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Rae LS, Rand JS, Ward LC. Measuring body composition in dogs using bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy. Vet J 2024; 304:106067. [PMID: 38266810 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Assessment of body composition is an essential aspect of veterinary canine care, particularly as prevalence of overweight and obesity in dogs is increasing. Few quantitative objective methods for body composition measurement are available for routine clinical use. Bioelectrical impedance analysis is widely used in human medicine and nutritional assessment and although it has shown promise in production animals it has not yet been adopted for companion animals. The present study validated bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) against the reference method of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Resistivity coefficients for use in BIS were determined: ρe = 444.8 and ρi = 1477.8 ohm.cm and used to predict fat-free mass (FFM) in a cohort of 35 mixed breed dogs. Overall, FFM was predicted to within 3.5% of reference values. At an individual level, FFM was predicted within 2 standard deviations (95% confidence) of 10%. BIS provides an objective quantitative alternative to the widely used semi-quantitative body condition scoring. In addition, BIS provides estimates of body water volumes (total, extra-and intracellular), information that can be useful in fluid management. BIS is inexpensive, and simple to perform but does require brief (<5 min) sedation of the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Rae
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343 Australia
| | - J S Rand
- Australian Pet Welfare Foundation, Kenmore, Queensland 4069 Australia
| | - L C Ward
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia.
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Vecchiato CG, Golinelli S, Pinna C, Pilla R, Suchodolski JS, Tvarijonaviciute A, Rubio CP, Dorato E, Delsante C, Stefanelli C, Pagani E, Fracassi F, Biagi G. Fecal microbiota and inflammatory and antioxidant status of obese and lean dogs, and the effect of caloric restriction. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1050474. [PMID: 36713218 PMCID: PMC9878458 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1050474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Obesity is the most common nutritional disease in dogs, and is generally managed by caloric restriction. Gut microbiota alteration could represent a predisposing factor for obesity development, which has been associated with a low-grade inflammatory condition and an impaired antioxidant status. Besides, weight loss has been shown to influence the gut microbiota composition and reduce the inflammatory response and oxidative stress. Method However, these insights in canine obesity have not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to assess the differences in serum and inflammatory parameters, antioxidant status, fecal microbiota and bacterial metabolites in 16 obese and 15 lean client-owned dogs and how these parameters in obese may be influenced by caloric restriction. First, for 30 days, all dogs received a high-protein, high-fiber diet in amounts to maintain their body weight; later, obese dogs were fed for 180 days the same diet in restricted amounts to promote weight loss. Results Before the introduction of the experimental diet (T0), small differences in fecal microbial populations were detected between obese and lean dogs, but bacterial diversity and main bacterial metabolites did not differ. The fecal Dysbiosis Index (DI) was within the reference range (< 0) in most of dogs of both groups. Compared to lean dogs, obese dogs showed higher serum concentrations of acute-phase proteins, total thyroxine (TT4), and antioxidant capacity. Compared to T0, dietary treatment affected the fecal microbiota of obese dogs, decreasing the abundance of Firmicutes and increasing Bacteroides spp. However, these changes did not significantly affect the DI. The caloric restriction failed to exert significative changes on a large scale on bacterial populations. Consequently, the DI, bacterial diversity indices and metabolites were unaffected in obese dogs. Caloric restriction was not associated with a reduction of inflammatory markers or an improvement of the antioxidant status, while an increase of TT4 has been observed. Discussion In summary, the present results underline that canine obesity is associated with chronic inflammation. This study highlights that changes on fecal microbiota of obese dogs induced by the characteristics of the diet should be differentiated from those that are the consequence of the reduced energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Giuditta Vecchiato
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy,*Correspondence: Carla Giuditta Vecchiato, ✉
| | - Stefania Golinelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Pinna
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rachel Pilla
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Camila Peres Rubio
- Department of Animal and Food Science, School of Veterinary Science, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa Dorato
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Costanza Delsante
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Stefanelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Qualità della Vita, University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Elena Pagani
- Monge & C. S.p.A., Monasterolo di Savigliano, Italy
| | - Federico Fracassi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giacomo Biagi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Alves JC, Santos A, Jorge P, Carreira LM. A first report on the efficacy of a single intra-articular administration of blood cell secretome, triamcinolone acetonide, and the combination of both in dogs with osteoarthritis. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:309. [PMID: 35962448 PMCID: PMC9375423 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03413-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoarthritis represents a significant welfare problem for many dogs, with limited therapeutic options other than palliative pain control. To evaluate the effect of the intra-articular administration of blood cell secretome and triamcinolone, 15 dogs with bilateral hip osteoarthritis were randomly assigned to a blood cell secretome (BCSG, n = 5), triamcinolone (TG) or their combination group (BCS + TG, n = 5). BCSG received a single intra-articular administration of 3 ml of blood cell secretome, TG 0.5 ml of triamcinolone acetonide 40 mg/ml, and BCS + TG received the combined products. The volume to administrate was corrected to 3.5 ml with saline. On days 0, 8, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180, a copy of the Canine Brief Pain Inventory (divided into pain interference score—PIS and Pain Severity Score—PSS), Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs (LOAD), Hudson Visual Analogue Scale (HVAS), and Canine Orthopedic Index (COI, divided into function, gait, stiffness, and quality of life) was completed. Results were analyzed with the Kruskal–Wallis test and the Kaplan–Meier estimators were conducted and compared with the Log Rank test, p < 0.05. Results Animals in the sample had a mean age of 9.0 ± 2.9 years and a bodyweight of 28.8 ± 4.1 kg. Hips were classified as moderate (8) and severe (7) osteoarthritis. No differences were found between groups at T0 regarding considered evaluations. Significant differences were observed between groups in pain scores from + 8d- + 150d, with BCS + TG exhibiting better results. The same was observed for HVAS and LOAD, from + 8d- + 120d. Improvements were also observed in several dimensions of the COI. Kaplan–Meier estimators showed that BCS + TG produced longer periods with better results, followed by BCSG and TG. Conclusion The intra-articular administration of blood cell secretome improved the clinical signs and scores of several clinical metrology instruments in dogs with hip OA, particularly when combined with triamcinolone. Further studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Alves
- Divisão de Medicina Veterinária, Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR), Rua Presidente Arriaga, 9, 1200-771, Lisbon, Portugal. .,Environment and Development, MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Instituto de Investigação E Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal.
| | - A Santos
- Divisão de Medicina Veterinária, Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR), Rua Presidente Arriaga, 9, 1200-771, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P Jorge
- Divisão de Medicina Veterinária, Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR), Rua Presidente Arriaga, 9, 1200-771, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - L Miguel Carreira
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon (FMV/ULisboa), Lisbon, Portugal.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Research in Animal Health (CIISA), University of Lisbon, (FMV/ULisboa), Lisbon, Portugal.,Anjos of Assis Veterinary Medicine Centre (CMVAA), Barreiro, Portugal
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Ratsch BE, Levine D, Wakshlag J. Clinical Guide to Obesity and Nonherbal Nutraceuticals in Canine Orthopedic Conditions. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2022; 52:939-958. [PMID: 35562213 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The typical canine rehabilitation patient with orthopedic disease may differ in its nutritional needs, with the assumption that most patients will be on a complete and balanced commercial dog food that is not enriched with agents for ameliorating their condition. For a significant number of rehabilitation patients, obesity is a major issue where hypocaloric diet plans are often implemented and are covered extensively elsewhere (VCNA Small Animal Practice May 2021). The focus of this article will be implementation of physical activity or structured physical exercise protocols and how they might be used in combination with a typical hypocaloric diet plan, a diet low in calories. Considering the limited information regarding physical activity or structured exercise programs in dogs, a human comparative assessment of efficacy is fundamental as a baseline of information regarding typical interventions. In addition, many of these long-term rehabilitation cases typically exhibit osteoarthritis (OA) and as part of case management, there is a need to implement nutrient or nutraceutical intervention to either diminish the progression of OA or help with pain control measures, particularly for the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory intolerant patient. Nutraceutical intervention comes in many forms from botanicals to nutritional enhancement; botanicals will be covered elsewhere in this issue. This overview of nutraceuticals will cover nonbotanical interventions including fish oil, glucosamine/chondroitin, avocado/soybean unsaponifiables, undenatured collagen, green lipped mussel, and egg shell membrane supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Esteve Ratsch
- Department of Physical Medicine, Evidensia Sørlandet Animal Hospital, Krittveien 2, Hamresanden 4656, Norway.
| | - David Levine
- Department of Health, Education and Professional Studies, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA; Department of Physical Therapy, The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, 615 McCallie Avenue Department #3253, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA
| | - Joseph Wakshlag
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veteinary Medicine, 930 Campus Road, CPC - 3-536, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Phungviwatnikul T, Lee AH, Belchik SE, Suchodolski JS, Swanson KS. Weight loss and high-protein, high-fiber diet consumption impact blood metabolite profiles, body composition, voluntary physical activity, fecal microbiota, and fecal metabolites of adult dogs. J Anim Sci 2021; 100:6490144. [PMID: 34967874 PMCID: PMC8846339 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine obesity is associated with reduced lifespan and metabolic dysfunction, but can be managed by dietary intervention. This study aimed to determine the effects of restricted feeding of a high-protein, high-fiber (HPHF) diet and weight loss on body composition, physical activity, blood metabolites, and fecal microbiota and metabolites of overweight dogs. Twelve spayed female dogs (age: 5.5 ± 1.1 yr; body weight [BW]: 14.8 ± 2.0 kg, body condition score [BCS]: 7.9 ± 0.8) were fed a HPHF diet during a 4-wk baseline phase to maintain BW. After baseline (week 0), dogs were first fed 80% of baseline intake and then adjusted to target 1.5% weekly weight loss for 24 wk. Body composition using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and blood samples (weeks 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24), voluntary physical activity (weeks 0, 7, 15, and 23), and fresh fecal samples for microbiota and metabolite analysis (weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24) were measured over time. Microbiota data were analyzed using QIIME 2. All data were analyzed statistically over time using SAS 9.4. After 24 wk, dogs lost 31.2% of initial BW and had 1.43 ± 0.73% weight loss per week. BCS decreased (P < 0.0001) by 2.7 units, fat mass decreased (P < 0.0001) by 3.1 kg, and fat percentage decreased (P < 0.0001) by 11.7% with weight loss. Many serum metabolites and hormones were altered, with triglycerides, leptin, insulin, C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6 decreasing (P < 0.05) with weight loss. Relative abundances of fecal Bifidobacterium, Coriobacteriaceae UCG-002, undefined Muribaculaceae, Allobaculum, Eubacterium, Lachnospira, Negativivibacillus, Ruminococcus gauvreauii group, uncultured Erysipelotrichaceae, and Parasutterella increased (P < 0.05), whereas Prevotellaceae Ga6A1 group, Catenibacterium, Erysipelatoclostridium, Fusobacterium, Holdemanella, Lachnoclostridium, Lactobacillus, Megamonas, Peptoclostridium, Ruminococcus gnavus group, and Streptococcus decreased (P < 0.01) with weight loss. Despite the number of significant changes, a state of dysbiosis was not observed in overweight dogs. Fecal ammonia and secondary bile acids decreased, whereas fecal valerate increased with weight loss. Several correlations between gut microbial taxa and biological parameters were observed. Our results suggest that restricted feeding of a HPHF diet and weight loss promotes fat mass loss, minimizes lean mass loss, reduces inflammatory marker and triglyceride concentrations, and modulates fecal microbiota phylogeny and activity in overweight dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne H Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana – Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sara E Belchik
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana – Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Kelly S Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana – Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA,Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana – Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana – Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA,Corresponding author:
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Wallis LJ, Szabó D, Erdélyi-Belle B, Kubinyi E. Demographic Change Across the Lifespan of Pet Dogs and Their Impact on Health Status. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:200. [PMID: 30191153 PMCID: PMC6115627 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although dogs' life expectancies are six to twelve times shorter than that of humans, the demographics (e. g., living conditions) of dogs can still change considerably with aging, similarly to humans. Despite the fact that the dog is a particularly good model for human healthspan, and the number of aged dogs in the population is growing in parallel with aged humans, there has been few previous attempts to describe demographic changes statistically. We utilized an on-line questionnaire to examine the link between the age and health of the dog, and owner and dog demographics in a cross-sectional Hungarian sample. Results from univariate analyses revealed that 20 of the 27 demographic variables measured differed significantly between six dog age groups. Our results revealed that pure breed dogs suffered from health problems at a younger age, and may die at an earlier age than mixed breeds. The oldest dog group (>12 years) consisted of fewer pure breeds than mixed breeds and the mixed breeds sample was on average older than the pure breed sample. Old dogs were classified more frequently as unhealthy, less often had a “normal” body condition score, and more often received medication and supplements. They were also more often male, neutered, suffered health problems (such as sensory, joint, and/or tooth problems), received less activity/interaction/training with the owner, and were more likely to have experienced one or more traumatic events. Surprisingly, the youngest age group contained more pure breeds, were more often fed raw meat, and had owners aged under 29 years, reflecting new trends among younger owners. The high prevalence of dogs that had experienced one or more traumatic events in their lifetime (over 40% of the sample), indicates that welfare and health could be improved by informing owners of the greatest risk factors of trauma, and providing interventions to reduce their impact. Experiencing multiple life events such as spending time in a shelter, changing owners, traumatic injury/prolonged disease/surgery, getting lost, and changes in family structure increased the likelihood that owners reported that their dogs currently show behavioral signs that they attribute to the previous trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Wallis
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra Szabó
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Enikö Kubinyi
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Gaylord L, Remillard R, Saker K. Risk of nutritional deficiencies for dogs on a weight loss plan. J Small Anim Pract 2018; 59:695-703. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Gaylord
- Clinical Nutrition Resident; North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Fuquay Varina North Carolina 27526 USA
| | - R. Remillard
- Veterinary Nutritional Consultations, Inc.; Hollister North Carolina 27844 USA
| | - K. Saker
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Raleigh North Carolina 27606 USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J German
- University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE
| | - Georgiana R T Woods
- University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE
| | - Shelley L Holden
- Crown Pet Foods, Oak Tree Meadow, Blackworthy Road, Castle Cary, Somerset BA7 7PH
| | - Louise Brennan
- Crown Pet Foods, Oak Tree Meadow, Blackworthy Road, Castle Cary, Somerset BA7 7PH
| | - Caroline Burke
- Crown Pet Foods, Oak Tree Meadow, Blackworthy Road, Castle Cary, Somerset BA7 7PH
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