Chen F, Li H, Zhen C, Lin G, Tang B, Shi Y, Wang L, Qiao J, Li X. Intelligent Sensing Switches in Drug Delivery Systems: Mechanisms, Material Selection, and Future Perspectives.
J Biomed Mater Res A 2025;
113:e37938. [PMID:
40448364 DOI:
10.1002/jbm.a.37938]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2025] [Revised: 04/14/2025] [Accepted: 05/19/2025] [Indexed: 06/02/2025]
Abstract
The intelligence and controllability of drug delivery systems (DDS) are crucial for enhancing therapeutic efficacy and minimizing side effects. Among these, DDS responsive switches play a pivotal role in precisely regulating the timing and spatial distribution of drug release in response to specific physiological environments within the body or external stimuli. Based on the origin of stimuli, they can be categorized into endogenous and exogenous stimuli. This paper reviews various types of stimulus-responsive switches, including dual-stimulus responsive switches, and elaborates on the drug release mechanisms of each intelligent switch. It summarizes the advantages and limitations of different stimulus-responsive systems, highlights the properties of commonly used temperature-sensitive materials, and discusses the applications of popular nano-engineered materials in pH and electromagnetic-responsive switches. Finally, the paper provides an outlook on the future of DDS, focusing on achieving more precise control, as well as ensuring clinical stability and reliability.
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