An in vitro antibacterial and antifungal effects of cadmium(II) complexes of hexamethyltetraazacyclotetradecadiene and isomers of its saturated analogue

Insights into the potential dual-antibacterial mechanism of Kelisha capsule on Escherichia coli

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), AYURVEDA and Indian medicine are essential in disease prevention and treatment. Kelisha capsule (KLSC), a TCM formula listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, has been clinically proven to possess potent antibacterial properties. However, the precise antimicrobial mechanism of KLSC remained unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the dual antibacterial mechanism of KLSC using network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experimental validation. By analyzing the growth curve of Escherichia coli (E. coli), it was observed that KLSC significantly inhibited its growth, showcasing a remarkable antibacterial effect. Furthermore, SEM and TEM analysis revealed that KLSC damaged the cell wall and membrane of E. coli, resulting in cytoplasmic leakage, bacterial death, and the exertion of antibacterial effects. The network pharmacology analysis revealed that KLSC exhibited an effect on E. coli ATP synthase, thereby influencing the energy metabolism process. The molecular docking outcomes provided evidence that the active compounds of KLSC could effectively bind to the ATP synthase subunit. Subsequently, experimental findings substantiated that KLSC effectively suppressed the activity of ATP synthase in E. coli and consequently decreased the ATP content. This study highlighted the dual antibacterial mechanism of KLSC, emphasizing its effects on cell structure and energy metabolism, suggesting its potential as a natural antibacterial agent for E. coli-related infections. These findings offered new insights into exploring the antibacterial mechanisms of TCM by focusing on the energy metabolism process.

Nanoformulated herbal compounds: enhanced antibacterial efficacy of camphor and thymol-loaded nanogels

Herbal components are highly useful assets for the advancement of novel antibacterial drugs. Nanotechnology holds great promise as an approach to enhance the effectiveness and develop the composition of these substances. The study developed nanogels incorporating camphor, thymol, and a combination derived from the initial nanoemulsions with particle sizes of 103, 85, and 135 nm, respectively. The viscosity of nanogels and the successful loading of compounds in them were examined by viscometery and ATR-FTIR studies. The bactericidal properties of the nanogels were examined against four bacterial strains. The nanogel containing camphor and thymol at 1250 µg/mL concentration exhibited complete growth suppression against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The thymol nanogel at 1250 µg/mL and the camphor nanogel at 2500 µg/mL exhibited complete inhibition of growth on Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli, respectively. Both nanogels showed favorable effectiveness as antibacterial agents and could potentially examine a wide range of pathogens and in vivo studies.

Synthesis, Crystal Structures, Genotoxicity, and Antifungal and Antibacterial Studies of Ni(II) and Cd(II) Pyrazole Amide Coordination Complexes

In this study, we synthesized two coordination complexes based on pyrazole-based ligands, namely 1,5-dimethyl-N-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (L1) and 1,5-dimethyl-N-propyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (L2), with the aim to investigate bio-inorganic properties. Their crystal structures revealed a mononuclear complex [Ni(L1)2](ClO4)2 (C1) and a dinuclear complex [Cd2(L2)2]Cl4 (C2). Very competitive antifungal and anti-Fusarium activities were found compared to the reference standard cycloheximide. Additionally, L1 and L2 present very weak genotoxicity in contrast to the observed increase in genotoxicity for the coordination complexes C1 and C2.

Coordination Complexes Built from a Ditopic Triazole-Pyrazole Ligand with Antibacterial and Antifungal Performances

Four mononuclear complexes (H3O){[NiL3](ClO4)3} (1), [CoL3](ClO4)2·2H2O (2), [CdL2Cl2] (3) and [CuL3](NO3)2 (4) have been prepared employing a newly synthesized 1,2,4-triazole ligand: 3-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole (L). The structures of the complexes, which crystallized in P63/m (1), P-1 (2), P1 (3), and P21/c (4), are reviewed within the context of the cooperative effect of the hydrogen bonding network and counter anions on the supramolecular formations. Moreover, within the framework of biological activity examination, these compounds showed favorable antibacterial performances compared to those of various species of bacteria, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. Significant antifungal inhibitory activity towards Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis fungi was recorded for 3 and 4 over the ligand L.

X-ray Structure Analyses and Biological Evaluations of a New Cd(II) Complex with S-Triazine Based Ligand

The crystal structure of a new penta-coordinated Cd(II) complex of the formula [Cd(BPMT)Br2] was presented. This Cd(II) complex was synthesized by mixing Cd(NO3)2·4H2O and 2,4-bis(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-6-methoxy-1,3,5-triazine (BPMT) in the presence of KBr. It crystallized in the monoclinic crystal system and P21/n space group. The crystal parameters are a = 11.3680(8) Å, b = 11.1648(8) Å, c = 15.8593(11) Å, and β = 103.563(2)°, while the unit cell volume is 2190.6(12) Å3 and it comprised four molecules. The supramolecular structure of the [Cd(BPMT)Br2] complex is mainly controlled by the intermolecular Br∙∙∙H interactions. Hirshfeld calculations predicted the H∙∙∙H (38.1%), Br∙∙∙H (24.3%), C∙∙∙H (11.1%), and N∙∙∙H (9.5%) interactions are the most dominant. Biological evaluations for the antimicrobial and anticancer properties of the studied complex are presented. The Cd(II) complex has better anticancer and antibacterial activities than the free BPMT ligand. The anticancer activity against lung carcinoma (A-549) is higher for the former (18.64 ± 1.09 µg/mL) compared to the latter (372.79 ± 13.64 µg/mL). Additionally, the best antibacterial activity for the Cd(II) complex was found against B. subtilis.

Cadmium(II) compounds of the bis-cyanoethyl derivative (LCX) of Me8[14]aneC (LC): Characterization and antibacterial studies

The isomeric ligand L_C, a saturated analogue of 2,9-C-meso-Me₈[14]diene, on reflux with excess acrylonitrile afforded 1,8-N-pendant cyanoethyl derivative L_CX. Interaction of L_CX with cadmium(II) perchlorate, nitrate, acetate, and chloride salts produced six coordinated octahedral compounds, [Cd(L_CX) (ClO₄)₂]∙2H₂O, [Cd(L_CX) (NO₃)₂], [Cd(L_CX) (CH₃COO)₂], and [Cd(L_CX)Cl₂], respectively. Further, axial substitution reactions between [Cd(L_CX) (ClO₄)₂]∙2H₂O and KI, KBr, KCl, KSCN, and NaNO₂ in a 1:2 ratio yielded six coordinated octahedral compounds, [Cd(L_CX)I₂]∙H₂O, [Cd(L_CX)Br₂]∙2H₂O, [Cd(L_CX)Cl(ClO₄)]∙2H₂O, [Cd(L_CX) (NCS)₂]∙H₂O, and [Cd(L_CX) (NO₂) (ClO₄)]∙2H₂O, respectively. All of the newly prepared compounds have been characterized by analytical, spectroscopic, molar conductivity, and magnetochemical data. The crystal structure of the ligand L_CX was determined by x-ray crystallography which showed the 14-membered ring to adopt an extended chair conformation. Antibacterial activities of the newly formed cadmium(II) complexes against selected bacteria showed these to exhibit moderate and selective activity with 1-4 and 8 exhibiting greatest potency against the gram negative bacterium Salmonella typhi, and 5, 6, and 7 against the gram positive bacterium Bacillus wiedmannii.

Ethnomedicinal Value of Antidiabetic Plants in Bangladesh: A Comprehensive Review

The use of conventional drugs to treat metabolic disorders and the pathological consequences of diabetes further increases the complications because of the side effects, and is sometimes burdensome due to relatively higher costs and occasionally painful route of administration of these drugs. Therefore, shifting to herbal medicine may be more effective, economical, have fewer side effects and might have minimal toxicity. The present review amasses a list of ethnomedicinal plants of 143 species belonging to 61 families, from distinctive domestic survey literature, reported to have been used to treat diabetes by the ethnic and local people of Bangladesh. Leaves of the medicinal plants were found leading in terms of their use, followed by fruits, whole plants, roots, seeds, bark, stems, flowers, and rhizomes. This review provides starting information leading to the search for and use of indigenous botanical resources to discover bioactive compounds for novel hypoglycemic drug development.

Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective

Bromelain is an effective chemoresponsive proteolytic enzyme derived from pineapple stems. It contains several thiol endopeptidases and is extracted and purified via several methods. It is most commonly used as an anti-inflammatory agent, though scientists have also discovered its potential as an anticancer and antimicrobial agent. It has been reported as having positive effects on the respiratory, digestive, and circulatory systems, and potentially on the immune system. It is a natural remedy for easing arthritis symptoms, including joint pain and stiffness. This review details bromelain's varied uses in healthcare, its low toxicity, and its relationship to nanoparticles. The door of infinite possibilities will be opened up if further extensive research is carried out on this pineapple-derived enzyme.