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Bhalla D, Dinesh S, Sharma S, Sathisha GJ. Gut-Brain Axis Modulation of Metabolic Disorders: Exploring the Intertwined Neurohumoral Pathways and Therapeutic Prospects. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:847-871. [PMID: 38244132 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
A significant rise in metabolic disorders, frequently brought on by lifestyle choices, is alarming. A wide range of preliminary studies indicates the significance of the gut-brain axis, which regulates bidirectional signaling between the gastrointestinal tract and the cognitive system, and is crucial for regulating host metabolism and cognition. Intimate connections between the brain and the gastrointestinal tract provide a network of neurohumoral transmission that can transmit in both directions. The gut-brain axis successfully establishes that the wellness of the brain is always correlated with the extent to which the gut operates. Research on the gut-brain axis has historically concentrated on how psychological health affects how well the gastrointestinal system works. The latest studies, however, revealed that the gut microbiota interacts with the brain via the gut-brain axis to control phenotypic changes in the brain and in behavior. This study addresses the significance of the gut microbiota, the role of the gut-brain axis in management of various metabolic disorders, the hormonal and neural signaling pathways and the therapeutic treatments available. Its objective is to establish the significance of the gut-brain axis in metabolic disorders accurately and examine the link between the two while evaluating the therapeutic strategies to be incorporated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diya Bhalla
- Faculty of Life and Allied Health Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Science, Bangalore, 560048, India
| | - Susha Dinesh
- Department of Bioinformatics, BioNome, Bangalore, 560043, India
| | - Sameer Sharma
- Department of Bioinformatics, BioNome, Bangalore, 560043, India.
| | - Gonchigar Jayanna Sathisha
- Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Jnanasahyadri, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, Shimoga, 577451, India
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Insulin/IGF-1 Signaling Is Downregulated in Barrett's Esophagus Patients Undergoing a Moderate Calorie and Protein Restriction Program: A Randomized 2-Year Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103638. [PMID: 34684639 PMCID: PMC8537306 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and associated insulin resistance (Ins-R) have been identified as important risk factors for esophageal adenocarcinoma development. Elevated calories and protein consumption are also associated with Ins-R and glucose intolerance. We investigated the effect of a 24-month moderate calorie and protein restriction program on overweight or obese patients affected by Barrett’s esophagus (BE), as no similar dietary approach has been attempted to date in this disease context. Anthropometric parameters, levels of serum analytes related to obesity and Ins-R, and the esophageal insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway were analyzed. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT03813381. Insulin, C-peptide, IGF-1, IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), adipokines, and esophageal expression of the main proteins involved in insulin/IGF-1 signal transduction were quantified using Luminex-XMAP® technology in 46 patients who followed the restriction program (IA) and in 54 controls (CA). Body mass index and waist circumference significantly decreased in 76.1% of IA and 35.2% of CA. IGF-1 levels were reduced in 71.7% of IA and 51.8% of CA. The simultaneous reduction of glycaemia, IGF-1, the IGF-1/IGFBP3 ratio, and the improvement in weight loss-dependent insulin sensitivity, were associated with the downregulation of the insulin/IGF-1 signal on BE tissue. The proposed intervention program was an effective approach to counteract obesity-associated cancer risk factors. The improvement in metabolic condition resulted in a downregulation of the ERK-mediated mitogenic signal in 43.5% of patients, probably affecting the molecular mechanism driving adenocarcinoma development in BE lesions.
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Lewis GF, Carpentier AC, Pereira S, Hahn M, Giacca A. Direct and indirect control of hepatic glucose production by insulin. Cell Metab 2021; 33:709-720. [PMID: 33765416 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is general agreement that the acute suppression of hepatic glucose production by insulin is mediated by both a direct and an indirect effect on the liver. There is, however, no consensus regarding the relative magnitude of these effects under physiological conditions. Extensive research over the past three decades in humans and animal models has provided discordant results between these two modes of insulin action. Here, we review the field to make the case that physiologically direct hepatic insulin action dominates acute suppression of glucose production, but that there is also a delayed, second order regulation of this process via extrahepatic effects. We further provide our views regarding the timing, dominance, and physiological relevance of these effects and discuss novel concepts regarding insulin regulation of adipose tissue fatty acid metabolism and central nervous system (CNS) signaling to the liver, as regulators of insulin's extrahepatic effects on glucose production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary F Lewis
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Andre C Carpentier
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Sandra Pereira
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret Hahn
- Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Adria Giacca
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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