1
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Qin P, Li Q, Zu Q, Dong R, Qi Y. Natural products targeting autophagy and apoptosis in NSCLC: a novel therapeutic strategy. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1379698. [PMID: 38628670 PMCID: PMC11019012 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1379698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) being the predominant type. The roles of autophagy and apoptosis in NSCLC present a dual and intricate nature. Additionally, autophagy and apoptosis interconnect through diverse crosstalk molecules. Owing to their multitargeting nature, safety, and efficacy, natural products have emerged as principal sources for NSCLC therapeutic candidates. This review begins with an exploration of the mechanisms of autophagy and apoptosis, proceeds to examine the crosstalk molecules between these processes, and outlines their implications and interactions in NSCLC. Finally, the paper reviews natural products that have been intensively studied against NSCLC targeting autophagy and apoptosis, and summarizes in detail the four most retrieved representative drugs. This paper clarifies good therapeutic effects of natural products in NSCLC by targeting autophagy and apoptosis and aims to promote greater consideration by researchers of natural products as candidates for anti-NSCLC drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyi Qin
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Qingchen Li
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qi Zu
- Shandong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Ruxue Dong
- Shandong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanfu Qi
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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2
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Xiang Y, Wan F, Ren Y, Yang D, Xiang K, Zhu B, Ruan X, Li S, Zhang L, Liu X, Si Y, Liu Y. Polyphyllin VII induces autophagy-dependent ferroptosis in human gastric cancer through targeting T-lymphokine-activated killer cell-originated protein kinase. Phytother Res 2023; 37:5803-5820. [PMID: 37632389 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
T-lymphokine-activated killer cell-originated protein kinase (TOPK) is a serine-threonine kinase that is overexpressed in gastric cancer (GC) and promotes tumor progression. Polyphyllin VII (PPVII), a pennogenin isolated from the rhizomes of Paris polyphylla, shows anticancer effects. Here, we explored the antitumor activity and mechanism of PPVII in GC. Ferroptosis was detected by transmission electron microscope, malondialdehyde, and iron determination assays. Autophagy and its upstream signaling pathway were detected by Western blot, and gene alterations. The binding of PPVII and TOPK was examined through microscale thermophoresis and drug affinity responsive target stability assays. An in vivo mouse model was performed to evaluate the therapeutic of PPVII. PPVII inhibits GC by inducing autophagy-mediated ferroptosis. PPVII promotes the degradation of ferritin heavy chain 1, which is responsible for autophagy-mediated ferroptosis. PPVII activates the Unc-51-like autophagy-activating kinase 1 (ULK1) upstream of autophagy. PPVII inhibits the activity of TOPK, thereby weakening the inhibition of downstream ULK1. PPVII stabilizes the dimer of the inactive form of TOPK by direct binding. PPVII inhibits tumor growth without causing obvious toxicity in vivo. Collectively, this study suggests that PPVII is a potential agent for the treatment of GC by targeting TOPK to activate autophagy-mediated ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Xiang
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Fang Wan
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuliang Ren
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Ke Xiang
- Gucheng People's Hospital, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Bingxin Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Xuzhi Ruan
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Shuzhen Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Xuewen Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan Si
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
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3
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Xiang YC, Peng P, Liu XW, Jin X, Shen J, Zhang T, Zhang L, Wan F, Ren YL, Yu QQ, Zhao HZ, Si Y, Liu Y. Paris saponin VII, a Hippo pathway activator, induces autophagy and exhibits therapeutic potential against human breast cancer cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:1568-1580. [PMID: 34522004 PMCID: PMC9159991 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00755-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the Hippo signaling pathway seen in many types of cancer is usually associated with a poor prognosis. Paris saponin VII (PSVII) is a steroid saponin isolated from traditional Chinese herbs with therapeutic action against various human cancers. In this study we investigated the effects of PSVII on human breast cancer (BC) cells and its anticancer mechanisms. We showed that PSVII concentration-dependently inhibited the proliferation of MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-436 and MCF-7 BC cell lines with IC50 values of 3.16, 3.45, and 2.86 μM, respectively, and suppressed their colony formation. PSVII (1.2-1.8 μM) induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in the BC cell lines. PSVII treatment also induced autophagy and promoted autophagic flux in the BC cell lines. PSVII treatment decreased the expression and nuclear translocation of Yes-associated protein (YAP), a downstream transcriptional effector in the Hippo signaling pathway; overexpression of YAP markedly attenuated PSVII-induced autophagy. PSVII-induced, YAP-mediated autophagy was associated with increased active form of LATS1, an upstream effector of YAP. The activation of LATS1 was involved the participation of multiple proteins (including MST2, MOB1, and LATS1 itself) in an MST2-dependent sequential activation cascade. We further revealed that PSVII promoted the binding of LATS1 with MST2 and MOB1, and activated LATS1 in the BC cell lines. Molecular docking showed that PSVII directly bound to the MST2-MOB1-LATS1 ternary complex. Microscale thermophoresis analysis and drug affinity responsive targeting stability assay confirmed the high affinity between PSVII and the MST2-MOB1-LATS1 ternary complex. In mice bearing MDA-MB-231 cell xenograft, administration of PSVII (1.5 mg/kg, ip, 4 times/week, for 4 weeks) significantly suppressed the tumor growth with increased pLATS1, LC3-II and Beclin 1 levels and decreased YAP, p62 and Ki67 levels in the tumor tissue. Overall, this study demonstrates that PSVII is a novel and direct Hippo activator that has great potential in the treatment of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-chen Xiang
- grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000 China ,grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000 China
| | - Peng Peng
- grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000 China ,grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000 China
| | - Xue-wen Liu
- grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000 China ,grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000 China
| | - Xin Jin
- grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000 China ,grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000 China
| | - Jie Shen
- grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000 China ,grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000 China
| | - Te Zhang
- grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000 China ,grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000 China
| | - Liang Zhang
- grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000 China ,grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000 China
| | - Fang Wan
- grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000 China ,grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000 China
| | - Yu-liang Ren
- grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000 China ,grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000 China
| | - Qing-qing Yu
- grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000 China ,grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000 China
| | - Hu-zi Zhao
- grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000 China ,grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000 China ,grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000 China
| | - Yuan Si
- grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000 China ,grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000 China ,grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000 China
| | - Ying Liu
- grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000 China ,grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000 China ,grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000 China ,grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000 China
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4
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Zou Y. Naturally occurring steroidal saponins as potential anticancer agents: Current developments and mechanisms of action. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:1442-1456. [PMID: 35352659 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220330011047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is claimed as a prevalent cause of mortality throughout the world. Conventional chemotherapy plays a pivotal role in the treatment of cancers, but the multidrug resistance has already become one of the major impediments for efficacious cancer therapy, creating a great demand for the development of novel anticancer drugs. Steroidal saponins, abundantly found in nature, possess extensive structural variability, and some naturally occurring steroidal saponins exhibited profound anticancer properties through a variety of pathways. Hence, naturally occurring steroidal saponins are powerful lead compounds/candidates in the development of novel therapeutic agents. This review article described the recent progress in naturally occurring steroidal saponins as potential anticancer agents, and the mechanisms of action were also discussed, covering articles published between 2017 and 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Zou
- The Third Clinical Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Gezhouba Central Hospital of Sinopharm, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China
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5
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Wang R. Current perspectives on naturally occurring saponins as anticancer agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2100469. [PMID: 35119132 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Saponins, a heterogeneous group of sterol and triterpene glycosides, are distributed widely in nature. Naturally occurring saponins could act on diverse targets in cancer cells and consequently exert potential antiproliferative effects in various cancers, including drug-resistant forms. Therefore, naturally occurring saponins are useful templates for the discovery of novel anticancer candidates. Covering articles published between January 2020 and October 2021, this review aims to outline the recent development of naturally occurring steroidal and triterpenoidal saponins with anticancer potential to provide novel anticancer lead hits/candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo Wang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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6
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Si Y, Zhang H, Peng P, Zhu C, Shen J, Xiong Y, Liu X, Xiang Y, Li W, Ren Y, Wan F, Zhang L, Liu Y. G protein pathway suppressor 2 suppresses gastric cancer by destabilizing epidermal growth factor receptor. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:4867-4882. [PMID: 34609770 PMCID: PMC8645722 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein pathway suppressor 2 (GPS2) is expressed in most human tissues, including the stomach. However, the biological functions of GPS2 in cancer, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms, remain poorly understood. Here, we report that GPS2 expression was aberrantly downregulated in gastric cancer (GC) tissues compared with control tissues. Clinicopathologic analysis showed that low GPS2 expression was significantly correlated with pathological grade, lymph node stage, and invasive depth. Kaplan‐Meier analysis indicated that patients with low GPS2 expression showed poorer overall survival rates than those with high GPS2 expression. Moreover, GPS2 overexpression decreased GC cell proliferation, colony formation, tumorigenesis, and invasion. Overexpression of GPS2 reduced the protein expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and inhibited its downstream signaling in GC cells. Interestingly, GPS2 decreased EGFR protein expression, which was reversed by a lysosome inhibitor. Furthermore, GPS2 reduced EGFR protein stability by enhancing the binding of EGFR and an E3 ligase, c‐Cbl, which promoted the ubiquitination of EGFR, ultimately leading to its degradation through the lysosomal pathway. Further analysis indicated that GPS2 activated autophagy and promoted the autophagic flux by destabilizing EGFR. Taken together, these results suggest that low GPS2 expression is associated with GC progression and provide insights into the applicability of the GPS2‐EGFR axis as a potential therapeutic target in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Si
- Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Peng
- Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy of Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Chu Zhu
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yilian Xiong
- Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xuewen Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy of Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yuchen Xiang
- Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy of Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yuliang Ren
- Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Fang Wan
- Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy of Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy of Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
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