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Shakuri F, Eghlima G, Behboudi H, Babashpour-Asl M. Phytochemical variation, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of wild populations of Iranian oak. Sci Rep 2025; 15:6534. [PMID: 39994313 PMCID: PMC11850848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-90991-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2025] [Indexed: 02/26/2025] Open
Abstract
The genus Quercus with over 1,000 species, is extensively dispersed throughout the temperate woodlands of the Northern Hemisphere and tropical climate zones. The Quercus genus is rich in phenolic acids, triterpenoids, and plant-based polyphenolic compounds. It also has numerous biological effects, such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, liver-protective, gastroprotective, anticancer, antidiabetic, and antioxidant activities. To investigate the morphological and phytochemical diversity of Iranian oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.) populations from ten different geographic regions in Iran were collected. Morphological, phytochemical and cytotoxic traits were measured and analyzed. Among morphological and phytochemical traits, dry leaf weight (69.21%) had the maximum coefficient of variation. In addition, the highest total phenol (100.17 mg GAE/g DW), total flavonoid content (74.6 mg RE/g DW), and total tannin (56.60 mg GAE/g DW) were found in the Sardasht population, with the minimum in the Piranshahr population. The IC50 values of the populations ranged from 5.52 to 18.65 µg/mL, with the lowest in the Sardasht population and the most elevated in the Ilam population. Gallic acid, salicylic acid, rutin, and rosmarinic acid were identified as the principal phenolic compounds. Cluster analysis of populations based on morphological and phytochemical data represented 3 main groups. Principal component analysis revealed that the first and second components explained 38.52% and 30.01% of the total variance, respectively. Oak fruit extracts were not cytotoxic at concentration of 100 µM. Based on the results of this study, the best oak population can be selected to achieve the highest yield, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and total tannin content, according to the needs of the pharmaceutical and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Shakuri
- Department of Agriculture, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Eghlima
- Department of Agriculture, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hossein Behboudi
- Department of Biology, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Medeiros-Fonseca B, Faustino-Rocha AI, Pires MJ, Neuparth MJ, Vala H, Vasconcelos-Nóbrega C, Gouvinhas I, Barros AN, Dias MI, Barros L, Bastos MMSM, Gonçalves L, Félix L, Venâncio C, Medeiros R, da Costa RMG, Oliveira PA. Exploring the therapeutic potential of Quercus ilex acorn extract in papillomavirus-induced lesions. Vet World 2024; 17:2644-2658. [PMID: 39829663 PMCID: PMC11736374 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.2644-2658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 10/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2025] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Papillomaviruses (PVs) infections have been documented in numerous animal species across different regions worldwide. They often exert significant impacts on animal health and livestock production. Scientists have studied natural products for over half a century due to their diverse chemical composition, acknowledging their value in fighting cancer. Acorns (Quercus ilex) are believed to have several unexplored pharmacological properties. This study aimed to evaluate the in vivo safety and cancer chemopreventive activity of an infusion extract of Q. ilex in a transgenic mouse model of human PV (HPV)-16, which developed squamous cell carcinomas through a multistep process driven by HPV16 oncogenes. Materials and Methods Q. ilex extract was prepared by heating in water at 90°C and then characterized by mass spectrometry. Phenolic compounds from this extract were administered in drinking water to female mice in three different concentrations (0.03, 0.06, and 0.09 g/mL) over a period of 28 consecutive days. Six groups (n = 6) were formed for this study: group 1 (G1, wildtype [WT], water), group 2 (G2, HPV, water), group 3 (G3, WT, 0.09 g/mL), group 4 (G4, HPV, 0.03 g/mL), group 5 (G5, HPV, 0.06 g/mL), and group 6 (G6, HPV, 0.09 g/mL). Throughout the experiment, humane endpoints, body weight, food intake, and water consumption were recorded weekly. Following the experimental period, all mice were sacrificed, and blood, internal organs, and skin samples were collected. Blood was used to measure glucose and microhematocrit and later biochemical parameters, such as creatinine, urea, albumin, alanine aminotransferase, and total proteins. Histological analysis was performed on skin and organ samples. Results The administration of Q. ilex extract resulted in a statistically significant increase in relative organ weight among HPV transgenic animals, indicating adaptive biological response to the tested concentrations. Moreover, a reduction in characteristic skin lesions was observed in animals treated with the 0.06 and 0.09 g/mL extract. Conclusion These results provide a favorable chemopreventive profile for Q. ilex extract at concentrations of 0.06 and 0.09 g/mL. This study highlights the potential of Q. ilex extract as a safe and effective therapeutic strategy against HPV16-associated lesions in transgenic mouse models. The limitation of our study was the durability of transgenic animals. As a more sensitive species, we must always be careful with the durability of the test. We intend to study concentrations of 0.06 and 0.09 g/mL for longer to further investigate their possible effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Medeiros-Fonseca
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto. CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana I. Faustino-Rocha
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Zootechnics, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Évora, 7000-812 Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Center, University of Évora, 7000-812 Évora, Portugal
| | - Maria João Pires
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Maria João Neuparth
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Translational Toxicology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Health Sciences (1H-TOXRUN, IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Helena Vala
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- CERNAS-IPV Research Center, Polytechnique Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
- Polytechnique Institute of Viseu, Agrarian School of Viseu, Campus Politécnico 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
| | - Cármen Vasconcelos-Nóbrega
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- CERNAS-IPV Research Center, Polytechnique Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
- Polytechnique Institute of Viseu, Agrarian School of Viseu, Campus Politécnico 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
| | - Irene Gouvinhas
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Novo Barros
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Maria Inês Dias
- The Mountain Research Center of the Polytechnic Institute of Bragança (CIMO), Associate Laboratory for Sustainability and Technology in Mountain Regions (LA SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Santa Apolónia Campus, 5300- 253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Lillian Barros
- The Mountain Research Center of the Polytechnic Institute of Bragança (CIMO), Associate Laboratory for Sustainability and Technology in Mountain Regions (LA SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Santa Apolónia Campus, 5300- 253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Margarida M. S. M. Bastos
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (FEUP), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (FEUP), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lio Gonçalves
- Department of Engineering, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC-TEC), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Félix
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carlos Venâncio
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto. CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Research, Portuguese League against Cancer, Regional Nucleus of the North (LPCC-NRN), 4200-177 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Virology Service, Portuguese Institute of Oncology (IPO), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Biomedical Research Center (CEBIMED), Faculty of Health Sciences of Fernando Pessoa University (UFP), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Miguel Gil da Costa
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto. CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Engineering, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC-TEC), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Postgraduate Program in Adult Health (PPGSAD), Department of Morphology, Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís 65020-070, Brazil
| | - Paula A. Oliveira
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Joshi BC, Juyal V, Sah AN, Verma P, Mukhija M. Review On Documented Medicinal Plants Used For The Treatment Of Cancer. CURRENT TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/2215083807666211011125110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Cancer is a frightful disease and it is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Naturally derived compounds are gaining interest of research workers as they have less toxic side effects as compared to currently used treatments such as chemotherapy. Plants are the pool of chemical compounds which provides a promising future for research on cancer.
Objective:
This review paper provides updated information gathered on medicinal plants and isolated phytoconstituents used as anticancer agents and summarises the plant extracts and their isolated chemical constituents exhibiting anticancer potential on clinical trials.
Methods:
An extensive bibliographic investigation was carried out by analysing worldwide established scientific databases like SCOPUS, PUBMED, SCIELO, ScienceDirect, Springerlink, Web of Science, Wiley, SciFinder and Google Scholar etc. In next few decades, herbal medicine may become a new epoch of medical system.
Results:
Many researches are going on medicinal plants for the treatment of cancer but it is a time to increase further experimental studies on plant extracts and their chemical constituents to find out their mechanism of action at molecular level.
Conclusion:
The article may help many researchers to start off further experimentation that might lead to the drugs for the cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuwan Chandra Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal Campus, Nainital-263136, India
| | - Vijay Juyal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal Campus, Nainital-263136, India
| | - Archana N. Sah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal Campus, Nainital-263136, India
| | - Piyush Verma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical science and Technology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Dehradun-248001, India
| | - Minky Mukhija
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ch. Devi Lal College of Pharmacy, Buria Road, Bhagwangarh, Jagadhri-135003, India
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A Comprehensive Review of Phytochemistry and Biological Activities of Quercus Species. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11090904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Quercus genus provides a large amount of biomaterial with many applications in fields like pharmaceutics, cosmetics, and foodstuff areas. Due to the worldwide dissemination of the genus, many species were used for centuries in traditional healing methods or in the wine maturing process. This review aims to bring together the results about phytoconstituents from oak extracts and their biological applicability as antioxidants, antimicrobial, anticancer, etc. The literature data used in this paper were collected via PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct (2010–June 2020). The inclusion criteria were papers published in English, with information about phytoconstituents from Quercus species (leaves, bark and seeds/acorns) and biological activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antiobesity, anti-acne vulgaris, antifungal, anticancer, antiviral, antileishmanial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory. The exclusion criteria were the research of other parts of the Quercus species (e.g., galls, wood, and twigs); lack of information about phytochemistry and biological activities; non-existent Quercus species reported by the authors. The most studied Quercus species, in terms of identified biomolecules and biological activity, are Q. brantii, Q. infectoria and Q. robur. The Quercus species have been reported to contain several phytoconstituents. The main bioactive phytochemicals are phenolic compounds, volatile organic compounds, sterols, aliphatic alcohols and fatty acids. The, Quercus species are intensely studied due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities, provided by their phytochemical composition. The general conclusion is that oak extracts can be exploited for their biological activity and can be used in research fields, such as pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and medical.
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Sun L, Jin X, Xie L, Xu G, Cui Y, Chen Z. Swainsonine represses glioma cell proliferation, migration and invasion by reduction of miR-92a expression. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:247. [PMID: 30890138 PMCID: PMC6425678 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5425-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Swainsonine is a natural indolizidine alkaloid, its anti-tumor activity has been widely reported in varied cancers. This study aimed to investigate whether Swainsonine exerted anti-tumor impact on glioma cells, likewise uncovered the relative molecular mechanisms. METHODS After administration with diverse concentrations of Swainsonine, cell growth, migration and invasion in U251 and LN444 cells were appraised by the common-used CCK-8, BrdU, flow cytometry and Transwell assays. MiR-92a mimic, inhibitor and the correlative NC were transfected into U251 and LN444 cells, and assessment of miR-92a expression was by utilizing qRT-PCR. Functions of miR-92a in above-mentioned cell biological processes were analyzed again in Swainsonine-treated cells. The momentous proteins of cell cycle, apoptosis and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway were ultimately examined by western blot. RESULTS Swainsonine significantly hindered cell proliferation through decreasing cell viability, declining the percentage of BrdU cells, down-regulating CyclinD1 and up-regulating p16 expression. Enhancement of percentage of apoptotic cells was presented in Swainsonine-treated cells via activating cleaved-Caspase-3 and cleaved-Caspase-9. Additionally, Swainsonine impeded the abilities of migration and invasion by decreasing MMP-2, MMP-9, Vimentin and E-cadherin. Repression of miR-92a was observed in Swainsonine-treated cells, and miR-92a overexpression overturned the anti-tumor activity of Swainsonine in glioma cells. Finally, western blot assay displayed that Swainsonine hindered PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway via regulating miR-92a. CONCLUSIONS These discoveries corroborated that Swainsonine exerted anti-tumor impacts on glioma cells via repression of miR-92a, and inactivation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No.126, Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033 Jilin Province China
| | - Xingyi Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No.126, Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033 Jilin Province China
| | - Lijuan Xie
- Department of Vascular Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033 Jilin Province China
| | - Guangjun Xu
- Department of Science and Education, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033 Jilin Province China
| | - Yunxia Cui
- Department of Science and Education, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033 Jilin Province China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No.126, Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033 Jilin Province China
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Asadi-Samani M, Moradi MT, Mahmoodnia L, Alaei S, Asadi-Samani F, Luther T. Traditional uses of medicinal plants to prevent and treat diabetes; an updated review of ethnobotanical studies in Iran. J Nephropathol 2017; 6:118-125. [PMID: 28975089 PMCID: PMC5607970 DOI: 10.15171/jnp.2017.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background:
Obesity and physical inactivity are currently on the rise due to industrialization of the communities, which has recently led to increased incidence of different diseases such as diabetes. Epidemiological studies and figures have demonstrated the growing incidence of diabetes. Relevantly, the side effects of chemical drugs have led patients to use medicinal plants and traditional approaches despite advances in development of chemical drugs. The aim of this review article is to report the medicinal plants and their traditional uses to prevent and treat diabetes according to the findings of ethnobotanical studies conducted in different regions of Iran.
Evidence Acquisitions:
The search terms including ethnobotany, ethnomedicine, ethnopharmacology, phytopharmacology, phytomedicine, Iran, and traditional medicine in combination with diabetes, blood sugar and hyperglycemic were searched from scientific databases.
Results:
The results of this article can be a comprehensive guideline, based on ethnobotany of different regions of Iran, to prevent and treat diabetes. According to this review article, certain plant species such as Urtica dioica L., popularly called nettle, in eight regions, Teucrium polium L., popularly called poleigamander, in five regions, and Trigonella foenum-graecum L., Citrullus colocynthis (L.), Schrad., and Juglans regia L. in four regions, were reported to be frequently used to prevent and treat diabetes
Conclusions:
The introduced medicinal plants in this review can be investigated in further research and produce new drugs with limited side effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Asadi-Samani
- Student Research Committee, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Taghi Moradi
- Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Leila Mahmoodnia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Shahla Alaei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Asadi-Samani
- Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Tahra Luther
- Department of General Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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