Comparison of the key modifiable factors in the first 1000 days predicting subsequent overweight and obesity in pre-school children in Tehran: a case-control study

The Relationship Between Paternal Smoking and Overweight/Obesity with Childhood Overweight/Obesity: A Systematic Review

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

This review investigates the relationship of paternal smoking and overweight/obesity during pregnancy and up to one-year post-birth with childhood overweight/obesity up to age 12. Both exposures were analysed separately and together, if appropriate.

RECENT FINDINGS

Included studies indicate that paternal overweight/obesity is consistently associated with increased risk of childhood overweight/obesity, suggesting a robust intergenerational link. Conversely, findings on paternal smoking are less consistent. Five out of six studies suggest that paternal smoking during pregnancy may contribute to increased risk but one found no association. Children of fathers with overweight/obesity are at higher risk of overweight/obesity in childhood. Paternal smoking was associated with higher risk of child overweight/obesity in most studies. Trajectories of overweight and obesity are likely to be transgenerational and systemic changes to tackle their socioeconomic determinants may be required to address these.

Accuracy of the international growth charts to diagnose obesity according to the body composition analysis in US children and adolescents

This study verified the accuracy of the international BMI references and the allometric BMI reference to diagnose obesity in children and adolescents from the USA. Data from 17 313 subjects were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between the years 1999-2006 and 2011-2018. Fat Mass Index, Allometric Fat Mass Index and fat mass/fat-free mass were calculated. Receiver operating characteristic curve, AUC, sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratio were estimated to evaluate the accuracy of the growth references for diagnosing obesity. The International Obesity Task Force, MULT BMI 17 years, MULT BMI 18 years and allometric BMI 19 years achieved the best sensitivity-specificity trade-off for boys, with sensitivities ranging from 0·92 to 0·96 and specificities of 0·94, with positive likelihood ratio of 15·51, 16·17, 13·46 and 18·01, respectively. The negative likelihood ratios were notably low, ranging from 0·04 to 0·08. In girls, the International Obesity Task Force, MULT BMI 17 years and MULT allometric BMI 17 years also demonstrated high sensitivity (0·95-0·97) and specificity (0·92), with positive likelihood ratio values of 11·54, 11·82 and 11·77, respectively and low negative likelihood ratio values (0·03-0·05). In summary, these international growth references presented satisfactory performance to diagnose obesity. However, the MULT growth reference performed better, and the MULT allometric BMI was the only indicator capable of detecting that girls have a higher proportion of fat mass than boys for the same index values. These findings suggest that the MULT growth reference may be a better tool to assess the nutritional status of children and adolescents internationally.

Corticotropin-releasing hormone and obesity: From fetal life to adulthood

Obesity is among the most common chronic disorders, worldwide. It is a complex disease that reflects the interactions between environmental influences, multiple genetic allelic variants, and behavioral factors. Recent developments have also shown that biological conditions in utero play an important role in the programming of energy homeostasis systems and might have an impact on obesity and metabolic disease risk. The corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) family of neuropeptides, as a central element of energy homeostasis, has been evaluated for its role in the pathophysiology of obesity. This review aims to summarize the relevance and effects of the CRH family of peptides in the pathophysiology of obesity spanning from fetal life to adulthood.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus as an Effect Modifier of the Association of Gestational Weight Gain with Perinatal Outcomes: A Prospective Cohort Study in China

The association of gestational weight gain (GWG) with perinatal outcomes seems to differ between women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Whether GDM is an effect-modifier of the association has not been verified. This study aimed to assess the modifying effect of GDM on the association of GWG with perinatal outcomes. Data on 12,128 pregnant women (3013 with GDM and 9115 without GDM) were extracted from a prospective, multicenter, cohort study in China. The associations of total and trimester-specific GWG rates (GWGR) with perinatal outcomes, including small size for gestational age, large size for gestational age (LGA), preterm birth, cesarean delivery, and gestational hypertension disorders, were assessed. The modifying effect of GDM on the association was assessed on both multiplicative and additive scales, as estimated by mixed-effects logistic regression. As a result, total GWGR was associated with all of the perinatal outcomes. GDM modified the association of total GWGR with LGA and cesarean delivery on both scales (all p < 0.05) but did not modify the association with other outcomes. The modifying effect was observed in the third trimester but not in the first or the second trimester. Therefore, maternal GWG is associated with perinatal outcomes, and GDM modifies the association with LGA and cesarean delivery in the third trimester.