, or tocolysis, compared with placebo/no treatment or a different magnesium sulphate regimen, were included. The primary outcome was perinatal death. Secondary outcomes included pre-specified and non-pre-specified adverse neonatal outcomes. Two reviewers screened 5,890 articles, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias following Cochrane Handbook and RTI Item Bank guidance. For randomised trials, pooled risk ratios (RRs) or mean differences, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were calculated using fixed- or random-effects meta-analysis. Non-randomised data were tabulated and narratively summarised. We included 197 studies (40 randomised trials, 138 non-randomised studies, and 19 case reports), of mixed quality. The 40 trials (randomising 19,265 women and their babies) were conducted from 1987 to 2018 across high- (16 trials) and low/middle-income countries (23 trials) (1 mixed). Indications included pre-eclampsia/eclampsia (24 trials), fetal neuroprotection (7 trials), and tocolysis (9 trials); 18 trials compared magnesium sulphate with placebo/no treatment, and 22 compared different regimens. For perinatal death, no clear difference in randomised trials was observed between magnesium sulphate and placebo/no treatment (RR 1.01; 95% CI 0.92 to 1.10; 8 trials, 13,654 babies), nor between regimens. Eleven of 138 non-randomised studies reported on perinatal death. Only 1 cohort (127 babies; moderate to high risk of bias) observed an increased risk of perinatal death with >48 versus ≤48 grams magnesium sulphate exposure for tocolysis. No clear secondary adverse neonatal outcomes were observed in randomised trials, and a very limited number of possible adverse outcomes warranting further consideration were identified in non-randomised studies. Where non-randomised studies observed possible harms, often no or few confounders were controlled for (moderate to high risk of bias), samples were small (200 babies or fewer), and/or results were from subgroup analyses. Limitations include missing data for important outcomes across most studies, heterogeneity of included studies, and inclusion of published data only. CONCLUSIONS Our findings do not support clear associations between antenatal magnesium sulphate for beneficial indications and adverse neonatal outcomes. Further large, high-quality studies (prospective cohorts or individual participant data meta-analyses) assessing specific outcomes, or the impact of regimen, pregnancy, or birth characteristics on these outcomes, would further inform safety recommendations. PROSPERO: CRD42013004451.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Shepherd
- Robinson Research Institute, Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,
Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia,
Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South
Australia, Australia
| | - Rehana A. Salam
- Robinson Research Institute, Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,
Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia,
Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South
Australia, Australia
| | - Deepak Manhas
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia,
Canada
| | - Anne Synnes
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia,
Canada
| | - Philippa Middleton
- Robinson Research Institute, Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,
Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia,
Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South
Australia, Australia
| | - Maria Makrides
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South
Australia, Australia
| | - Caroline A. Crowther
- Robinson Research Institute, Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,
Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia,
Australia
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New
Zealand
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Magee LA, De Silva DA, Sawchuck D, Synnes A, von Dadelszen P. No 376 - Recours au sulfate de magnésium aux fins de neuroprotection fœtale. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2019; 41:523-542. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2018.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Galinsky R, Dhillon SK, Lear CA, Yamaguchi K, Wassink G, Gunn AJ, Bennet L. Magnesium sulfate and sex differences in cardiovascular and neural adaptations during normoxia and asphyxia in preterm fetal sheep. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R205-R217. [PMID: 29561649 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00390.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) is recommended for preterm neuroprotection, preeclampsia, and preterm labor prophylaxis. There is an important, unmet need to carefully test clinical interventions in both sexes. Therefore, we aimed to investigate cardiovascular and neurophysiological adaptations to MgSO4 during normoxia and asphyxia in preterm male and female fetal sheep. Fetuses were instrumented at 98 ± 1 days of gestation (term = 147 days). At 104 days, unanesthetized fetuses were randomly assigned to intravenous MgSO4 ( n = 12 female, 10 male) or saline ( n = 13 female, 10 male). At 105 days fetuses underwent umbilical cord occlusion for up to 25 min. Occlusions were stopped early if mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) fell below 8 mmHg or asystole occurred for >20 s. During normoxia, MgSO4 was associated with similar reductions in fetal heart rate (FHR), EEG power, and movement in both sexes ( P < 0.05 vs. saline controls) and suppression of α- and β-spectral band power in males ( P < 0.05 vs. saline controls). During occlusion, similar FHR and MAP responses occurred in MgSO4-treated males and females compared with saline controls. Recovery of FHR and MAP after release of occlusion was more prolonged in MgSO4-treated males ( P < 0.05 vs. saline controls). During and after occlusion, EEG power was lower in MgSO4-treated females ( P < 0.05 vs. saline controls). In conclusion, MgSO4 infusion was associated with subtle sex-specific effects on EEG spectral power and cardiac responses to asphyxia in utero, possibly reflecting sex-specific differences in interneuronal connectivity and regulation of cardiac output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Galinsky
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand.,The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research , Clayton, VIC , Australia
| | | | - Christopher A Lear
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Kyohei Yamaguchi
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Guido Wassink
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Alistair J Gunn
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Laura Bennet
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
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Kapaya H, Jacques R, Anumba D. Comparison of diurnal variations, gestational age and gender related differences in fetal heart rate (FHR) parameters between appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) fetuses in the home environment. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29522541 PMCID: PMC5844551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess the influence of gender, time of the day and gestational age on fetal heart rate (FHR) parameters between appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) and small-for-gestational age (SGA) fetuses using a portable fetal ECG monitor employed in the home setting. Methods We analysed and compared the antenatal FHR data collected in the home setting on 61 healthy pregnant women with singleton pregnancies from 24 weeks gestation. Of the 61 women, 31 had SGA fetuses (estimated fetal weight below the tenth gestational centile) and 30 were pregnant with AGA fetuses. FHR recordings were collected for up to 20 h. Two 90 min intervals were deliberately chosen retrospectively with respect to signal recording quality, one during day-time and one at night-time for comparison. Results Overall, success rate of the fetal abdominal ECG in the AGA fetuses was 75.7% compared to 48.6% in the SGA group. Based on randomly selected episodes of heart rate traces where recording quality exceeded 80% we were able to show a marginal difference between day and night-time recordings in AGA vs. SGA fetuses beyond 32 weeks of gestation. A selection bias in terms of covering different representation periods of fetal behavioural states cannot be excluded. In contrast to previous studies, we neither controlled maternal diet and activity nor measured maternal blood hormone and heart rate as all mothers were monitored in the home environment. Conclusion Based on clinically unremarkable, but statistically significant differences in the FHR parameters between the AGA and SGA group we suggest that further studies with large sample size are required to assess the clinical value of antenatal fetal ECG monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habiba Kapaya
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Academic Unit of Reproductive & Developmental Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Richard Jacques
- Medical Statistics Group, School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Dilly Anumba
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Academic Unit of Reproductive & Developmental Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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De Silva DA, Synnes AR, von Dadelszen P, Lee T, Bone JN, Magee LA. MAGnesium sulphate for fetal neuroprotection to prevent Cerebral Palsy (MAG-CP)-implementation of a national guideline in Canada. Implement Sci 2018; 13:8. [PMID: 29325592 PMCID: PMC5765609 DOI: 10.1186/s13012-017-0702-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence supports magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) for women at risk of imminent birth at < 32–34 weeks to reduce the likelihood of cerebral palsy in the child. MAGnesium sulphate for fetal neuroprotection to prevent Cerebral Palsy (MAG-CP) was a multifaceted knowledge translation (KT) strategy for this practice. Methods The KT strategy included national clinical practice guidelines, a national online e-learning module and, at MAG-CP sites, educational rounds, focus group discussions and surveys of barriers and facilitators. Participating sites contributed data on pregnancies with threatened very preterm birth. In an interrupted time-series study design, MgSO4 use for fetal neuroprotection (NP) was tracked prior to (Aug 2005–May 2011) and during (Jun 2011–Sept 2015) the KT intervention. Effectiveness of the strategy was measured by optimal MgSO4 use (i.e. administration when and only when indicated) over time, evaluated by a segmented generalised estimating equations logistic regression (p < 0.05 significant). Secondary outcomes included maternal effects and, using the Canadian Neonatal Network (CNN) database, national trends in MgSO4 use for fetal NP and associated neonatal resuscitation. With an anticipated recruitment of 3752 mothers over 4 years at Canadian Perinatal Network sites, we anticipated > 95% power to detect an increase in optimal MgSO4 use for fetal NP from < 5 to 80% (2-sided, alpha 0.05) and at least 80% power to detect any increases observed in maternal side effects from RCTs. Results Seven thousand eight hundred eighty-eight women with imminent preterm birth were eligible for MgSO4 for fetal NP: 4745 pre-KT (18 centres) and 3143 during KT (11 centres). The KT intervention was associated with an 84% increase in the odds of optimal use (OR 1.00 to 1.84, p < 0.001), a reduction in the odds of underuse (OR 1.00 to 0.47, p < 0.001) and an increase in suboptimal use (too early or at ≥ 32 weeks; OR 1.18 to 2.18, p < 0.001) of MgSO4 for fetal NP. Maternal hypotension was uncommon (7/1512, 0.5%). Nationally, intensive neonatal resuscitation decreased (p = 0.024) despite rising MgSO4 use for fetal NP (p < 0.001). Conclusion Multifaceted KT was associated with significant increases in use of MgSO4 for fetal NP, with neither important maternal nor neonatal risks. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13012-017-0702-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane A De Silva
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Anne R Synnes
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Peter von Dadelszen
- Department of Women and Children's Health, St Thomas' Hospital, 10th Floor, North Wing, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK.,School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tang Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jeffrey N Bone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Laura A Magee
- Department of Women and Children's Health, St Thomas' Hospital, 10th Floor, North Wing, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK. .,School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
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13
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Visser GHA, Bilardo CM, Derks JB, Ferrazzi E, Fratelli N, Frusca T, Ganzevoort W, Lees CC, Napolitano R, Todros T, Wolf H, Hecher K. Fetal monitoring indications for delivery and 2-year outcome in 310 infants with fetal growth restriction delivered before 32 weeks' gestation in the TRUFFLE study. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2017; 50:347-352. [PMID: 27854382 DOI: 10.1002/uog.17361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the TRUFFLE (Trial of Randomized Umbilical and Fetal Flow in Europe) study on the outcome of early fetal growth restriction, women were allocated to one of three groups of indication for delivery according to the following monitoring strategies: (1) reduced fetal heart rate (FHR) short-term variation (STV) on cardiotocography (CTG); (2) early changes in fetal ductus venosus (DV) waveform (DV-p95); and (3) late changes in fetal DV waveform (DV-no-A). However, many infants per monitoring protocol were delivered because of safety-net criteria, for maternal or other fetal indications, or after 32 weeks of gestation when the protocol was no longer applied. The objective of the present posthoc subanalysis was to investigate the indications for delivery in relation to 2-year outcome in infants delivered before 32 weeks to further refine management proposals. METHODS We included all 310 cases of the TRUFFLE study with known outcome at 2 years' corrected age and seven fetal deaths, excluding seven cases with inevitable perinatal death. Data were analyzed according to the allocated fetal monitoring strategy in combination with the indication for delivery. RESULTS Overall, only 32% of liveborn infants were delivered according to the specified monitoring parameter for indication for delivery; 38% were delivered because of safety-net criteria, 15% for other fetal reasons and 15% for maternal reasons. In the CTG-STV group, 51% of infants were delivered because of reduced STV. In the DV-p95 group, 34% of infants were delivered because of abnormal DV and, in the DV-no-A group, only 10% of infants were delivered accordingly. The majority of infants in the DV groups were delivered for the safety-net criterion of spontaneous decelerations in FHR. Two-year intact survival was highest in the DV groups combined compared with the CTG-STV group (P = 0.05 for live births only, P = 0.21 including fetal death), with no difference between DV groups. A poorer outcome in the CTG-STV group was restricted to infants delivered because of FHR decelerations in the safety-net subgroup. Infants delivered because of maternal reasons had the highest birth weight and a non-significantly higher intact survival. CONCLUSIONS In this subanalysis of infants delivered before 32 weeks, the majority were delivered for reasons other than the allocated monitoring strategy indication. Since, in the DV group, CTG-STV criteria were used as a safety net but in the CTG-STV group, no DV safety-net criteria were applied, we speculate that the slightly poorer outcome in the CTG-STV group might be explained by the absence of DV data. The optimal timing of delivery of fetuses with early intrauterine growth restriction may therefore be best determined by monitoring them longitudinally, with both DV and CTG monitoring. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H A Visser
- Department of Perinatology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C M Bilardo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J B Derks
- Department of Perinatology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E Ferrazzi
- Department of Woman, Mother and Neonate, Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - N Fratelli
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Unit, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - T Frusca
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Parma, Italy
| | - W Ganzevoort
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C C Lees
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - R Napolitano
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - T Todros
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sant' Anna Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - H Wolf
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Hecher
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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14
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Antenatal foetal heart monitoring. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2017; 38:2-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Lear CA, Galinsky R, Wassink G, Yamaguchi K, Davidson JO, Westgate JA, Bennet L, Gunn AJ. The myths and physiology surrounding intrapartum decelerations: the critical role of the peripheral chemoreflex. J Physiol 2016; 594:4711-25. [PMID: 27328617 DOI: 10.1113/jp271205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A distinctive pattern of recurrent rapid falls in fetal heart rate, called decelerations, are commonly associated with uterine contractions during labour. These brief decelerations are mediated by vagal activation. The reflex triggering this vagal response has been variably attributed to a mechanoreceptor response to fetal head compression, to baroreflex activation following increased blood pressure during umbilical cord compression, and/or a Bezold-Jarisch reflex response to reduced venous return from the placenta. Although these complex explanations are still widespread today, there is no consistent evidence that they are common during labour. Instead, the only mechanism that has been systematically investigated, proven to be reliably active during labour and, crucially, capable of producing rapid decelerations is the peripheral chemoreflex. The peripheral chemoreflex is triggered by transient periods of asphyxia that are a normal phenomenon associated with all uterine contractions. This should not cause concern as the healthy fetus has a remarkable ability to adapt to these repeated but short periods of asphyxia. This means that the healthy fetus is typically not at risk of hypotension and injury during uncomplicated labour even during repeated brief decelerations. The physiologically incorrect theories surrounding decelerations that ignore the natural occurrence of repeated asphyxia probably gained widespread support to help explain why many babies are born healthy despite repeated decelerations during labour. We propose that a unified and physiological understanding of intrapartum decelerations that accepts the true nature of labour is critical to improve interpretation of intrapartum fetal heart rate patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Lear
- The Fetal Physiology and Neuroscience Group, Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robert Galinsky
- The Fetal Physiology and Neuroscience Group, Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Guido Wassink
- The Fetal Physiology and Neuroscience Group, Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kyohei Yamaguchi
- The Fetal Physiology and Neuroscience Group, Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Joanne O Davidson
- The Fetal Physiology and Neuroscience Group, Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jenny A Westgate
- The Fetal Physiology and Neuroscience Group, Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Laura Bennet
- The Fetal Physiology and Neuroscience Group, Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alistair J Gunn
- The Fetal Physiology and Neuroscience Group, Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
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16
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Galinsky R, Davidson JO, Drury PP, Wassink G, Lear CA, van den Heuij LG, Gunn AJ, Bennet L. Magnesium sulphate and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular adaptations to asphyxia in preterm fetal sheep. J Physiol 2015; 594:1281-93. [PMID: 26077461 DOI: 10.1113/jp270614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium sulphate is a standard therapy for eclampsia in pregnancy and is widely recommended for perinatal neuroprotection during threatened preterm labour. MgSO4 is a vasodilator and negative inotrope. Therefore the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of MgSO4 on the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular responses of the preterm fetus to asphyxia. Fetal sheep were instrumented at 98 ± 1 days of gestation (term = 147 days). At 104 days, unanaesthetised fetuses were randomly assigned to receive an intravenous infusion of MgSO4 (n = 6) or saline (n = 9). At 105 days all fetuses underwent umbilical cord occlusion for 25 min. Before occlusion, MgSO4 treatment reduced heart rate and increased femoral blood flow (FBF) and vascular conductance compared to controls. During occlusion, carotid and femoral arterial conductance and blood flows were higher in MgSO4-treated fetuses than controls. After occlusion, fetal heart rate was lower and carotid and femoral arterial conductance and blood flows were higher in MgSO4-treated fetuses than controls. Femoral arterial waveform height and width were increased during MgSO4 infusion, consistent with increased stroke volume. MgSO4 did not alter the fetal neurophysiological or nuchal electromyographic responses to asphyxia. These data demonstrate that a clinically comparable dose of MgSO4 increased FBF and stroke volume without impairing mean arterial pressure (MAP) or carotid blood flow (CaBF) during and immediately after profound asphyxia. Thus, MgSO4 may increase perfusion of peripheral vascular beds during adverse perinatal events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Galinsky
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joanne O Davidson
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul P Drury
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Guido Wassink
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christopher A Lear
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Alistair J Gunn
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Laura Bennet
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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