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Corbel Q, Serra M, García-Roa R, Carazo P. Male adaptive plasticity can explain the evolution of sexual perception costs. Am Nat 2022; 200:E110-E123. [DOI: 10.1086/720404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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2
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Mital A, Sarangi M, Nandy B, Pandey N, Joshi A. Shorter effective lifespan in laboratory populations of D. melanogaster might reduce sexual selection. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-022-03158-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The role of sexual selection in mediating levels of sexual conflict has been demonstrated in many experimental evolution studies on Drosophila spp. where competition among males for mating was the target of selection. Sexual selection has also been shown to affect the evolution of life-histories. However, the influence of divergent life-histories on reproductive strategies and, therefore, sexual selection and possibly sexual conflict has been less well studied. We examined D. melanogaster populations selected for a short development time and early age at reproduction for changes in reproductive behavior and traits that are proxies of sexual selection. We report a large reduction in reproductive competition experienced by the males of these populations, compared to ancestral populations that are not consciously selected for rapid development or early reproduction, potentially leading to reduced sexual selection. We show that rapidly developing and early reproducing populations have very low levels of mating in their lifetime (females are more or less monandrous), low courtship levels, shorter copulation duration, and longer time from eclosion to first mating, compared to the controls. These results are discussed in the context of the previously demonstrated reduction of inter-locus sexual conflict in these populations. We show that life-history strategies might have a large and significant impact on sexual selection, with each influencing the other and contributing to the complexities of adaptation.
Significance statement
Sexual conflict, often manifested as an arms-race between males and females trying to enhance their own reproductive success at some cost to the other, is of great evolutionary interest because it can maintain genetic variation in populations, prevent the independent optimization of male and female traits, and also promote speciation. Sexual selection, or variation in mating success, is well known to affect levels of sexual conflict. However, it is not so clear whether, and how, the regular evolution of life-histories also affects sexual selection. Here, we show that life-history evolution in fruit fly populations selected for traits not directly related to sexual conflict might, nevertheless, mediate the possible evolution of altered sexual conflict levels through effects on sexual selection. Populations that evolved to develop to adulthood fast, and reproduce relatively early in life, are shown to potentially experience less sexual selection, which can explain the low sexual conflict levels earlier observed in them.
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3
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Kriesner P, Hoffmann AA. Rapid spread of a Wolbachia infection that does not affect host reproduction in Drosophila simulans cage populations. Evolution 2018; 72:1475-1487. [PMID: 29766491 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Wolbachia endosymbionts that are maternally inherited can spread rapidly in host populations through inducing sterility in uninfected females, but some Wolbachia infections do not influence host reproduction yet still persist. These infections are particularly interesting because they likely represent mutualistic endosymbionts, spreading by increasing host fitness. Here, we document such a spread in the wAu infection of Drosophila simulans. By establishing multiple replicate cage populations, we show that wAu consistently increased from an intermediate frequency to near fixation, representing an estimated fitness advantage of around 20% for infected females. The effective population size in the cages was estimated from SNP markers to be around a few thousand individuals, precluding large effects of genetic drift in the populations. The exact reasons for the fitness advantage are unclear but viral protection and nutritional benefits are two possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kriesner
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
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Mueller LD, Joshi A, Santos M, Rose MR. Effective population size and evolutionary dynamics in outbred laboratory populations of Drosophila. J Genet 2014; 92:349-61. [PMID: 24371158 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-013-0296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Census population size, sex-ratio and female reproductive success were monitored in 10 laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster selected for different ages of reproduction. With this demographic information, we estimated eigenvalue, variance and probability of allele loss effective population sizes. We conclude that estimates of effective size based on genefrequency change at a few loci are biased downwards. We analysed the relative roles of selection and genetic drift in maintaining genetic variation in laboratory populations of Drosophila. We suggest that rare, favourable genetic variants in our laboratory populations have a high chance of being lost if their fitness effect is weak, e.g. 1% or less. However, if the fitness effect of this variation is 10% or greater, these rare variants are likely to increase to high frequency. The demographic information developed in this study suggests that some of our laboratory populations harbour more genetic variation than expected. One explanation for this finding is that part of the genetic variation in these outbred laboratory Drosophila populations may be maintained by some form of balancing selection. We suggest that, unlike bacteria, medium-term adaptation of laboratory populations of fruit flies is not primarily driven by new mutations, but rather by changes in the frequency of preexisting alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence D Mueller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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5
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Abstract
Theoretical explanations of empirically observed standing genetic variation, mutation, and selection suggest that many alleles must jointly affect fitness and metric traits. However, there are few direct demonstrations of the nature and extent of these pleiotropic associations. We implemented a mutation accumulation (MA) divergence experimental design in Drosophila serrata to segregate genetic variants for fitness and metric traits. By exploiting naturally occurring MA line extinctions as a measure of line-level total fitness, manipulating sexual selection, and measuring productivity we were able to demonstrate genetic covariance between fitness and standard metric traits, wing size, and shape. Larger size was associated with lower total fitness and male sexual fitness, but higher productivity. Multivariate wing shape traits, capturing major axes of wing shape variation among MA lines, evolved only in the absence of sexual selection, and to the greatest extent in lines that went extinct, indicating that mutations contributing wing shape variation also typically had deleterious effects on both total fitness and male sexual fitness. This pleiotropic covariance of metric traits with fitness will drive their evolution, and generate the appearance of selection on the metric traits even in the absence of a direct contribution to fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina McGuigan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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6
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Garrido LR, Birchmeier A, Munilla S, Cantet R. Estimation of effective population size using bivariate discrete distributions for modeling family size in beef cattle. Livest Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2007.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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7
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Borash DJ, Rose MR, Mueller LD. Mutation accumulation affects male virility in Drosophila selected for later reproduction. Physiol Biochem Zool 2007; 80:461-72. [PMID: 17717809 DOI: 10.1086/520127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
An intensive study of longevity, female fecundity, and male reproductive behavior in Drosophila melanogaster was undertaken in order to establish whether late-life fitness characters in short-lived populations might be affected by the increase in deleterious alleles due to random genetic drift. We also sought to determine whether selection for late-life fertility could eliminate alleles that produce a decline in later fitness components in short-lived populations, as predicted by the mutation accumulation hypothesis for the evolution of aging. These experiments employed long-lived (O) populations, short-lived (B) populations, and hybrids made from crosses of independent lines from within the O and B populations. No detectable longevity differences were seen between hybrid B males and females and purebred B males and females. Reproduction in aged B purebred females was significantly less than in hybrid females at 3 wk of age only. A full diallel cross of the five replicate B lines showed a steady increase in hybrid male reproductive performance after the first week of adult life, relative to the parental lines. A full diallel cross of the five replicate O lines revealed no significant increase in hybrid O age-specific male reproductive success compared with the purebred O lines when assayed over the first 5 wk of adult life. The results on male reproductive behavior are consistent with the idea that relaxed age-specific selection in the B populations has been accompanied by an increase in deleterious, recessive traits that exhibit age-specific expression. Consequently, we conclude that a mutation accumulation process has been at least partly responsible for the age-specific decline in male B virility relative to that of the O populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Borash
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2525, USA.
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8
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Prasad NG, Bedhomme S, Day T, Chippindale AK. An evolutionary cost of separate genders revealed by male-limited evolution. Am Nat 2006; 169:29-37. [PMID: 17206582 DOI: 10.1086/509941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Theory predicts that intralocus sexual conflict can constrain the evolution of sexual dimorphism, preventing each sex from independently maximizing its fitness. To test this idea, we limited genome-wide gene expression to males in four replicate Drosophila melanogaster populations, removing female-specific selection. Over 25 generations, male fitness increased markedly, as sexually dimorphic traits evolved in the male direction. When male-evolved genomes were expressed in females, their fitness displayed a nearly symmetrical decrease. These results suggest that intralocus conflict strongly limits sex-specific adaptation, promoting the maintenance of genetic variation for fitness. Populations may carry a heavy genetic load as a result of selection for separate genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Prasad
- Department of Biology, Queen's University at Kingston, Biosciences Complex, 116 Barrie Street, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
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9
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Wigby S, Chapman T. No evidence that experimental manipulation of sexual conflict drives premating reproductive isolation in Drosophila melanogaster. J Evol Biol 2006; 19:1033-9. [PMID: 16780504 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical models predict that sexual conflict can drive reproductive isolation by decreasing the probability of matings between individuals from allopatric populations. A recent study in dung flies supported this prediction. To test the generality of this finding we used replicate lines of Drosophila melanogaster that had been selected under high, medium and low levels of sexual conflict, in which the females had evolved differences in their level of resistance to male-induced harm. We compared the proportion of virgin pairs that mated by set time points, for flies from the same replicate within each sexual conflict level vs. flies from different replicates within each sexual conflict level. The results did not support the prediction that, in D. melanogaster, sexual conflict drives population divergence via changes in female willingness to mate. The results were unlikely to be explained by differential inbreeding or by a lack of response to sexual conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wigby
- Department of Biology, University College London, Darwin Building, London, UK.
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitabh Joshi
- Evolutionary Biology Laboratory, Evolutionary and Organismal Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, P.O. Box 6436, Jakkur, Bangalore 560 064, India.
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Prasad NG, Joshi A. What have two decades of laboratory life-history evolution studies on Drosophila melanogaster taught us? J Genet 2004; 82:45-76. [PMID: 14631102 DOI: 10.1007/bf02715881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of laboratory selection experiments on Drosophila melanogaster over the past two decades has provided insights into the specifics of life-history tradeoffs in the species and greatly refined our understanding of how ecology and genetics interact in life-history evolution. Much of what has been learnt from these studies about the subtlety of the microevolutionary process also has significant implications for experimental design and inference in organismal biology beyond life-history evolution, as well as for studies of evolution in the wild. Here we review work on the ecology and evolution of life-histories in laboratory populations of D. melanogaster, emphasizing how environmental effects on life-history-related traits can influence evolutionary change. We discuss life-history tradeoffs - many unexpected - revealed by selection experiments, and also highlight recent work that underscores the importance to life-history evolution of cross-generation and cross-life-stage effects and interactions, sexual antagonism and sexual dimorphism, population dynamics, and the possible role of biological clocks in timing life-history events. Finally, we discuss some of the limitations of typical selection experiments, and how these limitations might be transcended in the future by a combination of more elaborate and realistic selection experiments, developmental evolutionary biology, and the emerging discipline of phenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Prasad
- Evolutionary Biology Laboratory, Evolutionary and Organismal Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, P.O. Box 6436, Jakkur, Bangalore 560 064, India
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Archer MA, Phelan JP, Beckman KA, Rose MR. Breakdown in correlations during laboratory evolution. II. Selection on stress resistance in Drosophila populations. Evolution 2003; 57:536-43. [PMID: 12703943 DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb01545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We trace the evolutionary correlation between stress resistance and longevity in populations of Drosophila melanogaster selected for stress resistance over many generations. Females selected for desiccation resistance and both females and males selected for increasing starvation resistance initially show concurrent increases in longevity, but then begin to decrease in longevity, even as stress resistance continues to increase. We demonstrate that the correlation between two fitness traits can change and that this change is due to sustained selection rather than a genotype-by-environment interaction or inbreeding depression. The breakdown in evolutionary correlation we report underscores the difficulty of extrapolating the results from short-term selection experiments to predictions of long-term evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Archer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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Archer MA, Phelan JP, Beckman KA, Rose MR. BREAKDOWN IN CORRELATIONS DURING LABORATORY EVOLUTION. II. SELECTION ON STRESS RESISTANCE IN DROSOPHILA POPULATIONS. Evolution 2003. [DOI: 10.1554/0014-3820(2003)057[0536:bicdle]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Basso da Silva L, Valente VL. Body size and mating success in Drosophila willistoni are uncorrelated under laboratory conditions. J Genet 2001; 80:77-81. [PMID: 11910127 DOI: 10.1007/bf02728333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mating activity and wing length were investigated in the F1; progeny of Drosophila willistoni females collected in the field to examine any possible relationship between body size and mating success. The flies were observed in a mating chamber under laboratory conditions. No significant differences in wing length were observed between copulating and noncopulating flies, and there was no significant correlation between wing length and copulation latency for both males and females. These results therefore suggest that the commonly accepted view that large body size is positively correlated with mating success in Drosophila does not always hold true. The results support the view that the extent of environmentally induced variation in body size may be an important factor in determining whether an association between body size and mating success is observed in Drosophila species.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Basso da Silva
- Departamento de Genética,Instituto do Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Caixa Postal 15053, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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