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Thomas KS, Jones CRG, Williams MO, Vanderwert RE. Associations between disordered eating, internalizing symptoms, and behavioral and neural correlates of response inhibition in preadolescence. Dev Psychobiol 2024; 66:e22477. [PMID: 38433461 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Response inhibition difficulties are reported in individuals with eating disorders (EDs), anxiety, and depression. Although ED symptoms and internalizing symptoms co-occur in preadolescence, there is limited research examining associations between these symptoms and response inhibition in this age group. This study is the first to investigate the associations between behavioral and neural markers of response inhibition, disordered eating (DE), and internalizing symptoms in a community sample of preadolescents. Forty-eight children (M age = 10.95 years, 56.3% male) completed a Go/NoGo task, whereas electroencephalography was recorded. Self-report measures of DE and internalizing symptoms were collected. Higher levels of anxiety and depression were associated with neural markers of suboptimal response inhibition (attenuated P3NoGo amplitudes) in preadolescence. In contrast, higher levels of depression were associated with greater response inhibition at a behavioral level. These findings suggest internalizing symptoms in preadolescence are associated with P3-indexed difficulties in evaluation and monitoring, but these are not sufficient to disrupt behavioral performance on a response inhibition task. This pattern may reflect engagement of compensatory processes to support task performance. DE was not significantly associated with response inhibition, suggesting that difficulties in response inhibition may only be reliably observed in more chronic and severe DE and ED presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai S Thomas
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | - Ross E Vanderwert
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Baker AE, Padgaonkar NT, Galván A, Peris TS. Anxiety may alter the role of fronto-striatal circuitry in adolescent risky decision-making. J Affect Disord 2024; 348:238-247. [PMID: 38160886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety disorders often emerge in adolescence and are associated with risk aversion. Risk aversion conflicts with the typical adolescent approach-motivated phenotype and can interfere with learning and contribute to symptom maintenance. METHODS We investigated the neural and behavioral correlates of risk avoidance in a diverse sample of adolescents (N = 137; MAge = 11.3; 34.3 % white, 22.1 % Latino, 20 % Asian, 14.3 % Black, 9.3 % Mixed Race) as they completed a task involving risky decision-making and response inhibition during fMRI. Voluntary cautious choice was compared to successful response inhibition to isolate the neural systems underlying the decision to avoid a risk and identify their relation to risk-taking and anxiety in adolescents. RESULTS Anxious adolescents self-reported more avoidance but demonstrated normative risk-taking on the laboratory task. Interestingly, they responded quickly during response inhibition but took longer to decide in the face of risk. All youth showed widespread recruitment of decision-making and salience network regions when deciding to avoid risk. The neural mechanisms driving avoidance differed based on anxiety such that left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) activation was linked to risk avoidance in adolescents with low anxiety and risk-taking in anxious adolescents, while striatal connectivity was linked to risk avoidance in anxious adolescents and risk-taking in those with low anxiety. LIMITATIONS This work is cross-sectional and therefore cannot speak to causality or directionality of effects. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the neural mechanisms contributing to adolescent risk-taking may function to promote avoidance in anxious youth, increasing vulnerability to maladaptive avoidance and further anxiety development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E Baker
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 502 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States of America.
| | - Namita Tanya Padgaonkar
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 757 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America
| | - Adriana Galván
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 502 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 757 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America
| | - Tara S Peris
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States of America
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Shields GS, Hunter CL. A mismatch between early and recent life stress predicts better response inhibition, but not cognitive inhibition. Stress 2024; 27:2341626. [PMID: 38644755 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2024.2341626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
A growing body of work has found that a mismatch between early and recent life stress, more than a cumulative influence of stress, contributes to detrimental stress-related health outcomes. To date, however, no work has examined how such a mismatch might relate to stress-related cognitive outcomes. We addressed this gap in the current study by assessing participants' (N = 154, Mage = 18.7, 104 female) early and recent life stress using the same inventory, and subsequently assessing their inhibitory control in a hybrid stop-signal/flanker task. Surprisingly, we found that a greater degree of stressor mismatch was associated with better response inhibition (i.e. smaller stop-signal reaction time) across a number of analytic approaches. Cognitive inhibition (i.e. the flanker interference effect) was not associated with stressor mismatch. These results thus show that a greater degree of mismatch between early and recent life stress is related to response inhibition in the same way as acute stress affects response inhibition, suggesting that response inhibition may be an important cognitive process for navigating both acute stress and general environmental conditions that do not match the conditions in which expected stress occurrence was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant S Shields
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Colton L Hunter
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Klinge JL, Warschburger P, Busching R, Klein AM. Self-regulation facets differentially predict internalizing symptom trajectories from middle childhood to early adolescence: a longitudinal multimethod study. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2023; 17:120. [PMID: 37848960 PMCID: PMC10583422 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-023-00670-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Internalizing symptoms are among the most common psychological symptoms in childhood and adolescence, are highly stable and can cause severe impairment. Current research discusses lower capacities of self-regulation (SR) as risk factors for the development of internalizing symptoms. The present study identifies trajectories of internalizing symptoms in the transition phase from middle childhood to adolescence and examines multiple SR facets as predictors of potentially unfavorable trajectories, also in the presence of other established risk factors. METHODS The study utilized a community sample of N = 1453 (52.2% female) German children, who provided data at up to three measurement points (t1: 6-11 years, t2: 7-11 years, t3: 9-13 years). Trajectories of internalizing symptoms were based on parents' ratings of the emotional problems scale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. SR facets were assessed using multiple methods and informants. Two multinomial regression analyses were conducted to predict class membership by (1) SR facets and gender and (2) SR facets, gender, and other established risk factors (education status, family adversity, peer problems). RESULTS Using growth mixture modelling, we identified three trajectory classes with stable low (n = 1200), increasing (n = 124), and early high decreasing internalizing symptoms (n = 129). In the regression analysis controlling for risk factors, membership in the increasing trajectory was significantly predicted by higher emotional reactivity (OR = 2.65, p < .001), higher cognitive flexibility/set-shifting (OR = 1.48, p = .032), and higher family adversity (OR = 1.38, p = .046). Membership in the early high decreasing trajectory was significantly predicted by higher emotional reactivity (OR = 4.15, p < .001), higher inhibitory control (OR = 1.47, p = .045), lower working-memory updating (OR = 0.69, p = .016), lower delay of gratification (OR = 0.75, p = .028), and higher family adversity (OR = 1.63, p = .001). CONCLUSIONS SR facets incrementally and differentially predict potentially unfavorable trajectories of internalizing symptoms from age 6 to 13, surpassing the predictive value of gender or education status. Higher emotional reactivity emerged as the most influential factor, which could therefore be addressed in future prevention and intervention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna L Klinge
- International Psychoanalytic University Berlin, Stromstr. 1, 10555, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Petra Warschburger
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Robert Busching
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Annette M Klein
- International Psychoanalytic University Berlin, Stromstr. 1, 10555, Berlin, Germany
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van der Hoeven AE, Bijlenga D, Bouhuijs P, van Schie MKM, Lammers GJ, Fronczek R. Applicability of the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) in hypersomnolence: Experience and results from a tertiary referral center. Sleep Med 2023; 108:105-113. [PMID: 37348285 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND Evaluation of hypersomnolence disorders ideally includes an assessment of vigilance using the short Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART). We evaluated whether this task can differentiate between hypersomnolence disorders, whether it correlates with subjective and objective sleepiness, whether it is affected by the time of day, and symptoms of anxiety and depression. PATIENTS/METHODS We analyzed diagnostic data of 306 individuals with hypersomnolence complaints diagnosed with narcolepsy type 1 (n=100), narcolepsy type 2 (n=20), idiopathic hypersomnia (n=49), obstructive sleep apnea (n=27) and other causes or without explanatory diagnosis (n=110). We included the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT), polysomnography, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and SART, which were administered five times during the day (outcomes: reaction time, total, commission and omission errors). RESULTS The SART outcomes did not differ between groups when adjusted for relevant covariates. Higher ESS scores were associated with longer reaction times and more commission errors (p<.01). The main outcome, total errors, did not differ between times of the day. Reaction times and omission errors were impacted (p<.05). CONCLUSIONS The SART quantifies disturbed vigilance, an important dimension of disorders of hypersomnolence. Results do not suggest that depressive symptoms influence SART outcomes. A practice session is advised. Testing time should be taken into account when interpreting results. We conclude that the SART does not differentiate between central disorders of hypersomnolence. It may be a helpful addition to the standard diagnostic workup and monitoring of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Elisabeth van der Hoeven
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Center, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederlands (SEIN), Heemstede, the Netherlands
| | - Denise Bijlenga
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Center, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederlands (SEIN), Heemstede, the Netherlands
| | - Puck Bouhuijs
- Sleep-Wake Center, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederlands (SEIN), Heemstede, the Netherlands
| | - Mojca Kristina Maria van Schie
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Center, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederlands (SEIN), Heemstede, the Netherlands
| | - Gert Jan Lammers
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Center, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederlands (SEIN), Heemstede, the Netherlands
| | - Rolf Fronczek
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Center, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederlands (SEIN), Heemstede, the Netherlands.
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Yang X, Spangler DP, Jennings JR, Friedman BH. Cardiac timing and threatening stimuli influence response inhibition and ex-Gaussian parameters of reaction time in a Go/No-go task. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14260. [PMID: 36717691 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Sensorimotor responses vary as a function of the cardiac cycle phase. These effects, known as cardiac cycle time effects, have been explained by the inhibition of cardiac afferent signals on information processing. However, the validity of cardiac cycle time effects is challenged by mixed findings. Factors such as current information processing and affective context may modulate cardiac cycle time effects and account for inconsistencies in the literature. The current study examines the influence of cardiac cycle time and threatening stimuli on two aspects of sensorimotor processing, response speed and inhibition. Thirty-four participants (Mage = 19.35 years; 29 female) completed an auditory Go/No-go task in no face, neutral face, and fearful face conditions. Faces were presented at either cardiac diastole or systole. Participants' reaction times (RTs) during Go trials and failures in response inhibition during No-go trials were recorded. The ex-Gaussian model was fit to RT data in each condition deriving the parameters, mu (μ) and tau (τ), that indicate response speed and attentional lapses, respectively. Repeated measures ANOVA were used to analyze behavioral data. Results showed that cardiac systole prolonged μ but decreased τ, and that cardiac diastole reduced inhibition errors in the fearful face condition but not in other conditions. These findings indicate that cardiac timing differentially modulates sensory-perceptual and top-down attentional processes and cardiac timing interacts with threatening contexts to influence response inhibition. These results highlight the specificity of cardiac cycle time effects on sensorimotor processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yang
- Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Derek P Spangler
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - J Richard Jennings
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bruce H Friedman
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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Gorka AX, Philips RT, Torrisi S, Claudino L, Foray K, Grillon C, Ernst M. The Posterior Cingulate Cortex Reflects the Impact of Anxiety on Drift Rates During Cognitive Processing. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2023; 8:445-451. [PMID: 35381405 PMCID: PMC9526763 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generally, anxiety is thought to impair ongoing cognitive operations. Surprisingly, however, anxiety has been shown to improve performance during the Go/NoGo task. Understanding how anxiety can facilitate task performance may shed light on avenues to address the cognitive deficits commonly associated with anxiety. METHODS A total of 39 participants (mean age ± SD = 27.5 ± 7.22 years; 18 women) performed a Go/NoGo task during periods of safety and periods of experimental anxiety, induced using the unpredictable delivery of aversive stimuli. Computational analysis and ultrahigh field (7T) functional magnetic resonance imaging were used to determine how induced anxiety affected computational processes and blood oxygen level-dependent responses during the task. RESULTS Induced anxiety improved accuracy during the Go/NoGo task. Induced anxiety was associated with an amplified drift rate process, which is thought to reflect increased informational uptake. In addition, changes in drift rate during the anxiety condition were associated with enhanced blood oxygen level-dependent responses within the posterior cingulate cortex during Go trials. CONCLUSIONS These results may reflect the impact of induced anxiety on the activity of neurons within the posterior cingulate cortex, whose activity patterns mimic the buildup of evidence accumulation. Collectively, these results shed light on the mechanisms underlying facilitated task performance and suggest that anxiety can improve cognitive processing by enhancing information uptake and increasing activity within the posterior cingulate cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam X Gorka
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Ryan T Philips
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Salvatore Torrisi
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California; Advanced MRI Technologies LLC, Sebastopol, California
| | - Leonardo Claudino
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Katherine Foray
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christian Grillon
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Monique Ernst
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Howlett JR, Park H, Paulus MP. Neural substrates of continuous and discrete inhibitory control. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:23. [PMID: 36693831 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02295-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory control dysfunctions play an important role in psychiatric disorders but the precise nature of these dysfunctions is still not well understood. Advances in computational modeling of real-time motor control using a proportion-integral-derivative (PID) control framework have parsed continuous motor inhibition into a preemptive drive component (signified by the Kp parameter) and a reactive damping component (signified by the Kd parameter). This investigation examined the relationship between inhibitory control processing during a stop signal task and continuous motor control during a simulated one-dimensional driving task in a transdiagnostic sample of participants. A transdiagnostic psychiatric sample of 492 individuals completed a stop signal task during functional magnetic resonance imaging and a simple behavioral motor control task, which was modeled using the PID framework. We examined associations between the Kp and Kd parameters and behavioral indices as well as neural activation on the stop signal task. Individuals with higher damping, controlling for a drive, on the driving task exhibited relatively less strategic adjustment after a stop trial (indexed by the difference in go trial reaction time and by stop trial accuracy) on the stop signal task. Individuals with higher damping, controlling for a drive, additionally exhibited increased activity in the frontal and parietal regions as well as the insula and caudate during response inhibition on the stop signal task. The results suggest that computational indices of motor control performance may serve as behavioral markers of the functioning of neural systems involved in inhibitory control.
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Wu X, Di S, Ma C. Evoked Acute Stress Alters Frontal Midline Neural Oscillations Affecting Behavioral Inhibition in College Students. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2022; 15:2915-2926. [PMID: 36237374 PMCID: PMC9552796 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s382933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The current research of the effect of acute stress on individual behavioral inhibition remains divergent. The present study aims to explore the effects of acute stress on behavioral inhibition in college students and to understand the neural oscillatory characteristics of their behavioral inhibition process. PATIENTS AND METHODS We invited 27 college students (12 males and 15 females) to participate in the study. The experiment was conducted using the Trier Social Stress paradigm to evoke an acute stress state and an out-of-speech reading to set a neutral state. Participants completed a two-choice Oddball task in the acute stress state and the neutral state, respectively. We used a 64-channel EEG cap to record EEG data from university students during the experimental task. In combination with the ERO technique, we compared the reaction time, the number of errors, and the power of the alpha (8-13 Hz) and theta (4-8 Hz) frequency bands at the midline of the frontal lobe for subjects in both states. The correlation between the area under the stress area line and the alpha as well as theta frequency bands was also analyzed. RESULTS We found that in the two-choice Oddball task, the response inhibition time was shorter, the number of response errors decreased, and the alpha-band power values decreased in the acute stress state compared to the neutral state. For the standard stimulus, the theta-band power increase in the acute stress state. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that evoked acute stress promotes behavioral inhibition in college students by affecting their frontal midline neural oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Wu
- Normal College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siyu Di
- Normal College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Ma
- Normal College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, People’s Republic of China,Center of Application of Psychological Research, Shihezi University, Shihezi, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Chao Ma, Normal College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13935269606, Fax +86 0993-2057553, Email
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Battaglia S, Serio G, Scarpazza C, D'Ausilio A, Borgomaneri S. Frozen in (e)motion: How reactive motor inhibition is influenced by the emotional content of stimuli in healthy and psychiatric populations. Behav Res Ther 2021; 146:103963. [PMID: 34530318 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2021.103963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Efficient inhibitory control is vital. However, environmental cues can influence motor control especially in an emotional context. One common task to measure inhibitory control is the stop-signal task (SST), which asks participants to respond to go stimuli knowing that on some trials a stop signal will be presented, requiring them to inhibit their response. This paradigm estimates the ability to inhibit already-initiated responses by calculating participants' stop-signal reaction times (SSRT), an index of inhibitory control. Here, we aim to review the existing, often contradictory, evidence on the influence of emotional stimuli on the inhibitory process. We aim to discuss which factors may reveal an interference as well as an advantage of emotional stimuli on action inhibition performance. Finally, we review the existing evidence that has investigated the effect of such stimuli on action inhibition in the psychiatric population. Important factors are the relevance, the intensity and the valence of the emotional stimulus, as well as the affected component of the motor control. From all this evidence, it is clear that understand precisely how emotion is integrated into core executive functions, such as inhibitory control, is essential not only for cognitive neuroscience, but also for refining neurocognitive models of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Battaglia
- Centro Studi e Ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Bologna, Campus di Cesena, 47521, Cesena, Italy.
| | - Gianluigi Serio
- Centro Studi e Ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Bologna, Campus di Cesena, 47521, Cesena, Italy
| | - Cristina Scarpazza
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy; Padova Neuroscience Centre (PNC), 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro D'Ausilio
- Università di Ferrara, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze e Riabilitazione, Ferrara, Italy; Italian Institute of Technology, Center for Translational Neurophysiology, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sara Borgomaneri
- Centro Studi e Ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Bologna, Campus di Cesena, 47521, Cesena, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179, Rome, Italy.
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Rosa-Alcázar AI, Rosa-Alcázar Á, Martínez-Esparza IC, Storch EA, Olivares-Olivares PJ. Response Inhibition, Cognitive Flexibility and Working Memory in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Social Anxiety Disorder. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:3642. [PMID: 33807425 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed response inhibition, cognitive flexibility and working memory in three groups of patients diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalized anxiety disorder, considering some variables that may influence results (nonverbal reasoning, comorbidity, use of pharmacotherapy). Neuropsychological measures were completed using a computerized Wisconsin card sorting test, Stroop color word test, go/no-go task, digits and Corsi. Significant differences were obtained among groups in cognitive flexibility and working memory variables. The obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) group showed the worst results. The social anxiety disorder group obtained greater effect sizes in visuospatial memory. However, significant differences between groups in visuospatial memory were no longer present when nonverbal reasoning was controlled. Comorbidity influenced interference in the OCD and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) groups. In addition, the executive functions were differently influenced by the level of obsessions and anxiety, and the use of pharmacotherapy. Study limitations include a non-random selection of participants, modest sample size and design type (cross-sectional). The OCD group showed the worst results in flexibility cognitive and verbal working memory. Comorbidity, use of pharmacotherapy and level anxiety and obsessions were variables influencing the performance of executive functions.
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Malivoire BL, Stewart KE, Koerner N. A Preliminary Exploration of Behaviours Associated with Negative Urgency in Individuals High and Low in Chronic Worry. Behav change 2021; 38:119-34. [DOI: 10.1017/bec.2021.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWhile chronic worry is typically associated with cautious and harm-avoidant behaviours, there is evidence that people high in chronic worry are characterised by negative urgency (NU), that is, the propensity to act rashly when experiencing negative affect. The present study was a preliminary examination of how rash action and impulsive decision-making manifest for chronic worriers compared to individuals low in worry. In total, 93 participants who endorsed high and low worry and NU responded to open-ended questions about their experience of NU on Amazon Mechanical Turk. Themes were identified using a data-driven approach. Participants high in chronic worry endorsed significantly greater NU compared to those low in worry. However, the types of NU behaviours were similar across participants, with a majority of responses involving initiating interpersonal conflict. Other themes included spending money, excessive eating, alcohol use, and aggressive behaviours. The manifestations of NU were largely consistent with those described in the model of NU. Although individuals higher in chronic worry engaged in NU behaviours to a greater extent, the types of behaviours were similar to those reported by people lower in worry. More research is needed to understand the characteristics of NU-motivated behaviour in individuals high in chronic worry.
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Meeker TJ, Emerson NM, Chien JH, Saffer MI, Bienvenu OJ, Korzeniewska A, Greenspan JD, Lenz FA. During vigilance to painful stimuli: slower response rate is related to high trait anxiety, whereas faster response rate is related to high state anxiety. J Neurophysiol 2021; 125:305-319. [PMID: 33326361 PMCID: PMC8087378 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00492.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A pathological increase in vigilance, or hypervigilance, may be related to pain intensity in some clinical pain syndromes and may result from attention bias to salient stimuli mediated by anxiety. During a continuous performance task where subjects discriminated painful target stimuli from painful nontargets, we measured detected targets (hits), nondetected targets (misses), nondetected nontargets (correct rejections), and detected nontargets (false alarms). Using signal detection theory, we calculated response bias, the tendency to endorse a stimulus as a target, and discriminability, the ability to discriminate a target from nontarget. Owing to the relatively slow rate of stimulus presentation, our primary hypothesis was that sustained performance would result in a more conservative response bias reflecting a lower response rate over time on task. We found a more conservative response bias with time on task and no change in discriminability. We predicted that greater state and trait anxiety would lead to a more liberal response bias. A multivariable model provided partial support for our prediction; high trait anxiety related to a more conservative response bias (lower response rate), whereas high state anxiety related to a more liberal bias. This inverse relationship of state and trait anxiety is consistent with reports of effects of state and trait anxiety on reaction times to threatening stimuli. In sum, we report that sustained attention to painful stimuli was associated with a decrease in the tendency of the subject to respond to any stimulus over time on task, whereas the ability to discriminate target from nontarget remains unchanged.NEW & NOTEWORTHY During a series of painful stimuli requiring subjects to respond to targets, we separated response willingness from ability to discriminate targets from nontargets. Response willingness declined during the task, with no change in subjects' ability to discriminate, consistent with previous vigilance studies. High trait anxious subjects were less willing to respond and showed slower reaction times to hits than low anxious subjects. This study reveals an important role of trait anxiety in pain vigilance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Meeker
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nichole M Emerson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jui-Hong Chien
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark I Saffer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Anna Korzeniewska
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joel D Greenspan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences and Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
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14
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Laviolette SR. Molecular and neuronal mechanisms underlying the effects of adolescent nicotine exposure on anxiety and mood disorders. Neuropharmacology 2020; 184:108411. [PMID: 33245960 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco addiction is highly co-morbid with a variety of mental health conditions, including schizophrenia, mood and anxiety disorders. Nicotine, the primary psychoactive compound in tobacco-related products is known to functionally modulate brain circuits that are disturbed in these disorders. Nicotine can potently regulate the transmission of various neurochemicals, including dopamine (DA), γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA) and glutamate, within various mesocorticolimbic structures, such as the ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens (NAc) and prefrontal cortex (PFC), all of which show pathologies in these disorders. Many neuropsychiatric diseases have etiological origins during neurodevelopment, typically occurring during vulnerable periods of adolescent or pre-natal brain development. During these neurodevelopmental periods, exposure to extrinsic drug insults can induce enduring and long-term pathophysiological sequelae that ultimately increase the risk of developing chronic mental health disorders in later life. These vulnerability factors are of growing concern given rising rates of adolescent nicotine exposure via traditional tobacco use and the increasing use of alternative nicotine delivery formats such as vaping and e-cigarettes. A large body of clinical and pre-clinical evidence points to an important role for adolescent exposure to nicotine and increased vulnerability to developing mood and anxiety disorders in later life. This review will examine current clinical and pre-clinical evidence that pinpoints specific mechanisms within the mesocorticolimbic circuitry and molecular biomarkers linked to the association between adolescent nicotine exposure and increased risk of developing mood and anxiety-related disorders. This article is part of the special issue on 'Vulnerabilities to Substance Abuse'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Laviolette
- Addiction Research Group, Dept. of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Dept. of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 3K7, ON, Canada.
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15
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Krebbers I, Simon SR, Pilz W, Kremer B, Winkens B, Baijens LWJ. Patients with Head-and-Neck Cancer: Dysphagia and Affective Symptoms. Folia Phoniatr Logop 2020; 73:308-315. [PMID: 32623431 DOI: 10.1159/000508367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Affective symptoms are common in patients with head-and-neck cancer. This study determined the association between the presence of aspiration and symptoms of anxiety and depression, as well as patient characteristics in patients with head-and-neck cancer and dysphagia. METHODS Eighty-four patients with head-and-neck cancer and dysphagia completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and underwent a standardized fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing. Linear regression analysis was performed to explore the associations. RESULTS Fifty-two (61.9%) patients presented clinically relevant symptoms of anxiety or depression. Forty-eight (57.1%) patients presented with aspiration during fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing. A significant negative association was found between the presence of aspiration and affective (anxiety and depression) symptoms (p = 0.04). Male patients presented significantly lower symptom scores of anxiety compared to females (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Clinically relevant affective symptoms were present in more than half of all patients with head-and-neck cancer and dysphagia. Surprisingly, a significant negative association was found between the presence of aspiration and these affective symptoms. Gender was also significantly associated with affective symptoms. These results suggest that there is a need for further investigation into the impact of psychological distress on patients with head-and-neck cancer and dysphagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Krebbers
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands, .,School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, GROW, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands,
| | - Sorina R Simon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Walmari Pilz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, GROW, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bernd Kremer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bjorn Winkens
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Care and Public Health Research Institute, CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Laura W J Baijens
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, GROW, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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16
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Silveira VP, Frydman I, Fontenelle LF, Mattos P, de Oliveira-Souza R, Moll J, Hoexter MQ, Miguel EC, McLaughlin NC, Shephard E, Batistuzzo MC. Exploring response inhibition and error monitoring in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 126:26-33. [PMID: 32413597 PMCID: PMC7313630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral evidence of impaired response inhibition (RI) and hyperactive error monitoring (EM) in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is inconsistent. Recent neuroimaging work suggests that EM plays a role in RI impairments in OCD, but this has rarely been investigated using behavioral measures. The aims of this study were to (1) compare RI and EM performance between adults with OCD and non-psychiatric controls (NPC) while investigating possible moderators, and (2) assess whether excessive EM influences RI in OCD. We compared RI and EM performance on the Stop-Signal Task (SST) between 92 adults with OCD and 65 NPC from two Brazilian sites. We used linear regression to investigate which variables (group, age, medication use, clinical symptomatology) influenced performance, as well as to examine possible associations between RI and EM. OCD and NPC did not differ in RI and EM. However, age moderated RI performance in OCD with a medium effect size, reflecting differential effects of age on RI between groups: age was positively associated with RI in OCD but not NPC. Further, OCD severity predicted EM with a medium to large effect size, suggesting that more symptomatic patients showed greater monitoring of their mistakes. Finally, group moderated the relationship between RI and EM with a small effect size. Our findings suggest that demographic factors may influence RI, whereas clinical factors may influence EM. Further, we found preliminary behavioral evidence to indicate that impaired RI and excessive EM are related in OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Portella Silveira
- Departmento de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR. R. Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 05403-903, Brazil.
| | - Ilana Frydman
- Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Av. Venceslau Brás, 71 - Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, 22290-140, Brazil
| | - Leonardo F. Fontenelle
- Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Av. Venceslau Brás, 71 - Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, 22290-140, Brazil,Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia,D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30 - Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, 22281-100, Brazil
| | - Paulo Mattos
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30 - Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, 22281-100, Brazil
| | - Ricardo de Oliveira-Souza
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30 - Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, 22281-100, Brazil
| | - Jorge Moll
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30 - Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, 22281-100, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Queiroz Hoexter
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. R. Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo - SP, 05403-903, Brazil
| | - Eurípedes Constantino Miguel
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. R. Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo - SP, 05403-903, Brazil
| | - Nicole C.R. McLaughlin
- Butler Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA. 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI 02906, USA
| | - Elizabeth Shephard
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK. 16 De Crespigny Park, Camberwell, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Marcelo Camargo Batistuzzo
- Psychology Department, Health Sciences School, Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Rua Monte Alegre 984 - Perdizes, São Paulo - SP, 05014-001, Brazil
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17
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Marazziti D. The Covid-19 Outbreak: The Latest Challenge to Psychological and Psychiatric Intervention. Clin Neuropsychiatry 2020; 17:39-40. [PMID: 34908965 PMCID: PMC8629076 DOI: 10.36131/clinicalnpsych20200201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Marazziti
- Adjunct Professor, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, University of Pisa, and University Unicamillus, Rome, Scientific director of BRF Foundation Lucca, Italy
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18
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Legrand A, Price M. Emotionally valenced stimuli impact response inhibition in those with substance use disorder and co-occurring anxiety and depression symptoms. J Affect Disord 2020; 266:639-645. [PMID: 32056940 PMCID: PMC7105387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance use disorder (SUD) is associated with impaired response inhibition. Given the deficits in emotion regulation associated with SUD, it is unclear if this impairment is exacerbated by emotionally valenced stimuli. Co-occurring conditions may further exacerbate these impairments as many co-occurring conditions further impact emotion regulation. It was hypothesized that negative stimuli may further impact response inhibition for this population. METHODS The current study used the stop-signal task to examine response inhibition to negative, neutral and positive stimuli in a sample of those with a history of SUD and co-occurring depression and anxiety symptoms. RESULTS Response inhibition was poorer for negative stimuli relative to neutral stimuli. There was no difference between negative and positive stimuli. Depression severity moderated the difference between response inhibition for negative and neutral stimuli. At elevated depression, response inhibition was worse and there was no difference across emotional stimuli. At low depression, there was a significant difference between negative and neutral stimuli. This effect was not found for anxiety symptoms. LIMITATIONS Study participants presented with polysubstance use of varying duration and amount. It is unclear whether findings are attributed to specific substances, or substance use broadly. Additionally, happy, angry, and calm facial emotions were used to represent positive, negative, and neutral valences respectively. It is unclear whether these findings are generalizable to other emotional expressions. CONCLUSION Results suggested that emotionally valenced stimuli affected response inhibition among those with low symptom severity. At elevated symptom severity, response inhibition to all stimuli were impaired.
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19
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Xia L, Mo L, Wang J, Zhang W, Zhang D. Trait Anxiety Attenuates Response Inhibition: Evidence From an ERP Study Using the Go/NoGo Task. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:28. [PMID: 32218724 PMCID: PMC7078641 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychology and cognitive neuroscience have shown that anxious individuals have deficits in response inhibition. However, existing knowledge about the influence of trait anxiety on response inhibition is still inconsistent. The aim of this study was to investigate response inhibition between groups with high trait anxiety (HTA) and low trait anxiety (LTA). Here, we used event-related potential (ERP) indexes as biomarkers to examine the effect of trait anxiety on response inhibition using the Go/NoGo task. Behavioral results indicated that the HTA group made significantly lower accuracy than did the LTA group in the NoGo condition but not the Go condition. Meanwhile, the HTA group needed significantly longer overall response time (RT) than the LTA group did. ERP analyses revealed that the HTA group had smaller and later frontal NoGo-N2 as well as larger and later parietal NoGo-P3 compared to the LTA group. The two response inhibition-related ERP components are distinct neurophysiological indexes that, first, the NoGo-N2 is a component involved in the motor plan prior to the motor execution inhibitory process. Second, the NoGo-P3 reflects later monitoring and evaluation of the inhibition process. Accordingly, the current ERP findings suggest that HTA individuals’ response inhibition deficits are the consequence of abnormal premotor inhibition control and inefficient evaluation and monitoring. In addition, we also found that the peak amplitude of NoGo-N2 and NoGo-P3 were significantly correlated with the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scores after correction for multiple comparisons. To sum up, these results support the notion that trait anxious individuals have response inhibition deficits in the Go/NoGo task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Xia
- School of Psychology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Licheng Mo
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Electronics and Communication, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- School of Electronics and Communication, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, China
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20
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Fesharaki-Zadeh A, Miyauchi JT, St. Laurent-Arriot K, Tsirka SE, Bergold PJ. Increased Behavioral Deficits and Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Co-Morbid Traumatic Brain Injury and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. ASN Neuro 2020; 12:1759091420979567. [PMID: 33342261 PMCID: PMC7755938 DOI: 10.1177/1759091420979567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder with traumatic brain injury (TBI) produce more severe affective and cognitive deficits than PTSD or TBI alone. Both PTSD and TBI produce long-lasting neuroinflammation, which may be a key underlying mechanism of the deficits observed in co-morbid TBI/PTSD. We developed a model of co-morbid TBI/PTSD by combining the closed head (CHI) model of TBI with the chronic variable stress (CVS) model of PTSD and examined multiple behavioral and neuroinflammatory outcomes. Male C57/Bl6 mice received sham treatment, CHI, CVS, CHI then CVS (CHI → CVS) or CVS then CHI (CVS → CHI). The CVS → CHI group had deficits in Barnes maze or active place avoidance not seen in the other groups. The CVS → CHI, CVS and CHI → CVS groups displayed increased basal anxiety level, based on performance on elevated plus maze. The CVS → CHI had impaired performance on Barnes Maze, and Active Place Avoidance. These performance deficits were strongly correlated with increased hippocampal Iba-1 level an indication of activated MP/MG. These data suggest that greater cognitive deficits in the CVS → CHI group were due to increased inflammation. The increased deficits and neuroinflammation in the CVS → CHI group suggest that the order by which a subject experiences TBI and PTSD is a major determinant of the outcome of brain injury in co-morbid TBI/PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Fesharaki-Zadeh
- Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Jeremy T. Miyauchi
- Department of Physiology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Karrah St. Laurent-Arriot
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Stella E. Tsirka
- Department of Physiology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Peter J. Bergold
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
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21
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Gutierrez M, Berggren N. Anticipation of aversive threat potentiates task-irrelevant attentional capture. Cogn Emot 2019; 34:1036-1043. [PMID: 31878835 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2019.1706448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety is believed to have a disruptive effect on attentional control, supported by evidence of increased distractibility among high trait anxious individuals. However, how feelings of current anxious apprehension influence selective attention is less well-understood. The present study examined this by assessing attentional capture by a novel distractor within a visual search task. Participants searched an array of coloured objects for a shape-defined target, while attempting to ignore a colour singleton distractor presented on half of the trials. To induce apprehension, participants completed the task in some blocks with a low probability threat of loud aversive sounds being presented. We found significantly increased distractibility within the threat condition when noise was anticipated but not played, as reflected by a larger distractor presence cost to reaction times. The finding that apprehension potentiates task-irrelevant attentional capture suggests a generalised role of anxious emotion in increasing distractibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Gutierrez
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Nick Berggren
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, UK
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22
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Lago TR, Blair KS, Alvarez G, Thongdarong A, Blair JR, Ernst M, Grillon C. Threat-of-shock decreases emotional interference on affective stroop performance in healthy controls and anxiety patients. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 55:2519-2528. [PMID: 31738835 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Patients with anxiety disorders suffer from impaired concentration, potentially as a result of stronger emotional interference on attention. Studies using behavioural measures provide conflicting support for this hypothesis. Elevated state anxiety may be necessary to reliably document differences in emotional interference in patients versus healthy controls. The present study examines the effect of experimentally induced state anxiety (threat-of-shock) on attention interference by emotional stimuli. Anxiety patients (n = 36) and healthy controls (n = 32) completed a modified affective Stroop task during periods of safety and threat-of-shock. Results indicated that in both patients and controls, threat decreased negative, but not positive or neutral, emotional interference on attention (both p < .001). This finding supports a threat-related narrowing of attention whereby a certain level of anxiety decreases task-irrelevant processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany R Lago
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Karina S Blair
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE
| | - Gabriella Alvarez
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Amanda Thongdarong
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - James R Blair
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE
| | - Monique Ernst
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Christian Grillon
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
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23
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Duan H, Wang X, Wang Z, Xue W, Kan Y, Hu W, Zhang F. Acute Stress Shapes Creative Cognition in Trait Anxiety. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1517. [PMID: 31440176 PMCID: PMC6694741 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the cognitive mechanism underlying acute stress in creative cognition among individuals with high and low trait anxiety. Specifically, cognitive inhibition was assessed using the flanker task during acute stress. Fifty-two participants (26 with high trait anxiety, 26 with low trait anxiety, with a mean age of 18.94 years) underwent stress induction via the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). They all completed the Alternative Uses Test (AUT) and the Remote Associates Test (RAT) before and after the TSST. Biochemical markers (salivary cortisol and salivary alpha amylase) were recorded at regular intervals. The results showed that cognitive inhibition was influenced by trait anxiety and acute stress. In low-trait anxious individuals after experiencing acute stress, there was a lack of cognitive inhibition and they performed better in AUT (fluency), compared to before experiencing acute stress, whereas high-trait anxious individuals showed a decreased interference effect and reduced performance in AUT (fluency, flexibility, and originality). In the RAT, there were shorter response times and increased accuracy after acute stress in both high- and low-trait anxiety groups. Thus, we suggest that cognitive control, which modulates changes in acute stress, influences creative cognition. These findings provide evidence that inhibition control mediates the effect of stress on the creativity of individuals with different trait anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Duan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuewei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zijuan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,Jinyuan International School, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenlong Xue
- MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuecui Kan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weiping Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment Towards Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengqing Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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24
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Iijima Y, Okumura Y, Yamasaki S, Ando S, Nakanishi M, Koike S, Endo K, Morimoto Y, Kanata S, Fujikawa S, Yamamoto Y, Furukawa TA, Hiraiwa-Hasegawa M, Kasai K, Nishida A. Response inhibition and anxiety in adolescents: Results from a population-based community sample. J Affect Disord 2019; 246:89-95. [PMID: 30578951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety disorders are prevalent among adolescents; however, without objective behavioral markers, anxiety disorders in adolescent populations may often go undiagnosed. Response inhibition is considered as a possible behavioral marker, based on the results with two-gate design, which can aid in early detection of anxiety disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between response inhibition and anxiety using a large-scale population-based adolescent sample with single-gate design. METHODS We used data from the Tokyo Teen Cohort study which was a population-based survey in adolescence. Anxiety was assessed by the Child Behavior Checklist answered by primary caregivers. Response inhibition was measured using the Go/No-Go task. We estimated Pearson's correlation coefficient to test the relationship between response inhibition and anxiety. RESULTS A total of 2,434 adolescents aged 11-13 years were included in our analyses. We found a significant but weak correlation between response inhibition and adolescent anxiety (r = 0.07, confidence interval 0.03-0.11, p < 0.001). Similar results were shown in most of subgroups according to gender, age, and intelligence. LIMITATIONS The primary outcome was assessed only via parent-reported questionnaire, leading to potential informant bias. CONCLUSIONS Response inhibition may not be considered as a suitable behavioral marker of adolescent anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Iijima
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Okumura
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Syudo Yamasaki
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Ando
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Miharu Nakanishi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Koike
- University of Tokyo Institute for Diversity and Adaptation of Human Mind, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Kaori Endo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Yuko Morimoto
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Sho Kanata
- Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University Hospital, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8606, Japan
| | - Shinya Fujikawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yu Yamamoto
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Toshi A Furukawa
- Department of Health Promotion and Human Behavior, Graduate School of Medicine/School of Public Health, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mariko Hiraiwa-Hasegawa
- School of Advanced Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0193, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Kasai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nishida
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
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25
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Leonard K, Abramovitch A. Cognitive functions in young adults with generalized anxiety disorder. Eur Psychiatry 2019; 56:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractBackground:Anxiety and worry are central symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) that have been theorized to negatively impact cognitive functions. However, most of the research has focused on threat-related or emotionally-charged stimuli, and a surprisingly small number of investigations examined ‘cold’ cognitive functions using classic neuropsychological tests. Such investigations are particularly important given that some theoretical models suggest compensatory mechanisms associated with anxiety that in certain circumstances may result in intact performance. The aim of the present study is to assess the neuropsychological profile associated with GAD, using a comprehensive neuropsychological battery.Methods:A sample of 23 college students meeting criteria for DSM-5 GAD and 20 control participants completed a psychometrically valid comprehensive computerized neuropsychological battery and clinical questionnaires.Results:The GAD sample presented with significantly elevated symptomatic rates of anxiety, worry, depression and stress. However, no significant differences were found on any neuropsychological outcome measures or domain indexes. Effect sizes were small, some of which favored the GAD sample.Conclusion:Despite substantial psychopathological burden, GAD exhibited intact cognitive functioning. These results support the Cognitive Control Theory of Anxiety, suggesting that elevated primary anxiety may not impact ‘cold’ cognitive functions in the absence of threat or substantial cognitive load. Given that this is one of the only studies employing a comprehensive neuropsychological battery in GAD, more research is needed in this population to replicate these results and to examine the impact of anxiety on cognitive functions at varying degrees of cognitive load in this population.
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26
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Hammond-Tooke GD, Grajeda FT, Macrorie H, Franz EA. Response inhibition in patients with functional neurological symptom disorder. J Clin Neurosci 2018; 56:38-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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27
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Verdonschot RJCG, Baijens LWJ, Vanbelle S, Florie M, Dijkman R, Leeters IPM, Kremer B, Leue C. Medically Unexplained Oropharyngeal Dysphagia at the University Hospital ENT Outpatient Clinic for Dysphagia: A Cross-Sectional Cohort Study. Dysphagia 2018; 34:43-51. [PMID: 29872993 PMCID: PMC6349964 DOI: 10.1007/s00455-018-9912-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Medically unexplained oropharyngeal dysphagia (MUNOD) is a rare condition. It presents without demonstrable abnormalities in the anatomy of the upper aero-digestive tract and/or swallowing physiology. This study investigates whether MUNOD is related to affective or other psychiatric conditions. The study included patients with dysphagic complaints who had no detectible structural or physiological abnormalities upon swallowing examination. Patients with any underlying disease or disorder that could explain the oropharyngeal dysphagia were excluded. All patients underwent a standardized examination protocol, with FEES examination, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Dysphagia Severity Scale (DSS). Two blinded judges scored five different FEES variables. None of the 14 patients included in this study showed any structural or physiological abnormalities during FEES examination. However, the majority did show abnormal piecemeal deglutition, which could be a symptom of MUNOD. Six patients (42.8%) had clinically relevant symptoms of anxiety and/or depression. The DSS scores did not differ significantly between patients with and without affective symptoms. Affective symptoms are common in patients with MUNOD, and their psychiatric conditions could possibly be related to their swallowing problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob J C G Verdonschot
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,Emergency Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,School of Mental Health and Neurosciences (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Laura W J Baijens
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie Vanbelle
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, CAPHRI, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle Florie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Dijkman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Irene P M Leeters
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bernd Kremer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Carsten Leue
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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28
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Menghini D, Armando M, Calcagni M, Napolitano C, Pasqualetti P, Sergeant JA, Pani P, Vicari S. The influence of Generalized Anxiety Disorder on Executive Functions in children with ADHD. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 268:349-357. [PMID: 28766128 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-017-0831-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed at verifying whether the presence of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) affects executive functions in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Two groups of children with ADHD were selected for the study according to the presence or absence of GAD. The first group of 28 children with ADHD with GAD (mean age: 9 ± 1.2; males/females: 24/4) was matched for gender, age, IQ, psychiatric comorbidity with a second group of 29 children with ADHD without GAD (mean age: 8.8 ± 0.7; males/females: 26/3). The two groups with ADHD were compared to 28 typically developing children (mean age: 8.3 ± 1.3; males/females: 23/5) on different measures involving processes especially important in inhibitory control such as rule maintenance, stimulus detection, action selection and action execution. Our results indicated that, differently from children with ADHD with GAD, only the group with ADHD without GAD showed a deficit in inhibitory control. Comorbid subgroups should be differentiated, especially, to develop specific and efficient therapeutic interventions in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Menghini
- Child Neuropsychiatric Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy.
| | - M Armando
- Child Neuropsychiatric Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy.,Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Calcagni
- Child Neuropsychiatric Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - C Napolitano
- Child Neuropsychiatric Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - P Pasqualetti
- Service of Medical Statistics and Information Technology (SeSMIT), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Language and Communication Across Modalities Laboratory (LACAM), Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (ISTC-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - J A Sergeant
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P Pani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - S Vicari
- Child Neuropsychiatric Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy
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29
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Bradley MM, Zlatar ZZ, Lang PJ. Startle reflex modulation during threat of shock and "threat" of reward. Psychophysiology 2018; 55:10.1111/psyp.12989. [PMID: 28881032 PMCID: PMC5773360 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
During threat of shock, the startle reflex is potentiated, suggesting modulation by defensive mobilization. To determine whether startle potentiation is specific to aversive anticipation, startle reflexes were measured in the context of either aversive or appetitive anticipation in a between-subject study. Participants wore a device on the wrist that could deliver electrical shock (n = 49), or vibrotactile stimulation indicating monetary reward (n = 48). Cues signaling "threat" or "safe" periods were presented alone, or accompanied by presentation of affective and neutral pictures on half of the trials. Results indicated that the startle reflex was significantly potentiated when anticipating either shock or reward, compared to safe periods, both when no picture was presented, as well as during picture viewing. The difference between threat and safety in both reflex magnitude and skin conductance changes was larger for those anticipating shock, suggesting that the aversive context was more motivationally engaging. The pattern of reflex modulation as a function of picture valence varied under threat and safety, but was identical in the shock and reward groups, consistent with a hypothesis that anticipation of either aversive or appetitive events prompts heightened perceptual vigilance, potentiating the acoustic startle reflex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Bradley
- Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Zvinka Z Zlatar
- Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Peter J Lang
- Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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30
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White LK, Moore TM, Calkins ME, Wolf DH, Satterthwaite TD, Leibenluft E, Pine DS, Gur RC, Gur RE. An Evaluation of the Specificity of Executive Function Impairment in Developmental Psychopathology. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 56:975-982.e3. [PMID: 29096780 PMCID: PMC5815390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deficits in executive function (EF) are common in neuropsychiatric disorders, but the specificity of these deficits remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the pattern of EF impairment across psychopathologies in children and adolescents. Associations among components of EF with dimensions of psychopathology, including an overall psychopathology factor, were assessed. METHOD Participants (8-21 years) were from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (N = 9,498). Data from a structured clinical screening interview were reduced to 5 dimensional domains using factor analyses: overall psychopathology, anxious-misery, fear, externalizing, and psychosis. EF components of attentional vigilance, response inhibition, conceptual flexibility, and working memory were assessed. Associations of clinical dimensions with general EF ability and with specific EF components were examined. RESULTS EF ability showed common and domain-specific associations with clinical symptoms. General EF was directly associated with the general psychopathology, anxious-misery, and psychosis domains but not with the fear or externalizing domains. For the EF subcomponents, differences emerged in the magnitude and direction of the association between components and clinical domains. Poorer EF was typically associated with increased symptoms across clinical domains; however, in some instances, better EF ability was associated with greater symptom burden, particularly in the fear domain. CONCLUSION EF has widespread associations with psychopathology in youth. Findings showed some overlap in the type of EF impairment across clinical phenotypes, as indicated by similar patterns of associations between some clinical symptoms and EF. However, findings also showed domain-specific associations with EF that differed across EF components and clinical domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K White
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), and the Lifespan Brain Institute, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Tyler M Moore
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, and the Lifespan Brain Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
| | - Monica E Calkins
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, and the Lifespan Brain Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
| | - Daniel H Wolf
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, and the Lifespan Brain Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
| | - Theodore D Satterthwaite
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, and the Lifespan Brain Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
| | - Ellen Leibenluft
- National Institute of Mental Health, Emotion and Development Branch, Rockville, MD
| | - Daniel S Pine
- National Institute of Mental Health, Emotion and Development Branch, Rockville, MD
| | - Ruben C Gur
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, and the Lifespan Brain Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
| | - Raquel E Gur
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, and the Lifespan Brain Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
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31
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Mkrtchian A, Aylward J, Dayan P, Roiser JP, Robinson OJ. Modeling Avoidance in Mood and Anxiety Disorders Using Reinforcement Learning. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 82:532-539. [PMID: 28343697 PMCID: PMC5598542 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serious and debilitating symptoms of anxiety are the most common mental health problem worldwide, accounting for around 5% of all adult years lived with disability in the developed world. Avoidance behavior-avoiding social situations for fear of embarrassment, for instance-is a core feature of such anxiety. However, as for many other psychiatric symptoms the biological mechanisms underlying avoidance remain unclear. METHODS Reinforcement learning models provide formal and testable characterizations of the mechanisms of decision making; here, we examine avoidance in these terms. A total of 101 healthy participants and individuals with mood and anxiety disorders completed an approach-avoidance go/no-go task under stress induced by threat of unpredictable shock. RESULTS We show an increased reliance in the mood and anxiety group on a parameter of our reinforcement learning model that characterizes a prepotent (pavlovian) bias to withhold responding in the face of negative outcomes. This was particularly the case when the mood and anxiety group was under stress. CONCLUSIONS This formal description of avoidance within the reinforcement learning framework provides a new means of linking clinical symptoms with biophysically plausible models of neural circuitry and, as such, takes us closer to a mechanistic understanding of mood and anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahit Mkrtchian
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Aylward
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Dayan
- Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P Roiser
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver J Robinson
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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32
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Aylward J, Robinson OJ. Towards an emotional 'stress test': a reliable, non-subjective cognitive measure of anxious responding. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40094. [PMID: 28071668 PMCID: PMC5223119 DOI: 10.1038/srep40094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Response to stress or external threats is a key factor in mood and anxiety disorder aetiology. Current measures of anxious responding to threats are limited because they largely rely on retrospective self-report. Objectively quantifying individual differences in threat response would be a valuable step towards improving our understanding of anxiety disorder vulnerability. Our goal is to therefore develop a reliable, objective, within-subject ‘stress-test’ of anxious responding. To this end, we examined threat-potentiated performance on an inhibitory control task from baseline to 2–4 weeks (n = 50) and again after 5–9 months (n = 22). We also describe single session data for a larger sample (n = 157) to provide better population-level estimates of task performance variance. Replicating previous findings, threat of shock improved distractor accuracy and slowed target reaction time on our task. Critically, both within-subject self-report measures of anxiety (ICC = 0.66) and threat-potentiated task performance (ICC = 0.58) showed clinically useful test-retest reliability. Threat-potentiated task performance may therefore hold promise as a non-subjective measure of individual anxious responding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Aylward
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, UCL, 17-19 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver J Robinson
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, UCL, 17-19 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AZ, United Kingdom
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