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Liu H, Busl KM, Doré S. Role of Dexmedetomidine in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Comprehensive Scoping Review. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2022; 34:176-182. [PMID: 33060552 DOI: 10.1097/ana.0000000000000728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine (DEX), an α2-adrenergic agonist, has been widely used for anesthesia, pain control, and intensive care unit sedation. Besides sleep-like sedation, DEX has many other beneficial effects, such as anti-inflammation, antioxidation, and anticell death. Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), a severe and potentially fatal form of stroke, is a complex disease that is divided into 2 phases: early brain injury and delayed cerebral ischemia. In each phase, several pathologic changes are involved, including disturbed intracranial homeostasis, metabolic failure, blood-brain barrier damage, vasospasm, microthrombosis, and cortical spreading depolarization. DEX has been shown to have an effect on these SAH-related pathologic processes. Research shows that DEX could serve as a protective therapy for patients with SAH due to its ability to maintain stable intracerebral homeostasis, balance coagulation-fibrinolysis, repair a damaged blood-brain barrier as well as prevent vasospasm and suppress cortical spreading depolarization by anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antiapoptotic, and vasoconstriction-dilation effects. In this scoping review, we critically assess the existing data on the potential protective effect of DEX after SAH. So far, only 1 retrospective clinical trial assessing the effect of DEX on clinical outcomes after SAH has been performed. Hence, more trials are still needed as well as translational research bringing results from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an JiaoTong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi Province, China
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Neurology, Psychiatry, Pharmaceutics, and Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease
| | - Katharina M Busl
- Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Neurology, Psychiatry, Pharmaceutics, and Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease
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2
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Miyaoka R, Yamamoto J, Miyachi H, Suzuki K, Saito T, Nakano Y. Intra-arterial Contrast-enhanced Micro-computed Tomography Can Evaluate Intracranial Status in the Ultra-early Phase of Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2021; 61:721-730. [PMID: 34615810 PMCID: PMC8666300 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.oa.2021-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The endovascular perforation (EP) model is a common technique for experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in rats, simulating the pathophysiological features observed in the acute phase of SAH. Due to the drawbacks of large variations in the amount of bleeding, the results obtained from this model require severity evaluation. However, no less-invasive procedure could confirm the precise intracranial conditions immediately after establishing the rat EP model. We created a novel method for evaluating SAH immediately after establishing the rat EP model using intra-arterial contrast-enhanced micro-computed tomography (CT). We administered contrast agents continuously via the carotid artery during surgery and performed CT examination immediately after SAH induction. First, bleeding severity was classified by establishing a scoring system based on the CT findings (cSAH scoring system). Subsequently, we determined the actual SAH distribution macroscopically and histologically and compared it with the cSAH scores. Second, we investigated the contrast agent’s neurotoxicity in rats. Finally, we confirmed the correlation between cSAH scores and SAH severity, including neurological status, cerebral vasospasm, and hematoma volume 24 hr after SAH. Intra-arterial contrast-enhanced micro-CT could visualize the distribution of SAH proportionally to the bleeding severity immediately after establishing the EP model. Moreover, the contrast agent administration was determined not to be neurotoxic to rats. The cSAH scoring revealed a significant correlation with the SAH severity in the rat EP model (P <0.01). Thus, our minimally invasive method provided precise information on intracranial status in the ultra-early phase of SAH in rats EP model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Miyaoka
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
| | - Junkoh Yamamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
| | - Hiroshi Miyachi
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
| | - Kohei Suzuki
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
| | - Yoshiteru Nakano
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
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3
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The Role of NADPH Oxidase in Neuronal Death and Neurogenesis after Acute Neurological Disorders. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050739. [PMID: 34067012 PMCID: PMC8151966 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a well-known common pathological process involved in mediating acute neurological injuries, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, and hypoglycemia-related neuronal injury. However, effective therapeutic measures aimed at scavenging free reactive oxygen species have shown little success in clinical trials. Recent studies have revealed that NADPH oxidase, a membrane-bound enzyme complex that catalyzes the production of a superoxide free radical, is one of the major sources of cellular reactive oxygen species in acute neurological disorders. Furthermore, several studies, including our previous ones, have shown that the inhibition of NADPH oxidase can reduce subsequent neuronal injury in neurological disease. Moreover, maintaining appropriate levels of NADPH oxidase has also been shown to be associated with proper neurogenesis after neuronal injury. This review aims to present a comprehensive overview of the role of NADPH oxidase in neuronal death and neurogenesis in multiple acute neurological disorders and to explore potential pharmacological strategies targeting the NADPH-related oxidative stress pathways.
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He Y, Long H, Zou C, Yang W, Jiang L, Xiao Z, Li Q, Long S. Anti-nociceptive effect of Portulaca oleracea L. ethanol extracts attenuated zymosan-induced mouse joint inflammation via inhibition of Nrf2 expression. Innate Immun 2021; 27:230-239. [PMID: 33611955 PMCID: PMC8054150 DOI: 10.1177/1753425921994190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the effects of ethanol extracts from Portulaca oleracea L. (ePO) on joint inflammation and to explain the underlying mechanisms. A joint inflammation mouse model was constructed by injecting zymosan, and the Von Frey method was employed and the joint thickness measured. The numbers of leukocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes were counted in the joint cavity and the infiltration of inflammatory cells was assessed by joint histopathological analysis. The mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines were determined by quantitative RT-PCR and their secretion levels were determined by specific ELISAs. Pre-treatment with ePO inhibited articular mechanical hyperalgesia and edema and ameliorated the recruitment of mononuclear neutrophils and leukocytes. In addition, pre-treatment with ePO improved pathological alternations in the joint tissues by reducing the number of inflammatory cells. Pre-treatment with ePO regulated the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-related proteins and thereby inhibited oxidative stress. In addition, ePO inhibited NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-related genes (NLRP3, ASC, pro-caspase-1 and pro-IL-1ß), modulated inflammatory cytokines and the activation of NF-κB. ePO attenuated zymosan-induced joint inflammation by regulating oxidative stress, NLRP3 inflammasome, and NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunwu He
- Department of Pain, the Second Hospital Affiliated to University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Long
- Department of Pain, the Second Hospital Affiliated to University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Cong Zou
- Department of Pain, the Second Hospital Affiliated to University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Wuzhou Yang
- Department of Pain, the Second Hospital Affiliated to University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Liping Jiang
- Department of Pain, the Second Hospital Affiliated to University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Zhenping Xiao
- Department of Pain, the Second Hospital Affiliated to University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Pain, the Second Hospital Affiliated to University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Shiyin Long
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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Akar E, Batçık KE, Acar C, Ton Ö, Canaz H, Baydın S, Akdemir O, Alataş İ. A Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Melatonin and Nimodipine on Vasospasm. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.5799/jcei.458757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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6
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Zhang L, Li Z, Feng D, Shen H, Tian X, Li H, Wang Z, Chen G. Involvement of Nox2 and Nox4 NADPH oxidases in early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Free Radic Res 2017; 51:316-328. [PMID: 28330417 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2017.1311015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jingjiang People’s Hospital, Jiangsu, Jiangsu Province, China
| | | | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaodi Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Kamp MA, Lieshout JHV, Dibué-Adjei M, Weber JK, Schneider T, Restin T, Fischer I, Steiger HJ. A Systematic and Meta-Analysis of Mortality in Experimental Mouse Models Analyzing Delayed Cerebral Ischemia After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2017; 8:206-219. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-016-0513-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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8
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Ma MW, Wang J, Zhang Q, Wang R, Dhandapani KM, Vadlamudi RK, Brann DW. NADPH oxidase in brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:7. [PMID: 28095923 PMCID: PMC5240251 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a common denominator in the pathology of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis, as well as in ischemic and traumatic brain injury. The brain is highly vulnerable to oxidative damage due to its high metabolic demand. However, therapies attempting to scavenge free radicals have shown little success. By shifting the focus to inhibit the generation of damaging free radicals, recent studies have identified NADPH oxidase as a major contributor to disease pathology. NADPH oxidase has the primary function to generate free radicals. In particular, there is growing evidence that the isoforms NOX1, NOX2, and NOX4 can be upregulated by a variety of neurodegenerative factors. The majority of recent studies have shown that genetic and pharmacological inhibition of NADPH oxidase enzymes are neuroprotective and able to reduce detrimental aspects of pathology following ischemic and traumatic brain injury, as well as in chronic neurodegenerative disorders. This review aims to summarize evidence supporting the role of NADPH oxidase in the pathology of these neurological disorders, explores pharmacological strategies of targeting this major oxidative stress pathway, and outlines obstacles that need to be overcome for successful translation of these therapies to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merry W Ma
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 Fifteenth Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 Fifteenth Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Quanguang Zhang
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 Fifteenth Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ruimin Wang
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 Fifteenth Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Krishnan M Dhandapani
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 Fifteenth Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ratna K Vadlamudi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Medical Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Darrell W Brann
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 Fifteenth Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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9
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NADPH Oxidase: A Potential Target for Treatment of Stroke. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:5026984. [PMID: 26941888 PMCID: PMC4752995 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5026984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the third leading cause of death in industrialized nations. Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of stroke, and excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by mitochondria is thought to be the main cause of oxidative stress. NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes have recently been identified and studied as important producers of ROS in brain tissues after stroke. Several reports have shown that knockout or deletion of NOX exerts a neuroprotective effect in three major experimental stroke models. Recent studies also confirmed that NOX inhibitors ameliorate brain injury and improve neurological outcome after stroke. However, the physiological and pathophysiological roles of NOX enzymes in the central nervous system (CNS) are not known well. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of our current understanding about expression and physiological function of NOX enzymes in the CNS and its pathophysiological roles in the three major types of stroke: ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage.
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Muroi C, Fujioka M, Marbacher S, Fandino J, Keller E, Iwasaki K, Mishima K. Mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage: technical note on the filament perforation model. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2015; 120:315-20. [PMID: 25366644 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-04981-6_54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Experiments using genetically engineered mice are regarded as indispensable to gaining a better understanding of the molecular pathophysiology in neuronal injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Therefore, mouse SAH models are becoming increasingly important. The circle of Willis perforation (cWp) model is the most frequently used mouse SAH model. We report and discuss the technical surgical approach, results, and difficulties associated with the cWp model, with reference to the existing literature. Our results largely confirmed previously published results. This model may be the first choice at present, because important pathologies can be reproduced in this model and most findings in the literature are based on it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Muroi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan,
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11
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McCann SK, Dusting GJ, Roulston CL. Nox2 knockout delays infarct progression and increases vascular recovery through angiogenesis in mice following ischaemic stroke with reperfusion. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110602. [PMID: 25375101 PMCID: PMC4222846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests the NADPH oxidases contribute to ischaemic stroke injury and Nox2 is the most widely studied subtype in the context of stroke. There is still conjecture however regarding the benefits of inhibiting Nox2 to improve stroke outcome. The current study aimed to examine the temporal effects of genetic Nox2 deletion on neuronal loss after ischaemic stroke using knockout (KO) mice with 6, 24 and 72 hour recovery. Transient cerebral ischaemia was induced via intraluminal filament occlusion and resulted in reduced infarct volumes in Nox2 KO mice at 24 h post-stroke compared to wild-type controls. No protection was evident at either 6 h or 72 h post-stroke, with both genotypes exhibiting similar volumes of damage. Reactive oxygen species were detected using dihydroethidium and were co-localised with neurons and microglia in both genotypes using immunofluorescent double-labelling. The effect of Nox2 deletion on vascular damage and recovery was also examined 24 h and 72 h post-stroke using an antibody against laminin. Blood vessel density was decreased in the ischaemic core of both genotypes 24 h post-stroke and returned to pre-stroke levels only in Nox2 KO mice by 72 h. Overall, these results are the first to show that genetic Nox2 deletion merely delays the progression of neuronal loss after stroke but does not prevent it. Additionally, we show for the first time that Nox2 deletion increases re-vascularisation of the damaged brain by 72 h, which may be important in promoting endogenous brain repair mechanisms that rely on re-vascularisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. McCann
- Stroke Injury and Repair Team, O'Brien Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gregory J. Dusting
- Cytoprotection Pharmacology Program, Centre for Eye Research, the Royal Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carli L. Roulston
- Stroke Injury and Repair Team, O'Brien Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, St Vincent's Campus, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Bühler D, Schüller K, Plesnila N. Protocol for the induction of subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice by perforation of the Circle of Willis with an endovascular filament. Transl Stroke Res 2014; 5:653-9. [PMID: 25123204 PMCID: PMC4213389 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-014-0366-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mice are a valuable tool to investigate the molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to brain damage following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Therefore, several murine SAH models were developed during the last 15 years. Among those models, the perforation of the Circle of Willis by an endovascular filament or “filament model” turned out to become the most popular one, since it is believed to reproduce some of the most prominent pathophysiological features observed after human SAH. Despite the importance of the endovascular filament model for SAH research, relatively few studies were published using this technique during the past years and a number of laboratories reported problems establishing the technique. This triggered discussions about the standardization, reproducibility, and the reliability of the model. In order to improve this situation, the current paper aims to provide a comprehensive hands-on protocol of the murine endovascular filament model. The protocol proved to result in induction of SAH in mice with high intrapersonal and interpersonal reproducibility and is based on our experience with this technique for more than 10 years. By sharing our experience with this valuable model, we aim to initiate a constantly ongoing discussion process on the improvement of standards and techniques in the field of experimental SAH research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Bühler
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University of Munich Medical Center, Max-Lebsche Platz 30, 81377, Munich, Germany
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13
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Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), predominantly caused by a ruptured aneurysm, is a devastating neurological disease that has a morbidity and mortality rate higher than 50%. Most of the traditional in vivo research has focused on the pathophysiological or morphological changes of large-arteries after intracisternal blood injection. This was due to a widely held assumption that delayed vasospasm following SAH was the major cause of delayed cerebral ischemia and poor outcome. However, the results of the CONSCIOUS-1 trial implicated some other pathophysiological factors, independent of angiographic vasospasm, in contributing to the poor clinical outcome. The term early brain injury (EBI) has been coined and describes the immediate injury to the brain after SAH, before onset of delayed vasospasm. During the EBI period, a ruptured aneurysm brings on many physiological derangements such as increasing intracranial pressure (ICP), decreased cerebral blood flow (CBF), and global cerebral ischemia. These events initiate secondary injuries such as blood-brain barrier disruption, inflammation, and oxidative cascades that all ultimately lead to cell death. Given the fact that the reversal of vasospasm does not appear to improve patient outcome, it could be argued that the treatment of EBI may successfully attenuate some of the devastating secondary injuries and improve the outcome of patients with SAH. In this review, we provide an overview of the major advances in EBI after SAH research.
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Muroi C, Fujioka M, Okuchi K, Fandino J, Keller E, Sakamoto Y, Mishima K, Iwasaki K, Fujiwara M. Filament perforation model for mouse subarachnoid hemorrhage: Surgical-technical considerations. Br J Neurosurg 2014; 28:722-32. [DOI: 10.3109/02688697.2014.918579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Chen S, Feng H, Sherchan P, Klebe D, Zhao G, Sun X, Zhang J, Tang J, Zhang JH. Controversies and evolving new mechanisms in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 115:64-91. [PMID: 24076160 PMCID: PMC3961493 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of study, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) continues to be a serious and significant health problem in the United States and worldwide. The mechanisms contributing to brain injury after SAH remain unclear. Traditionally, most in vivo research has heavily emphasized the basic mechanisms of SAH over the pathophysiological or morphological changes of delayed cerebral vasospasm after SAH. Unfortunately, the results of clinical trials based on this premise have mostly been disappointing, implicating some other pathophysiological factors, independent of vasospasm, as contributors to poor clinical outcomes. Delayed cerebral vasospasm is no longer the only culprit. In this review, we summarize recent data from both experimental and clinical studies of SAH and discuss the vast array of physiological dysfunctions following SAH that ultimately lead to cell death. Based on the progress in neurobiological understanding of SAH, the terms "early brain injury" and "delayed brain injury" are used according to the temporal progression of SAH-induced brain injury. Additionally, a new concept of the vasculo-neuronal-glia triad model for SAH study is highlighted and presents the challenges and opportunities of this model for future SAH applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Prativa Sherchan
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Damon Klebe
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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Dong YS, Wang JL, Feng DY, Qin HZ, Wen H, Yin ZM, Gao GD, Li C. Protective effect of quercetin against oxidative stress and brain edema in an experimental rat model of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Int J Med Sci 2014; 11:282-90. [PMID: 24516353 PMCID: PMC3917118 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.7634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin has been demonstrated to play an important role in altering the progression of ischemic brain injuries and neurodegenerative diseases by protecting against oxidative stress. The effects of quercetin on brain damage after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), however, have not been investigated. This study was designed to explore the effects of quercetin on oxidative stress and brain edema after experimental SAH using four equal groups (n = 16) of adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, including a sham group, an SAH + vehicle group, an SAH + quercetin10 group, and an SAH + quercetin50 group. The rat SAH model was induced by injection of 0.3 ml of non-heparinised arterial blood into the prechiasmatic cistern. In the SAH + quercetin10 and SAH + quercetin50 groups, doses of 10 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg quercetin, respectively, were directly administered by intraperitoneal injection at 30 min, 12 h, and 24 h after SAH induction. Cerebral tissue samples were extracted for enzymatic antioxidant determination, lipid peroxidation assay, caspase-3 activity and water content testing 48 h after SAH. Treatment with a high dose (50 mg/kg) of quercetin markedly enhanced the activities of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and treatment with this dose significantly reduced the level of malondialdehyde (MDA). Caspase-3 and brain edema was ameliorated and neurobehavioral deficits improved in rats that received the high dose of quercetin. The findings suggest that the early administration of optimal dose of quercetin may ameliorate brain damage and provide neuroprotection in the SAH model, potentially by enhancing the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes and inhibiting free radical generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-shu Dong
- 1. Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China. ; 2. Department of Neurosurgery, 463rd Hospital of PLA, Shenyang 110042, PR China
| | - Ju-lei Wang
- 1. Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China. ; 3. Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Da-yun Feng
- 1. Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Huai-zhou Qin
- 1. Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Hua Wen
- 2. Department of Neurosurgery, 463rd Hospital of PLA, Shenyang 110042, PR China
| | - Zhong-min Yin
- 2. Department of Neurosurgery, 463rd Hospital of PLA, Shenyang 110042, PR China
| | - Guo-dong Gao
- 1. Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Chuan Li
- 4. Department of Medical Administration, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang 110016, PR China
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Ferreira APO, Rodrigues FS, Della-Pace ID, Mota BC, Oliveira SM, Velho Gewehr CDC, Bobinski F, de Oliveira CV, Brum JS, Oliveira MS, Furian AF, de Barros CSL, Ferreira J, Santos ARSD, Fighera MR, Royes LFF. The effect of NADPH-oxidase inhibitor apocynin on cognitive impairment induced by moderate lateral fluid percussion injury: role of inflammatory and oxidative brain damage. Neurochem Int 2013; 63:583-93. [PMID: 24076474 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a devastating disease that commonly causes persistent mental disturbances and cognitive deficits. Although studies have indicated that overproduction of free radicals, especially superoxide (O2(-)) derived from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase is a common underlying mechanism of pathophysiology of TBI, little information is available regarding the role of apocynin, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, in neurological consequences of TBI. Therefore, the present study evaluated the therapeutic potential of apocynin for treatment of inflammatory and oxidative damage, in addition to determining its action on neuromotor and memory impairments caused by moderate fluid percussion injury in mice (mLFPI). Statistical analysis revealed that apocynin (5mg/kg), when injected subcutaneously (s.c.) 30min and 24h after injury, had no effect on neuromotor deficit and brain edema, however it provided protection against mLFPI-induced object recognition memory impairment 7days after neuronal injury. The same treatment protected against mLFPI-induced IL-1β, TNF-α, nitric oxide metabolite content (NOx) 3 and 24h after neuronal injury. Moreover, apocynin treatment reduced oxidative damage (protein carbonyl, lipoperoxidation) and was effective against mLFPI-induced Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity inhibition. The present results were accompanied by effective reduction in lesion volume when analyzed 7days after neuronal injury. These data suggest that superoxide (O2(-)) derived from NADPH oxidase can contribute significantly to cognitive impairment, and that the post injury treatment with specific NADPH oxidase inhibitors, such as apocynin, may provide a new therapeutic approach to the control of neurological disabilities induced by TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Oliveira Ferreira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Departamento de Métodos e Técnicas Desportivas, Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós - Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Silva Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Departamento de Métodos e Técnicas Desportivas, Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós - Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Iuri Domingues Della-Pace
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Departamento de Métodos e Técnicas Desportivas, Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós - Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Bibiana Castagna Mota
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Departamento de Métodos e Técnicas Desportivas, Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós - Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Sara Marchesan Oliveira
- Programa de Pós - Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Camila de Campos Velho Gewehr
- Programa de Pós - Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Franciane Bobinski
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianólpolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Vasconcelos de Oliveira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Sperotto Brum
- Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Mauro Schneider Oliveira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Flavia Furian
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Juliano Ferreira
- Programa de Pós - Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Adair Roberto Soares Dos Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianólpolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Michele Rechia Fighera
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Departamento de Métodos e Técnicas Desportivas, Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós - Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Neuropsiquiatria, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Freire Royes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Departamento de Métodos e Técnicas Desportivas, Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós - Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Titova E, Ostrowski RP, Zhang JH, Tang J. Experimental models of subarachnoid hemorrhage for studies of cerebral vasospasm. Neurol Res 2013; 31:568-81. [DOI: 10.1179/174313209x382412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Sehba FA, Hou J, Pluta RM, Zhang JH. The importance of early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 97:14-37. [PMID: 22414893 PMCID: PMC3327829 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a medical emergency that accounts for 5% of all stroke cases. Individuals affected are typically in the prime of their lives (mean age 50 years). Approximately 12% of patients die before receiving medical attention, 33% within 48 h and 50% within 30 days of aSAH. Of the survivors 50% suffer from permanent disability with an estimated lifetime cost more than double that of an ischemic stroke. Traditionally, spasm that develops in large cerebral arteries 3-7 days after aneurysm rupture is considered the most important determinant of brain injury and outcome after aSAH. However, recent studies show that prevention of delayed vasospasm does not improve outcome in aSAH patients. This finding has finally brought in focus the influence of early brain injury on outcome of aSAH. A substantial amount of evidence indicates that brain injury begins at the aneurysm rupture, evolves with time and plays an important role in patients' outcome. In this manuscript we review early brain injury after aSAH. Due to the early nature, most of the information on this injury comes from animals and few only from autopsy of patients who died within days after aSAH. Consequently, we began with a review of animal models of early brain injury, next we review the mechanisms of brain injury according to the sequence of their temporal appearance and finally we discuss the failure of clinical translation of therapies successful in animal models of aSAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima A Sehba
- The Departments of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Blocking cerebral lymphatic drainage deteriorates cerebral oxidative injury in rats with subarachnoid hemorrhage. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2011. [PMID: 21125445 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0356-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Substances and fluid in the brain and subarachnoid spaces may be drained into extracranial lymphatics. This study aimed to investigate the possible role of cerebral lymphatic drainage in the process of cerebral injury following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Wistar rats were divided into non-SAH, SAH, and SAH plus cervical lymphatic blockage (SAH + CLB) groups. Autologous arterial hemolysate was injected into rats' cisterna magna to induce SAH. At time of 24 and 72 h after SAH, the rats were sacrificed for serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, brain tissue superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and brain tissue malonaldehyde (MDA) content detection. It was found that serum LDH activity increased in rats of SAH group comparing with non-SAH group. SAH also resulted in decreased brain tissue SOD activity and increased brain tissue MDA content. In rats of SAH + CLB group, the increase of serum LDH activity was to a lager extent. Meanwhile, brain tissue SOD activity decreased and MDA content increased to a lager extent, as compared with SAH group. It was concluded that blockage of cerebral lymphatic drainage deteriorates cerebral oxidative injury after SAH, indicating cerebral lymphatic drainage may exert intrinsic protective effects against cerebral injury following SAH.
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Dohi K, Ohtaki H, Nakamachi T, Yofu S, Satoh K, Miyamoto K, Song D, Tsunawaki S, Shioda S, Aruga T. Gp91phox (NOX2) in classically activated microglia exacerbates traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2010; 7:41. [PMID: 20659322 PMCID: PMC2917406 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-7-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We hypothesized that gp91phox (NOX2), a subunit of NADPH oxidase, generates superoxide anion (O2-) and has a major causative role in traumatic brain injury (TBI). To evaluate the functional role of gp91phox and reactive oxygen species (ROS) on TBI, we carried out controlled cortical impact in gp91phox knockout mice (gp91phox-/-). We also used a microglial cell line to determine the activated cell phenotype that contributes to gp91phox generation. Methods Unilateral TBI was induced in gp91phox-/- and wild-type (Wt) mice (C57/B6J) (25-30 g). The expression and roles of gp91phox after TBI were investigated using immunoblotting and staining techniques. Levels of O2- and peroxynitrite were determined in situ in the mouse brain. The activated phenotype in microglia that expressed gp91phox was determined in a microglial cell line, BV-2, in the presence of IFNγ or IL-4. Results Gp91phox expression increased mainly in amoeboid-shaped microglial cells of the ipsilateral hemisphere of Wt mice after TBI. The contusion area, number of TUNEL-positive cells, and amount of O2- and peroxynitrite metabolites produced were less in gp91phox-/- mice than in Wt. In the presence of IFNγ, BV-2 cells had increased inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide levels, consistent with a classical activated phenotype, and drastically increased expression of gp91phox. Conclusions Classical activated microglia promote ROS formation through gp91phox and have an important role in brain damage following TBI. Modulating gp91phox and gp91phox -derived ROS may provide a new therapeutic strategy in combating post-traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Dohi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
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22
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Standardized induction of subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice by intracranial pressure monitoring. J Neurosci Methods 2010; 190:164-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ayoglu H, Gul S, Hanci V, Bahadir B, Bektas S, Mungan AG, Turan IO, Acikgoz B. The effects of dexmedetomidine dosage on cerebral vasospasm in a rat subarachnoid haemorrhage model. J Clin Neurosci 2010; 17:770-3. [PMID: 20381357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2009.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2009] [Revised: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of two different doses of dexmedetomidine on vasospasm in a rat model of subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). SAH was induced by injecting 0.3 mL blood into the cisterna magna in all rat groups except the control (Group C). At 1 hour and 24 hours after SAH, 5 microg/kg dexmedetomidine was given to group D5, and 10 microg/kg dexmedetomidine was given to group D10. No medication was administered to the haemorrhage group (Group H). Malondialdehyde (MDA) and paraoxonase (PON) levels were measured at 48 hours after SAH. Mean wall thickness (MWT), mean luminal diameter (MLD), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression of the basilar artery were evaluated. MDA levels and MWT were lower in the dexmedetomidine groups. The lowest MDA levels and MWT were found in Group D10. The MLD was lowest in Group H. PCNA expression was observed only in Group D10. We concluded that dexmedetomidine reduces oxidative stress and vasospasm following SAH in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Ayoglu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, School of Medicine, Zonguldak Karaelmas University, Kozlu, Zonguldak 67600, Turkey.
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Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurologic and psychiatric diseases. The brain is particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage due to high oxygen consumption, low antioxidant defense, and an abundance of oxidation-sensitive lipids. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by mitochondria is generally thought to be the main cause of oxidative stress. However, a role for ROS-generating NADPH oxidase NOX enzymes has recently emerged. Activation of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase NOX2 has been studied mainly in microglia, where it plays a role in inflammation, but may also contribute to neuronal death in pathologic conditions. However, NOX-dependent ROS production can be due to the expression of other NOX isoforms, which are detected not only in microglia, but also in astrocytes and neurons. The physiologic and pathophysiologic roles of such NOX enzymes are only partially understood. In this review, we summarize the present knowledge about NOX enzymes in the central nervous system and their involvement in neurologic and psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sorce
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva-4, Switzerland
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Lu H, Zhang DM, Chen HL, Lin YX, Hang CH, Yin HX, Shi JX. N-acetylcysteine suppresses oxidative stress in experimental rats with subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Clin Neurosci 2009; 16:684-8. [PMID: 19264484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2008.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The neuroprotective effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a sulfhydryl-containing antioxidant, on experimentally induced subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in rats was assessed. NAC was administered to rats after the induction of SAH. Neurological deficits and brain edema were investigated. The activity of antioxidant defense enzymes, copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), were measured in the brain cortex by spectrophotometer. The content of the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) was also analyzed. We found that NAC markedly reversed the SAH-induced neurological deficit and brain edema. We further investigated the mechanism involved in the neuroprotective effects of NAC on rat brain tissue and found that NAC significantly increased CuZn-SOD and GSH-Px activity and decreased MDA content in the SAH brain. NAC has the potential to be a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of SAH, and its neuroprotective effect may be partly mediated via enhancing the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes and inhibiting free radical generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, China
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Ishikawa M, Kusaka G, Yamaguchi N, Sekizuka E, Nakadate H, Minamitani H, Shinoda S, Watanabe E. PLATELET AND LEUKOCYTE ADHESION IN THE MICROVASCULATURE AT THE CEREBRAL SURFACE IMMEDIATELY AFTER SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE. Neurosurgery 2009; 64:546-53; discussion 553-4. [DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000337579.05110.f4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mami Ishikawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Gen Kusaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Yamaguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization, Saitama Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Eiichi Sekizuka
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Hospital Organization, Saitama Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Nakadate
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Soji Shinoda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Eiju Watanabe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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Interleukin-6 mediates the increase in NADPH-oxidase in the ketamine model of schizophrenia. J Neurosci 2009; 28:13957-66. [PMID: 19091984 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4457-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult exposure to NMDA receptor antagonists, such as ketamine, produces psychosis in humans, and exacerbates symptoms in schizophrenic patients. We recently showed that ketamine activates the innate immune enzyme NADPH-oxidase in brain, and that the superoxide produced leads to dysfunction of a subset of fast-spiking inhibitory interneurons expressing the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PV). Here we show that neuronal production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) is necessary and sufficient for ketamine-mediated activation of NADPH-oxidase in brain. Removal of IL-6 in neuronal cultures by anti-IL-6 blocking antibodies, or in vivo by use of IL-6-deficient mice, prevented the increase in superoxide by ketamine and rescued the interneurons. Accumulating evidence suggests that schizophrenia patients suffer from diminished antioxidant defenses, and a recent clinical trial showed that enhancing these defenses may ameliorate symptoms of the disease. Our results showing that ketamine-induced IL-6 is responsible for the activation of NADPH-oxidase in brain suggest that reducing brain levels of this cytokine may protect the GABAergic phenotype of fast-spiking PV-interneurons and thus attenuate the propsychotic effects of ketamine.
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Hemolysate-induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in cultured brain microvascular endothelial cells via through ROS-dependent NF-kappaB pathways. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2008; 29:87-95. [PMID: 18726687 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-008-9300-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to determine the possible effects of hemolysate on brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs), we examined the effects of hemolysate on the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and NF-kappaB activation in rat BMECs. Hemolysate induced the expression of ICAM-1 and MCP-1 in endothelial cells. In addition, hemolysate stimulated nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB, and NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity in BMECs. Furthermore, hemolysate increased ROS generation, and hemolysate-induced ICAM-1and MCP-1 expression and NF-kappaB activation were abrogated in the presence of the direct scavenger of ROS. Taken together, our results indicate that hemolysate can induce inflammatory responses that increase expression of ICAM-1 and MCP-1, through ROS-dependent NF-kappaB activation in BMECs.
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