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Roy S, Lutsenko S. Mechanism of Cu entry into the brain: many unanswered questions. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2421-2429. [PMID: 38526278 PMCID: PMC11090436 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.393107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain tissue requires high amounts of copper (Cu) for its key physiological processes, such as energy production, neurotransmitter synthesis, maturation of neuropeptides, myelination, synaptic plasticity, and radical scavenging. The requirements for Cu in the brain vary depending on specific brain regions, cell types, organism age, and nutritional status. Cu imbalances cause or contribute to several life-threatening neurologic disorders including Menkes disease, Wilson disease, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and others. Despite the well-established role of Cu homeostasis in brain development and function, the mechanisms that govern Cu delivery to the brain are not well defined. This review summarizes available information on Cu transfer through the brain barriers and discusses issues that require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhrajit Roy
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Svetlana Lutsenko
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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2
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Ban XX, Wan H, Wan XX, Tan YT, Hu XM, Ban HX, Chen XY, Huang K, Zhang Q, Xiong K. Copper Metabolism and Cuproptosis: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Med Sci 2024; 44:28-50. [PMID: 38336987 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-024-2832-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Copper is an essential trace element, and plays a vital role in numerous physiological processes within the human body. During normal metabolism, the human body maintains copper homeostasis. Copper deficiency or excess can adversely affect cellular function. Therefore, copper homeostasis is stringently regulated. Recent studies suggest that copper can trigger a specific form of cell death, namely, cuproptosis, which is triggered by excessive levels of intracellular copper. Cuproptosis induces the aggregation of mitochondrial lipoylated proteins, and the loss of iron-sulfur cluster proteins. In neurodegenerative diseases, the pathogenesis and progression of neurological disorders are linked to copper homeostasis. This review summarizes the advances in copper homeostasis and cuproptosis in the nervous system and neurodegenerative diseases. This offers research perspectives that provide new insights into the targeted treatment of neurodegenerative diseases based on cuproptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xia Ban
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 430013, China
| | - Hao Wan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 430013, China
| | - Xin-Xing Wan
- Department of Endocrinology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 430013, China
| | - Ya-Ting Tan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 430013, China
| | - Xi-Min Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 430013, China
| | - Hong-Xia Ban
- Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010050, China
| | - Xin-Yu Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 430013, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 430013, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 430013, China.
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China.
| | - Kun Xiong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 430013, China.
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, 430013, China.
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3
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Carmona A, Carboni E, Gomes LC, Roudeau S, Maass F, Lenz C, Ortega R, Lingor P. Metal dyshomeostasis in the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis. J Neurochem 2024; 168:128-141. [PMID: 38178798 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Abnormal metal distribution in vulnerable brain regions is involved in the pathogenesis of most neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting common molecular mechanisms of metal dyshomeostasis. This study aimed to compare the intra- and extra-neuronal metal content and the expression of proteins related to metal homeostasis in the substantia nigra (SN) from patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and control subjects. Metal quantification was performed via ion-beam micro-analysis in neuromelanin-positive neurons and the surrounding tissue. For proteomic analysis, SN tissue lysates were analyzed on a nanoflow chromatography system hyphenated to a hybrid triple-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. We found increased amounts of iron in neuromelanin-positive neurons and surrounding tissue in patients with PD and MS compared to controls (4- to 5-fold higher) that, however, also showed large inter-individual variations. Copper content was systematically lower (-2.4-fold) in neuromelanin-positive neurons of PD patients compared with controls, whereas it remained unchanged in MS. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analyses revealed clusters related to Fe and Cu homeostasis among PD-deregulated proteins. An enrichment for the term "metal homeostasis" was observed for MS-deregulated proteins. Important deregulated hub proteins included hemopexin and transferrin in PD, and calreticulin and ferredoxin reductase in MS. Our findings show that PD and MS share commonalities in terms of iron accumulation in the SN. Concomitant proteomics experiments revealed PPI networks related to metal homeostasis, substantiating the results of metal quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eleonora Carboni
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Lower-Saxony, Germany
| | - Lucas Caldi Gomes
- School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, München, Bavaria, Germany
| | | | - Fabian Maass
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Lower-Saxony, Germany
| | - Christof Lenz
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Paul Lingor
- School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, München, Bavaria, Germany
- DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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4
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Billings JL, Hilton JBW, Liddell JR, Hare DJ, Crouch PJ. Fundamental Neurochemistry Review: Copper availability as a potential therapeutic target in progressive supranuclear palsy: Insight from other neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurochem 2023; 167:337-346. [PMID: 37800457 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the first description of Parkinson's disease (PD) over two centuries ago, the recognition of rare types of atypical parkinsonism has introduced a spectrum of related PD-like diseases. Among these is progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), a neurodegenerative condition that clinically differentiates through the presence of additional symptoms uncommon in PD. As with PD, the initial symptoms of PSP generally present in the sixth decade of life when the underpinning neurodegeneration is already significantly advanced. The causal trigger of neuronal cell loss in PSP is unknown and treatment options are consequently limited. However, converging lines of evidence from the distinct neurodegenerative conditions of PD and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are beginning to provide insights into potential commonalities in PSP pathology and opportunity for novel therapeutic intervention. These include accumulation of the high abundance cuproenzyme superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) in an aberrant copper-deficient state, associated evidence for altered availability of the essential micronutrient copper, and evidence for neuroprotection using compounds that can deliver available copper to the central nervous system. Herein, we discuss the existing evidence for SOD1 pathology and copper imbalance in PSP and speculate that treatments able to provide neuroprotection through manipulation of copper availability could be applicable to the treatment of PSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Billings
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James B W Hilton
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health, and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeffrey R Liddell
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dominic J Hare
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter J Crouch
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Ścibior A, Llopis J, Dobrakowski PP, Męcik-Kronenberg T. CNS-Related Effects Caused by Vanadium at Realistic Exposure Levels in Humans: A Comprehensive Overview Supplemented with Selected Animal Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109004. [PMID: 37240351 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders, which are currently incurable diseases of the nervous system, are a constantly growing social concern. They are progressive and lead to gradual degeneration and/or death of nerve cells, resulting in cognitive deterioration or impaired motor functions. New therapies that would ensure better treatment results and contribute to a significant slowdown in the progression of neurodegenerative syndromes are constantly being sought. Vanadium (V), which is an element with a wide range of impacts on the mammalian organism, is at the forefront among the different metals studied for their potential therapeutic use. On the other hand, it is a well-known environmental and occupational pollutant and can exert adverse effects on human health. As a strong pro-oxidant, it can generate oxidative stress involved in neurodegeneration. Although the detrimental effects of vanadium on the CNS are relatively well recognized, the role of this metal in the pathophysiology of various neurological disorders, at realistic exposure levels in humans, is not yet well characterized. Hence, the main goal of this review is to summarize data on the neurological side effects/neurobehavioral alterations in humans, in relation to vanadium exposure, with the focus on the levels of this metal in biological fluids/brain tissues of subjects with some neurodegenerative syndromes. Data collected in the present review indicate that vanadium cannot be excluded as a factor playing a pivotal role in the etiopathogenesis of neurodegenerative illnesses, and point to the need for additional extensive epidemiological studies that will provide more evidence supporting the relationship between vanadium exposure and neurodegeneration in humans. Simultaneously, the reviewed data, clearly showing the environmental impact of vanadium on health, suggest that more attention should be paid to chronic diseases related to vanadium and to the assessment of the dose-response relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Ścibior
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress, Department of Biomedicine and Environmental Research, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów St. 1J, 20-708 Lublin, Poland
| | - Juan Llopis
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology ''José Mataix", Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18100 Armilla, Spain
- Sport and Health Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Paweł Piotr Dobrakowski
- Psychology Institute, Humanitas University in Sosnowiec, Jana Kilińskiego St. 43, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Tomasz Męcik-Kronenberg
- Department of Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 3 Maja St. 13, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
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Association between Heavy Metal Exposure and Parkinson's Disease: A Review of the Mechanisms Related to Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122467. [PMID: 36552676 PMCID: PMC9774122 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a gradually progressing neurodegenerative condition that is marked by a loss of motor coordination along with non-motor features. Although the precise cause of PD has not been determined, the disease condition is mostly associated with the exposure to environmental toxins, such as metals, and their abnormal accumulation in the brain. Heavy metals, such as iron (Fe), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb), have been linked to PD and contribute to its progression. In addition, the interactions among the components of a metal mixture may result in synergistic toxicity. Numerous epidemiological studies have demonstrated a connection between PD and either single or mixed exposure to these heavy metals, which increase the prevalence of PD. Chronic exposure to heavy metals is related to the activation of proinflammatory cytokines resulting in neuronal loss through neuroinflammation. Similarly, metals disrupt redox homeostasis while inducing free radical production and decreasing antioxidant levels in the substantia nigra. Furthermore, these metals alter molecular processes and result in oxidative stress, DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis, which can potentially trigger dopaminergic neurodegenerative disorders. This review focuses on the roles of Hg, Pb, Mn, Cu, and Fe in the development and progression of PD. Moreover, it explores the plausible roles of heavy metals in neurodegenerative mechanisms that facilitate the development of PD. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying metal toxicities will enable the establishment of novel therapeutic approaches to prevent or cure PD.
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Foley PB, Hare DJ, Double KL. A brief history of brain iron accumulation in Parkinson disease and related disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:505-520. [PMID: 35534717 PMCID: PMC9188502 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02505-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Iron has a long and storied history in Parkinson disease and related disorders. This essential micronutrient is critical for normal brain function, but abnormal brain iron accumulation has been associated with extrapyramidal disease for a century. Precisely why, how, and when iron is implicated in neuronal death remains the subject of investigation. In this article, we review the history of iron in movement disorders, from the first observations in the early twentieth century to recent efforts that view extrapyramidal iron as a novel therapeutic target and diagnostic indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominic J. Hare
- Atomic Medicine Initiative, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kay L. Double
- Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical Sciences (Neuroscience), Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Foley PB, Hare DJ, Double KL. A brief history of brain iron accumulation in Parkinson disease and related disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:505-520. [PMID: 35534717 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-025055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Iron has a long and storied history in Parkinson disease and related disorders. This essential micronutrient is critical for normal brain function, but abnormal brain iron accumulation has been associated with extrapyramidal disease for a century. Precisely why, how, and when iron is implicated in neuronal death remains the subject of investigation. In this article, we review the history of iron in movement disorders, from the first observations in the early twentieth century to recent efforts that view extrapyramidal iron as a novel therapeutic target and diagnostic indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominic J Hare
- Atomic Medicine Initiative, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kay L Double
- Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical Sciences (Neuroscience), Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Prasuhn J, Strautz R, Lemmer F, Dreischmeier S, Kasten M, Hanssen H, Heldmann M, Brüggemann N. Neuroimaging Correlates of Substantia Nigra Hyperechogenicity in Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:1191-1200. [PMID: 35180131 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-213000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons within the brainstem substantia nigra (SN) is both a pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) and a major contributor to symptom expression. Therefore, non-invasive evaluation of the SN is critical for diagnosis and evaluation of disease progression. Hyperechogenicity (HE+) on midbrain transcranial sonography (TCS) supports the clinically established diagnosis of PD. Further, postmortem studies suggest involvement of neuromelanin (NM) loss and iron deposition in nigral neurodegeneration and HE+ emergence. However, the associations between HE+ and signs of nigral NM loss and iron deposition revealed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have not been examined. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the magnetic resonance- (MR-) morphological representation of the HE+ by NM-weighted (NMI) and susceptibility-weighted MRI (SWI). METHODS Thirty-four PD patients and 29 healthy controls (HCs) received TCS followed by NMI and SWI. From MR images, two independent raters manually identified the SN, placed seeds in non-SN midbrain areas, and performed semi-automated SN segmentation with different thresholds based on seed mean values and standard deviations. Masks of the SN were then used to extract mean area, mean signal intensity, maximal signal area, maximum signal (for NMI), and minimum signal (for SWI). RESULTS There were no significant differences in NMI- and SWI-based parameters between patients and HCs, and no significant associations between HE+ extent and NMI- or SWI-based parameters. CONCLUSION HE+ on TCS appears unrelated to PD pathology revealed by NMI and SWI. Thus, TCS and MRI parameters should be considered complementary, and the pathophysiological correlates of the HE+ require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Prasuhn
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Center for Brain, Behavior, and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Robert Strautz
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Felicitas Lemmer
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Shalida Dreischmeier
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Meike Kasten
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Center for Brain, Behavior, and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Henrike Hanssen
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Center for Brain, Behavior, and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marcus Heldmann
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Center for Brain, Behavior, and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Norbert Brüggemann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Center for Brain, Behavior, and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Riederer P, Monoranu C, Strobel S, Iordache T, Sian-Hülsmann J. Iron as the concert master in the pathogenic orchestra playing in sporadic Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:1577-1598. [PMID: 34636961 PMCID: PMC8507512 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02414-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
About 60 years ago, the discovery of a deficiency of dopamine in the nigro-striatal system led to a variety of symptomatic therapeutic strategies to supplement dopamine and to substantially improve the quality of life of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Since these seminal developments, neuropathological, neurochemical, molecular biological and genetic discoveries contributed to elucidate the pathology of PD. Oxidative stress, the consequences of reactive oxidative species, reduced antioxidative capacity including loss of glutathione, excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, proteasomal dysfunction, apoptosis, lysosomal dysfunction, autophagy, suggested to be causal for ɑ-synuclein fibril formation and aggregation and contributing to neuroinflammation and neural cell death underlying this devastating disorder. However, there are no final conclusions about the triggered pathological mechanism(s) and the follow-up of pathological dysfunctions. Nevertheless, it is a fact, that iron, a major component of oxidative reactions, as well as neuromelanin, the major intraneuronal chelator of iron, undergo an age-dependent increase. And ageing is a major risk factor for PD. Iron is significantly increased in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of PD. Reasons for this finding include disturbances in iron-related import and export mechanisms across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), localized opening of the BBB at the nigro-striatal tract including brain vessel pathology. Whether this pathology is of primary or secondary importance is not known. We assume that there is a better fit to the top-down hypotheses and pathogens entering the brain via the olfactory system, then to the bottom-up (gut-brain) hypothesis of PD pathology. Triggers for the bottom-up, the dual-hit and the top-down pathologies include chemicals, viruses and bacteria. If so, hepcidin, a regulator of iron absorption and its distribution into tissues, is suggested to play a major role in the pathogenesis of iron dyshomeostasis and risk for initiating and progressing ɑ-synuclein pathology. The role of glial components to the pathology of PD is still unknown. However, the dramatic loss of glutathione (GSH), which is mainly synthesized in glia, suggests dysfunction of this process, or GSH uptake into neurons. Loss of GSH and increase in SNpc iron concentration have been suggested to be early, may be even pre-symptomatic processes in the pathology of PD, despite the fact that they are progression factors. The role of glial ferritin isoforms has not been studied so far in detail in human post-mortem brain tissue and a close insight into their role in PD is called upon. In conclusion, "iron" is a major player in the pathology of PD. Selective chelation of excess iron at the site of the substantia nigra, where a dysfunction of the BBB is suggested, with peripherally acting iron chelators is suggested to contribute to the portfolio and therapeutic armamentarium of anti-Parkinson medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Riederer
- Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - C Monoranu
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Neuropathology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - S Strobel
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Neuropathology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - T Iordache
- George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - J Sian-Hülsmann
- Department of Medical Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
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Maung MT, Carlson A, Olea-Flores M, Elkhadragy L, Schachtschneider KM, Navarro-Tito N, Padilla-Benavides T. The molecular and cellular basis of copper dysregulation and its relationship with human pathologies. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21810. [PMID: 34390520 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100273rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential micronutrient required for the activity of redox-active enzymes involved in critical metabolic reactions, signaling pathways, and biological functions. Transporters and chaperones control Cu ion levels and bioavailability to ensure proper subcellular and systemic Cu distribution. Intensive research has focused on understanding how mammalian cells maintain Cu homeostasis, and how molecular signals coordinate Cu acquisition and storage within organs. In humans, mutations of genes that regulate Cu homeostasis or facilitate interactions with Cu ions lead to numerous pathologic conditions. Malfunctions of the Cu+ -transporting ATPases ATP7A and ATP7B cause Menkes disease and Wilson disease, respectively. Additionally, defects in the mitochondrial and cellular distributions and homeostasis of Cu lead to severe neurodegenerative conditions, mitochondrial myopathies, and metabolic diseases. Cu has a dual nature in carcinogenesis as a promotor of tumor growth and an inducer of redox stress in cancer cells. Cu also plays role in cancer treatment as a component of drugs and a regulator of drug sensitivity and uptake. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of Cu metabolism and transport and its relation to various human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- May T Maung
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Alyssa Carlson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Monserrat Olea-Flores
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Lobna Elkhadragy
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kyle M Schachtschneider
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Napoleon Navarro-Tito
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Guerrero, Mexico
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Parkinson's disease multimodal imaging: F-DOPA PET, neuromelanin-sensitive and quantitative iron-sensitive MRI. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2021; 7:57. [PMID: 34238927 PMCID: PMC8266835 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00199-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative synucleinopathy characterized by the degeneration of neuromelanin (NM)-containing dopaminergic neurons and deposition of iron in the substantia nigra (SN). How regional NM loss and iron accumulation within specific areas of SN relate to nigro-striatal dysfunction needs to be clarified. We measured dopaminergic function in pre- and postcommissural putamen by [18F]DOPA PET in 23 Parkinson's disease patients and 23 healthy control (HC) participants in whom NM content and iron load were assessed in medial and lateral SN, respectively, by NM-sensitive and quantitative R2* MRI. Data analysis consisted of voxelwise regressions testing the group effect and its interaction with NM or iron signals. In PD patients, R2* was selectively increased in left lateral SN as compared to healthy participants, suggesting a local accumulation of iron in Parkinson's disease. By contrast, NM signal differed between PD and HC, without specific regional specificity within SN. Dopaminergic function in posterior putamen decreased as R2* increased in lateral SN, indicating that dopaminergic function impairment progresses with iron accumulation in the SN. Dopaminergic function was also positively correlated with NM signal in lateral SN, indicating that dopaminergic function impairment progresses with depigmentation in the SN. A complex relationship was detected between R2* in the lateral SN and NM signal in the medial SN. In conclusion, multimodal imaging reveals regionally specific relationships between iron accumulation and depigmentation within the SN of Parkinson's disease and provides in vivo insights in its neuropathology.
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13
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Copper biodistribution after acute systemic administration of copper gluconate to rats. Biometals 2021; 34:687-700. [PMID: 33900531 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-021-00304-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders have been linked to the decrease of copper concentrations in different regions of the brain. Therefore, intake of micronutrient supplements could be a therapeutic alternative. Since the copper distribution profile has not been elucidated yet, the aim of this study was to characterize and to analyze the concentration profile of a single administration of copper gluconate to rats by two routes of administration. Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups. The control group received vehicle (n = 5), and the experimental groups received 79.5 mg/kg of copper orally (n = 4-6) or 0.64 mg/kg of copper intravenously. (n = 3-4). Blood, striatum, midbrain and liver samples were collected at different times. Copper concentrations were assessed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Copper concentration in samples from the control group were considered as baseline. The highest copper concentration in plasma was observed at 1.5 h after oral administration, while copper was quickly compartmentalized within the first hour after intravenous administration. The striatum evidenced a maximum metal concentration at 0.25 h for both routes of administration, however, the midbrain did not show any change. The highest concentration of the metal was held by the liver. The use of copper salts as replacement therapy should consider its rapid and discrete accumulation into the brain and the rapid and massive distribution of the metal into the liver for both oral and intravenous routes. Development of controlled-release pharmaceutical formulations may overcome the problems that the liver accumulation may imply, particularly, for hepatic copper toxicity.
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Cell specific quantitative iron mapping on brain slices by immuno-µPIXE in healthy elderly and Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:47. [PMID: 33752749 PMCID: PMC7986300 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01145-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential for neurons and glial cells, playing key roles in neurotransmitter synthesis, energy production and myelination. In contrast, high concentrations of free iron can be detrimental and contribute to neurodegeneration, through promotion of oxidative stress. Particularly in Parkinson’s disease (PD) changes in iron concentrations in the substantia nigra (SN) was suggested to play a key role in degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in nigrosome 1. However, the cellular iron pathways and the mechanisms of the pathogenic role of iron in PD are not well understood, mainly due to the lack of quantitative analytical techniques for iron quantification with subcellular resolution. Here, we quantified cellular iron concentrations and subcellular iron distributions in dopaminergic neurons and different types of glial cells in the SN both in brains of PD patients and in non-neurodegenerative control brains (Co). To this end, we combined spatially resolved quantitative element mapping using micro particle induced X-ray emission (µPIXE) with nickel-enhanced immunocytochemical detection of cell type-specific antigens allowing to allocate element-related signals to specific cell types. Distinct patterns of iron accumulation were observed across different cell populations. In the control (Co) SNc, oligodendroglial and astroglial cells hold the highest cellular iron concentration whereas in PD, the iron concentration was increased in most cell types in the substantia nigra except for astroglial cells and ferritin-positive oligodendroglial cells. While iron levels in astroglial cells remain unchanged, ferritin in oligodendroglial cells seems to be depleted by almost half in PD. The highest cellular iron levels in neurons were located in the cytoplasm, which might increase the source of non-chelated Fe3+, implicating a critical increase in the labile iron pool. Indeed, neuromelanin is characterised by a significantly higher loading of iron including most probable the occupancy of low-affinity iron binding sites. Quantitative trace element analysis is essential to characterise iron in oxidative processes in PD. The quantification of iron provides deeper insights into changes of cellular iron levels in PD and may contribute to the research in iron-chelating disease-modifying drugs.
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15
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Scholefield M, Church SJ, Xu J, Patassini S, Roncaroli F, Hooper NM, Unwin RD, Cooper GJS. Widespread Decreases in Cerebral Copper Are Common to Parkinson's Disease Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:641222. [PMID: 33746735 PMCID: PMC7966713 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.641222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies of Parkinson's disease (PD) have reported dysregulation of cerebral metals, particularly decreases in copper and increases in iron in substantia nigra (SN). However, few studies have investigated regions outside the SN, fewer have measured levels of multiple metals across different regions within the same brains, and there are no currently-available reports of metal levels in Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD). This study aimed to compare concentrations of nine essential metals across nine different brain regions in cases of PDD and controls. Investigated were: primary motor cortex (MCX); cingulate gyrus (CG); primary visual cortex (PVC); hippocampus (HP); cerebellar cortex (CB); SN; locus coeruleus (LC); medulla oblongata (MED); and middle temporal gyrus (MTG), thus covering regions with severe, moderate, or low levels of neuronal loss in PDD. Levels of eight essential metals and selenium were determined using an analytical methodology involving the use of inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and compared between cases and controls, to better understand the extent and severity of metal perturbations. Findings were also compared with those from our previous study of sporadic Alzheimer's disease dementia (ADD), which employed equivalent methods, to identify differences and similarities between these conditions. Widespread copper decreases occurred in PDD in seven of nine regions (exceptions being LC and CB). Four PDD-affected regions showed similar decreases in ADD: CG, HP, MTG, and MCX. Decreases in potassium and manganese were present in HP, MTG and MCX; decreased manganese was also found in SN and MED. Decreased selenium and magnesium were present in MCX, and decreased zinc in HP. There was no evidence for increased iron in SN or any other region. These results identify alterations in levels of several metals across multiple regions of PDD brain, the commonest being widespread decreases in copper that closely resemble those in ADD, pointing to similar disease mechanisms in both dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Scholefield
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Centre for Advanced Discovery & Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie J. Church
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Centre for Advanced Discovery & Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jingshu Xu
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Centre for Advanced Discovery & Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Patassini
- Faculty of Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Federico Roncaroli
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Brain and Mental Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel M. Hooper
- Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Richard D. Unwin
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Centre for Advanced Discovery & Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Stoller Biomarker Discovery Centre & Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Garth J. S. Cooper
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Centre for Advanced Discovery & Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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16
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Cilliers K, Muller CJF. Multi-element Analysis of Brain Regions from South African Cadavers. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:425-441. [PMID: 32361883 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02158-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Trace elements are vital for a variety of functions in the brain. However, an imbalance can result in oxidative stress. It is important to ascertain the normal levels in different brain regions, as such information is still lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to provide baseline trace element concentrations from a South African population, as well as determine trace element differences between sex and brain regions. Samples from the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus and hippocampus were analysed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Aluminium, antimony, arsenic, barium, boron, cadmium, calcium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, phosphorus, potassium, selenium, silicon, sodium, strontium, vanadium and zinc were assessed. A multiple median regression model was used to determine differences between sex and regions. Twenty-nine male and 13 female cadavers from a Western Cape, South African population were included (mean age 35 years, range 19 to 45). Trace element levels were comparable to those of other populations, although magnesium was considerably lower. While there were no sex differences, significant anatomical regional differences existed; the caudate nucleus and hippocampus were the most similar, and the globus pallidus and hippocampus the most different. In conclusion, this is the first article to report the trace element concentrations of brain regions from a South African population. Low magnesium levels in the brain may be linked to a dietary deficiency, and migraines, depression and epilepsy have been linked to low magnesium levels. Future research should be directed to increase the dietary intake of magnesium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Cilliers
- Division of Clinical Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Western Cape, South Africa.
| | - Christo J F Muller
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Western Cape, South Africa
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health ScieAnces, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Western Cape, South Africa
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17
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D’Mello SR, Kindy MC. Overdosing on iron: Elevated iron and degenerative brain disorders. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:1444-1473. [PMID: 32878460 PMCID: PMC7553095 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220953065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Brain degenerative disorders, which include some neurodevelopmental disorders and age-associated diseases, cause debilitating neurological deficits and are generally fatal. A large body of emerging evidence indicates that iron accumulation in neurons within specific regions of the brain plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many of these disorders. Iron homeostasis is a highly complex and incompletely understood process involving a large number of regulatory molecules. Our review provides a description of what is known about how iron is obtained by the body and brain and how defects in the homeostatic processes could contribute to the development of brain diseases, focusing on Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease as well as four other disorders belonging to a class of inherited conditions referred to as neurodegeneration based on iron accumulation (NBIA) disorders. A description of potential therapeutic approaches being tested for each of these different disorders is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark C Kindy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- James A. Haley Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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18
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Sun Y, Kamat A, Singh BB. Isoproterenol-Dependent Activation of TRPM7 Protects Against Neurotoxin-Induced Loss of Neuroblastoma Cells. Front Physiol 2020; 11:305. [PMID: 32390858 PMCID: PMC7193110 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal function and their survival depend on the activation of ion channels. Loss of ion channel function is known to induce neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s that exhibit loss of dopaminergic neurons; however, mechanisms that could limit neuronal loss are not yet fully identified. Our data suggest that neurotoxin-mediated loss of neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells is inhibited by the addition of β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) agonist isoproterenol. The addition of isoproterenol to SHSY-5Y cells showed increased Mg2+ influx and cell survival in the presence of neurotoxin especially at higher concentration of isoproterenol. Importantly, isoproterenol potentiated transient receptor potential melastatin-7 (TRPM7) channel activation that leads to an increase in intracellular Mg2+ levels. The addition of 2APB, which is a known TRPM7 channel blocker, significantly decreased the TRPM7 function and inhibited isoproterenol-mediated protection against neurotoxins. Moreover, neurotoxins inhibited TRPM7 expression and function, but the restoration of TRPM7 expression increased neuroblastoma cell survival. In contrast, TRPM7 silencing increased cell loss, decreased Mg2+ homeostasis, and inhibited mitochondrial function. Moreover, isoproterenol treatment prevented neurotoxin-mediated loss of TRPM7 expression and inhibited Bax expression that induces cell survival. These effects were dependent on the neurotoxin-induced increase in oxidative stress, which inhibits TRPM7 expression and function. Together, our results suggest a positive role for β-AR in activating TRPM7 channels that regulate Mg2+ homeostasis and are essential for the survival of SH-SY5Y cells from neurotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Sun
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Amrita Kamat
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Brij B Singh
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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19
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Nirwan JS, Hasan SS, Babar ZUD, Conway BR, Ghori MU. Global Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD): Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5814. [PMID: 32242117 PMCID: PMC7118109 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62795-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is a common medical complaint, there is currently no consensus on the global prevalence of GORD. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on GORD prevalence and risk factors at a global level. MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, Cochrane library, and Google Scholar were systematically searched, without language restrictions, for studies on the prevalence and risk factors of GORD. Data were pooled using a random effects model (95% confidence interval), and the odds ratio and relative risk for each risk factor were calculated. Out of 34,355 search results, 96 records reporting the results from 102 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria, representing 37 countries and all regions of the UN geoscheme. The global pooled prevalence of GORD was 13.98% and varied greatly according to region (12.88% in Latin America and the Caribbean to 19.55% in North America) and country (4.16% in China to 22.40% in Turkey). Using the United Nations 2017 Revision of World Population Prospects, the estimated number of individuals suffering from GORD globally is 1.03 billion. Multiple risk factors associated with a significant increase in the risk of GORD were also identified. This systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that although a substantial proportion (13.98%) of the global population suffers from GORD, there are significant variations between regions and countries. Risk factors for GORD were also identified which may allow clinicians to recognise individuals most at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorabar Singh Nirwan
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Syed Shahzad Hasan
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Barbara R Conway
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Muhammad Usman Ghori
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, Huddersfield, UK.
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20
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Abstract
While the initial causes of Parkinson's disease (PD) are not clearly defined, iron deposition has long been implicated in the pathogenesis of PD. The substantia nigra of PD patients, where the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons occurs, show a fairly selective and significant elevation in iron contents. However, the question remains whether iron deposition represents the initiation cause or merely the consequence of nigral degeneration. Here, we describe existing findings regarding the interaction of iron with neuromelanin and alpha synuclein, the iron deposition in experimental animal model of PD and sporadic and familial PD patients, and the treatment option involving the use of iron chelators for targeting the aberration of iron level in brain. This review may provide us a better understanding of the role of iron in PD to address the question of cause or consequence.
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21
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Bisaglia M, Bubacco L. Copper Ions and Parkinson's Disease: Why Is Homeostasis So Relevant? Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020195. [PMID: 32013126 PMCID: PMC7072482 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of copper in numerous physiological processes makes this metal ion essential for human life. Alterations in copper homeostasis might have deleterious consequences, and several neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson’s disease (PD), have been associated with impaired copper levels. In the present review, we describe the molecular mechanisms through which copper can exert its toxicity, by considering how it can interfere with other cellular processes known to play a role in PD, such as dopamine metabolism, oxidative stress, and α-synuclein aggregation. The recent experimental evidence that associates copper deficiency and the formation of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) aggregates with the progression of PD is also discussed together with its therapeutic implication. Overall, the recent discoveries described in this review show how either copper deficiency or excessive levels can promote detrimental effects, highlighting the importance of preserving copper homeostasis and opening unexplored therapeutic avenues in the definition of novel disease-modifying drugs.
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22
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Melatonin: A hypothesis regarding its use to treat Wilson disease. Med Hypotheses 2019; 133:109408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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23
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Zhan Y, Raza MU, Yuan L, Zhu MY. Critical Role of Oxidatively Damaged DNA in Selective Noradrenergic Vulnerability. Neuroscience 2019; 422:184-201. [PMID: 31698021 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An important pathology in Parkinson's disease (PD) is the earlier and more severe degeneration of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) than dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. However, the basis of such selective vulnerability to insults remains obscure. Using noradrenergic and dopaminergic cell lines, as well as primary neuronal cultures from rat LC and ventral mesencephalon (VM), the present study compared oxidative DNA damage response markers after exposure of these cells to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The results showed that H2O2 treatment resulted in more severe cell death in noradrenergic cell lines SK-N-BE(2)-M17 and PC12 than dopaminergic MN9D cells. Furthermore, there were higher levels of oxidative DNA damage response markers in noradrenergic cells and primary neuronal cultures from the LC than dopaminergic cells and primary cultures from the VM. It included increased tail moments and tail lengths in Comet assay, and increased protein levels of phosphor-p53 and γ-H2AX after treatments with H2O2. Consistent with these measurements, exposure of SK-N-BE(2)-M17 cells to H2O2 resulted in higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Further experiments showed that exposure of SK-N-BE(2)-M17 cells to H2O2 caused an increased level of noradrenergic transporter, reduced protein levels of copper transporter (Ctr1) and 8-oxoGua DNA glycosylase, as well as amplified levels of Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 expression. Taken together, these experiments indicated that noradrenergic neuronal cells seem to be more vulnerable to oxidative damage than dopaminergic neurons, which may be related to the intrinsic characteristics of noradrenergic neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiang Zhan
- Department of Neurology, Remin Hospital of the Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad U Raza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Lian Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Meng-Yang Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.
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24
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Cibulka M, Brodnanova M, Grendar M, Grofik M, Kurca E, Pilchova I, Osina O, Tatarkova Z, Dobrota D, Kolisek M. SNPs rs11240569, rs708727, and rs823156 in SLC41A1 Do Not Discriminate Between Slovak Patients with Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease and Healthy Controls: Statistics and Machine-Learning Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194688. [PMID: 31546642 PMCID: PMC6801379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene SLC41A1 (A1) is localized within Parkinson’s disease-(PD)-susceptibility locus PARK16 and encodes for the Na+/Mg2+-exchanger. The association of several A1 SNPs with PD has been studied. Two, rs11240569 and rs823156, have been associated with reduced PD-susceptibility primarily in Asian populations. Here, we examined the association of rs11240569, rs708727, and rs823156 with PD in the Slovak population and their power to discriminate between PD patients and healthy controls. The study included 150 PD patients and 120 controls. Genotyping was performed with the TaqMan® approach. Data were analyzed by conventional statistics and Random Forest machine-learning (ML) algorithm. Individually, none of the three SNPs is associated with an altered risk for PD-onset in Slovaks. However, a combination of genotypes of SNP-triplet GG(rs11240569)/AG(rs708727)/AA(rs823156) is significantly (p < 0.05) more frequent in the PD (13.3%) than in the control (5%) cohort. ML identified the power of the tested SNPs in isolation or of their singlets (joined), duplets and triplets to discriminate between PD-patients and healthy controls as zero. Our data further substantiate differences between diverse populations regarding the association of A1 polymorphisms with PD-susceptibility. Lack of power of the tested SNPs to discriminate between PD and healthy cases render their clinical/diagnostic relevance in the Slovak population negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Cibulka
- Division of Neurosciences, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Maria Brodnanova
- Division of Neurosciences, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Marian Grendar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Milan Grofik
- Clinic of Neurology, University Hospital in Martin, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Egon Kurca
- Clinic of Neurology, University Hospital in Martin, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Ivana Pilchova
- Division of Neurosciences, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Oto Osina
- Clinic of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, University Hospital in Martin, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Zuzana Tatarkova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Dusan Dobrota
- Division of Neurosciences, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Martin Kolisek
- Division of Neurosciences, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
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25
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Magnesium-Induced Cell Survival Is Dependent on TRPM7 Expression and Function. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:528-538. [PMID: 31392516 PMCID: PMC6968994 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01713-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mg2+ homeostasis is essential for cell survival and the loss of this regulation has been associated with many neurodegenerative diseases, including loss of dopaminergic neurons. Although the neurotoxin-mediated loss of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson disease models is extensively studied, the ion channel(s) that regulate Mg2+ homeostasis and thus could prevent neuronal cell death is not yet identified. Here, we show that TRPM7 (transient receptor potential melastatin 7) is involved in regulating Mg2+ homeostasis in dopaminergic cells. Importantly, transient loss of TRPM7 decreased intracellular Mg2+ levels and decreased dopaminergic cells/neurons survival. We provide further evidence that both increases in extracellular Mg2+ or transiently increasing TRPM7 levels protected dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells against neurotoxin-mediated cell death. Neurotoxin treatment significantly decreased TRPM7 levels in both SH-SY5Y cells and the substantia nigra pars compacta region of mice, along with a decrease in Mg2+ influx. Moreover, Mg2+ supplementation showed a concentration-dependent decrease in caspase-3 activity, an increase in cell survival, restored mitochondrial membrane potential, and increase TRPM7 levels in neurotoxin-treated cells. In contrast, transient silencing of TRPM7 inhibited the positive effect of Mg2+ supplementation in protecting against neurotoxins. Whereas, TRPM7 overexpression not only maintained Mg2+ homeostasis but also inhibited caspase 3 activity that induced cell survival. Overall, these results suggest a significant role of TRPM7 channels in Mg2+ homeostasis and the survival of neurotoxin-induced loss of dopaminergic cells.
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Brown EE, Shah P, Pollock BG, Gerretsen P, Graff-Guerrero A. Lead (Pb) in Alzheimer’s Dementia: A Systematic Review of Human Case- Control Studies. Curr Alzheimer Res 2019; 16:353-361. [DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190311101445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Alzheimer’s Dementia (AD) has a complex pathophysiology that is incompletely
understood. Chronic, low-level environmental lead (Pb) exposure is associated with cognitive
impairment, hypertension and mortality, and has been proposed as a potential cause of AD.
Objective:
We aimed to review the literature to clarify the potential role of Pb in AD and to guide future
research.
Methods:
Through a series of systematic reviews, we identified case-control studies comparing AD to
controls on 6 measures of Pb exposure or accumulation: blood, bone, cerebrospinal fluid, hair/nail, postmortem
pathology, and urine. We completed meta-analyses where possible.
Results:
The number of identified case-control studies of AD, by measurement method, was: 15 by
blood, 0 by bone, 5 by Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), 3 by hair/nail, 3 by postmortem, and 1 by urine. Two
meta-analyses were possible for 7 studies reporting whole blood Pb and for 8 studies of serum Pb. Both
were negative. The largest study of CSF Pb showed lower levels in AD. Similarly, lower hair Pb levels
were found in AD.
Conclusion:
The available case-control studies are insufficient to draw conclusions on the role of Pb in
AD. Most methods do not address long-term or early-life exposure. The preferred measure of chronic Pb
is in bone, which has not been utilized in case-control AD studies. Future research should measure bone
Pb in AD, together with other biomarkers, such as amyloid and tau imaging, and markers of cerebrovascular
pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E. Brown
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Parita Shah
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bruce G. Pollock
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Philip Gerretsen
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Kirkland AE, Sarlo GL, Holton KF. The Role of Magnesium in Neurological Disorders. Nutrients 2018; 10:E730. [PMID: 29882776 PMCID: PMC6024559 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium is well known for its diverse actions within the human body. From a neurological standpoint, magnesium plays an essential role in nerve transmission and neuromuscular conduction. It also functions in a protective role against excessive excitation that can lead to neuronal cell death (excitotoxicity), and has been implicated in multiple neurological disorders. Due to these important functions within the nervous system, magnesium is a mineral of intense interest for the potential prevention and treatment of neurological disorders. Current literature is reviewed for migraine, chronic pain, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and stroke, as well as the commonly comorbid conditions of anxiety and depression. Previous reviews and meta-analyses are used to set the scene for magnesium research across neurological conditions, while current research is reviewed in greater detail to update the literature and demonstrate the progress (or lack thereof) in the field. There is strong data to suggest a role for magnesium in migraine and depression, and emerging data to suggest a protective effect of magnesium for chronic pain, anxiety, and stroke. More research is needed on magnesium as an adjunct treatment in epilepsy, and to further clarify its role in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Overall, the mechanistic attributes of magnesium in neurological diseases connote the macromineral as a potential target for neurological disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Kirkland
- Department of Psychology, Behavior, Cognition and Neuroscience Program, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA.
| | - Gabrielle L Sarlo
- Department of Psychology, Behavior, Cognition and Neuroscience Program, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA.
| | - Kathleen F Holton
- Department of Health Studies, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA.
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA.
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Gardner B, Dieriks BV, Cameron S, Mendis LHS, Turner C, Faull RLM, Curtis MA. Metal concentrations and distributions in the human olfactory bulb in Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10454. [PMID: 28874699 PMCID: PMC5585381 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10659-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD), the olfactory bulb is typically the first region in the body to accumulate alpha-synuclein aggregates. This pathology is linked to decreased olfactory ability, which becomes apparent before any motor symptoms occur, and may be due to a local metal imbalance. Metal concentrations were investigated in post-mortem olfactory bulbs and tracts from 17 human subjects. Iron (p < 0.05) and sodium (p < 0.01) concentrations were elevated in the PD olfactory bulb. Combining laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and immunohistochemistry, iron and copper were evident at very low levels in regions of alpha-synuclein aggregation. Zinc was high in these regions, and free zinc was detected in Lewy bodies, mitochondria, and lipofuscin of cells in the anterior olfactory nucleus. Increased iron and sodium in the human PD olfactory bulb may relate to the loss of olfactory function. In contrast, colocalization of free zinc and alpha-synuclein in the anterior olfactory nucleus implicate zinc in PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwen Gardner
- Centre for Brain Research and Department of Anatomy with Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Birger V Dieriks
- Centre for Brain Research and Department of Anatomy with Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Steve Cameron
- Waikato Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Lakshini H S Mendis
- Centre for Brain Research and Department of Anatomy with Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Clinton Turner
- Centre for Brain Research and Department of Anatomy with Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, LabPlus, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Centre for Brain Research and Department of Anatomy with Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maurice A Curtis
- Centre for Brain Research and Department of Anatomy with Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Fernández B, Ferrer I, Gil F, Hilfiker S. Biomonitorization of iron accumulation in the substantia nigra from Lewy body disease patients. Toxicol Rep 2017; 4:188-193. [PMID: 28529891 PMCID: PMC5436624 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitive detection of total iron content from cells, rodent and human brain extracts. There are regional differences in iron concentrations in rodent and human brain. Iron dyshomeostasis in the substantia nigra correlates with Lewy body disease. Iron imaging studies may aid in clinical diagnosis and/or serve as biomarker for disease progression.
Iron levels in the healthy human brain are known to be high in certain areas such as the substantia nigra (SN), and increase further with age. In addition, there is some evidence for a further increase in iron load in the SN of Parkinsońs disease (PD) patients as compared to controls, which correlates with motor disability. Here, we have analyzed total iron levels in cells as well as mouse and human brain samples by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Our data indicate that iron load is more pronounced in cells with dopaminergic features. Moreover, region-specific differences in iron load reflecting those in the human brain were detected in rodent brains as well. Whilst altered iron load was not observed in other regions also affected in PD patients, we report a significant increase in iron load in the SN of Lewy body disease patients as compared to Alzheimeŕs disease (AD) patients or controls, which correlates with neurodegeneration in this brain area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Fernández
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine “López-Neyra”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Institute of Neuropathology, IDIBELL-University Hospital Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Llobregat, Spain
| | - Fernando Gil
- Dept. of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Sabine Hilfiker
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine “López-Neyra”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Corresponding author.
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Deloncle R, Fauconneau B, Guillard O, Delaval J, Lesage G, Pineau A. Copper brain protein protection against free radical-induced neuronal death: Survival ratio in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell cultures. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2017; 39:50-53. [PMID: 27908423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In Creutzfeldt Jakob, Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, copper metalloproteins such as prion, amyloid protein precursor and α-synuclein are able to protect against free radicals by reduction from cupric Cu+2 to cupreous Cu+. In these pathologies, a regional copper (Cu) brain decrease correlated with an iron, zinc or manganese (Mn) increase has previously been observed, leading to local neuronal death and abnormal deposition of these metalloproteins in β-sheet structures. In this study we demonstrate the protective effect of Cu metalloproteins against deleterious free-radical effects. With neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell cultures, we show that bovine brain prion protein in Cu but not Mn form prevents free radical-induced neuronal death. The survival ratio of SH-SY5Y cells has been measured after UV irradiation (free radical production), when the incubating medium is supplemented with bovine brain homogenate in native, Cu or Mn forms. This ratio, about 28% without any addition or with bovine brain protein added in Mn form, increases by as much as 54.73% with addition to the culture medium of native bovine brain protein and by as much as 95.95% if the addition is carried out in cupric form. This protective effect of brain copper protein against free radical-induced neuronal death has been confirmed with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Mn and Cu measurement in bovine brain homogenates: respectively lower than detection limit and 9.01μg/g dry weight for native form; lower than detection limit and 825.85μg/g dry weight for Cu-supplemented form and 1.75 and 68.1μg/g dry weight in Mn-supplemented brain homogenate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Deloncle
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, Toxicology Laboratory Faculty of Pharmacy, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France.
| | | | - Olivier Guillard
- University of Poitiers, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 86000 Poitiers, France
| | - José Delaval
- Touraine Laboratory, Indre et Loire General Council, BP 67357- 37073 Tours Cedex 02, France
| | - Gérard Lesage
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, Virology-Immunology Laboratory Faculty of Pharmacy, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Alain Pineau
- Université de Nantes, Toxicology Laboratory Faculty of Pharmacy, 9 Rue Bias, BP 53508- 44035 Nantes Cedex 1, France
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Langley J, Huddleston DE, Sedlacik J, Boelmans K, Hu XP. Parkinson's disease–related increase of ‐weighted hypointensity in substantia nigra pars compacta. Mov Disord 2016; 32:441-449. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.26883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Langley
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology and Emory UniversityAtlanta Georgia USA
- Center for Advanced NeuroimagingUniversity of California RiversideRiverside CA
| | | | - Jan Sedlacik
- Department of NeuroradiologyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf (UKE)Hamburg Germany
| | - Kai Boelmans
- Department of NeurologyJulius‐Maximilians‐UniversityWürzburg Germany
| | - Xiaoping P. Hu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology and Emory UniversityAtlanta Georgia USA
- Center for Advanced NeuroimagingUniversity of California RiversideRiverside CA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California RiversideRiverside California USA
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Wang JY, Zhuang QQ, Zhu LB, Zhu H, Li T, Li R, Chen SF, Huang CP, Zhang X, Zhu JH. Meta-analysis of brain iron levels of Parkinson's disease patients determined by postmortem and MRI measurements. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36669. [PMID: 27827408 PMCID: PMC5101491 DOI: 10.1038/srep36669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain iron levels in patients of Parkinson's disease (PD) are usually measured in postmortem samples or by MRI imaging including R2* and SWI. In this study we performed a meta-analysis to understand PD-associated iron changes in various brain regions, and to evaluate the accuracy of MRI detections comparing with postmortem results. Databases including Medline, Web of Science, CENTRAL and Embase were searched up to 19th November 2015. Ten brain regions were identified for analysis based on data extracted from thirty-three-articles. An increase in iron levels in substantia nigra of PD patients by postmortem, R2* or SWI measurements was observed. The postmortem and SWI measurements also suggested significant iron accumulation in putamen. Increased iron deposition was found in red nucleus as determined by both R2* and SWI, whereas no data were available in postmortem samples. Based on SWI, iron levels were increased significantly in the nucleus caudatus and globus pallidus. Of note, the analysis might be biased towards advanced disease and that the precise stage at which regions become involved could not be ascertained. Our analysis provides an overview of iron deposition in multiple brain regions of PD patients, and a comparison of outcomes from different methods detecting levels of iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Yong Wang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Qing-Qing Zhuang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Lan-Bing Zhu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Song-Fang Chen
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Chen-Ping Huang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Jian-Hong Zhu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Science and Health of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
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Changes in intracellular copper concentration and copper-regulating gene expression after PC12 differentiation into neurons. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33007. [PMID: 27623342 PMCID: PMC5020689 DOI: 10.1038/srep33007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
It is suspected that some neurodegenerative diseases are a result of the disturbance of copper (Cu) homeostasis, although it remains unclear whether the disturbance of Cu homeostasis has aberrant effects on neurons. Herein, we investigated Cu metabolism specifically in neurons in terms of changes in the intracellular Cu concentration and the expression of Cu-regulating genes, such as Cu transporters and metallothioneins (MTs), before and after the differentiation of rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12 cells) into neurons. After the differentiation, Cu and Zn imaging with fluorescent probes revealed an increase in intracellular Cu concentration. The concentrations of other essential metals, which were determined by an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer, were not altered. The mRNA expression of the Cu influx transporter, Ctr1, was decreased after the differentiation, and the differentiated cells acquired tolerance to Cu and cisplatin, another substrate of Ctr1. In addition, the expression of MT-3, a brain-specific isoform, was increased, contrary to the decreased expression of MT-1 and MT-2. Taken together, the differentiation of PC12 cells into neurons induced MT-3 expression, thereby resulting in intracellular Cu accumulation. The decrease in Ctr1 expression was assumed to be a response aimed at abolishing the physiological accumulation of Cu after the differentiation.
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Copper dyshomoeostasis in Parkinson's disease: implications for pathogenesis and indications for novel therapeutics. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:565-74. [PMID: 26957644 DOI: 10.1042/cs20150153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Copper is a biometal essential for normal brain development and function, thus copper deficiency or excess results in central nervous system disease. Well-characterized disorders of disrupted copper homoeostasis with neuronal degeneration include Menkes disease and Wilson's disease but a large body of evidence also implicates disrupted copper pathways in other neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease and prion diseases. In this short review we critically evaluate the data regarding changes in systemic and brain copper levels in Parkinson's disease, where alterations in brain copper are associated with regional neuronal cell death and disease pathology. We review copper regulating mechanisms in the human brain and the effects of dysfunction within these systems. We then examine the evidence for a role for copper in pathogenic processes in Parkinson's disease and consider reports of diverse copper-modulating strategies in in vitro and in vivo models of this disorder. Copper-modulating therapies are currently advancing through clinical trials for Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease and may also hold promise as disease modifying agents in Parkinson's disease.
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Langley J, Huddleston DE, Chen X, Sedlacik J, Zachariah N, Hu X. A multicontrast approach for comprehensive imaging of substantia nigra. Neuroimage 2015; 112:7-13. [PMID: 25731994 PMCID: PMC4415274 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We characterize the contrast behavior of substantia nigra (SN) in both magnetization transfer (MT) imaging, which is believed to be sensitive to neuromelanin (NM), and susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI). Images were acquired with a MT prepared dual echo gradient echo sequence. The first echo was taken as the MT contrast image and the second was used to generate the SWI image. SN volumes were segmented from these two types of images using a thresholding method. The spatial and signal characteristics of the extracted SWI and MT volumes were compared. Both images showed the presence of SN but the volumes of the SN identified in the two are spatially incongruent. The MT volume was more caudal than the SWI volume and with only a 12% overlap between the two volumes. Considering the SN volumes in each hemisphere separately, the average distances between the centers of mass of the volumes from the two types images are 5.1±1.1mm and 4.1±1.2mm, respectively. The frequency offsets (homodyne filtered phase/echo time) for the volumes derived from MT (NM) images and SWI images are 0.09±0.32radians/s and -1.12±0.57radians/s (p<0.0001), respectively. The MT contrasts for the two volumes are 0.16±0.02 and 0.10±0.03 (p<0.001), respectively. Our results indicate that the two contrasts are sensitive to different portions of the SN, with MT seeing the more caudal portion of the SN than SWI, likely due to variations of NM and iron content in the SN. Despite the small overlap, these regions are complementary. Our results provide a new understanding of the contrast behavior of the SN in the two imaging approaches commonly used to image it and indicate that using both may yield a more comprehensive visualization of the SN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Langley
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Daniel E Huddleston
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Center for Health Research Southeast, Kaiser Permanente, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Xiangchuan Chen
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jan Sedlacik
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nishant Zachariah
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
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37
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Dusek P, Roos PM, Litwin T, Schneider SA, Flaten TP, Aaseth J. The neurotoxicity of iron, copper and manganese in Parkinson's and Wilson's diseases. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015; 31:193-203. [PMID: 24954801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Impaired cellular homeostasis of metals, particularly of Cu, Fe and Mn may trigger neurodegeneration through various mechanisms, notably induction of oxidative stress, promotion of α-synuclein aggregation and fibril formation, activation of microglial cells leading to inflammation and impaired production of metalloproteins. In this article we review available studies concerning Fe, Cu and Mn in Parkinson's disease and Wilson's disease. In Parkinson's disease local dysregulation of iron metabolism in the substantia nigra (SN) seems to be related to neurodegeneration with an increase in SN iron concentration, accompanied by decreased SN Cu and ceruloplasmin concentrations and increased free Cu concentrations and decreased ferroxidase activity in the cerebrospinal fluid. Available data in Wilson's disease suggest that substantial increases in CNS Cu concentrations persist for a long time during chelating treatment and that local accumulation of Fe in certain brain nuclei may occur during the course of the disease. Consequences for chelating treatment strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Dusek
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Neuroradiology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Per M Roos
- Department of Neurology, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomasz Litwin
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Trond Peder Flaten
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan Aaseth
- Department of Medicine, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Kongsvinger Hospital Division, Kongsvinger, Norway
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38
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Copper pathology in vulnerable brain regions in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:858-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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39
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Nigral iron elevation is an invariable feature of Parkinson's disease and is a sufficient cause of neurodegeneration. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:581256. [PMID: 24527451 PMCID: PMC3914334 DOI: 10.1155/2014/581256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor deficits accompanying degeneration of substantia nigra pars compactor (SNc) neurons. Although familial forms of the disease exist, the cause of sporadic PD is unknown. Symptomatic treatments are available for PD, but there are no disease modifying therapies. While the neurodegenerative processes in PD may be multifactorial, this paper will review the evidence that prooxidant iron elevation in the SNc is an invariable feature of sporadic and familial PD forms, participates in the disease mechanism, and presents as a tractable target for a disease modifying therapy.
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40
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Kolisek M, Sponder G, Mastrototaro L, Smorodchenko A, Launay P, Vormann J, Schweigel-Röntgen M. Substitution p.A350V in Na⁺/Mg²⁺ exchanger SLC41A1, potentially associated with Parkinson's disease, is a gain-of-function mutation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71096. [PMID: 23976986 PMCID: PMC3744568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex multifactorial ailment predetermined by the interplay of various environmental and genetic factors. Systemic and intracellular magnesium (Mg) deficiency has long been suspected to contribute to the development and progress of PD and other neurodegenerative diseases. However, the molecular background is unknown. Interestingly, gene SLC41A1 located in the novel PD locus PARK16 has recently been identified as being a Na+/Mg2+ exchanger (NME, Mg2+ efflux system), a key component of cellular magnesium homeostasis. Here, we demonstrate that the substitution p.A350V potentially associated with PD is a gain-of-function mutation that enhances a core function of SLC41A1, namely Na+-dependent Mg2+ efflux by 69±10% under our experimental conditions (10-minute incubation in high-Na+ (145 mM) and completely Mg2+-free medium). The increased efflux capacity is accompanied by an insensitivity of mutant NME to cAMP stimulation suggesting disturbed hormonal regulation and leads to a reduced proliferation rate in p.A350V compared with wt cells. We hypothesize that enhanced Mg2+-efflux conducted by SLC41A1 variant p.A350V might result, in the long-term, in chronic intracellular Mg2+-deficiency, a condition that is found in various brain regions of PD patients and that exacerbates processes triggering neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kolisek
- Institute of Veterinary-Physiology, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail: (MK); (MSR)
| | - Gerhard Sponder
- Institute of Veterinary-Physiology, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucia Mastrototaro
- Institute of Veterinary-Physiology, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alina Smorodchenko
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Monika Schweigel-Röntgen
- Institute for Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
- * E-mail: (MK); (MSR)
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Kasture S, Mohan M, Kasture V. Mucuna pruriens seeds in treatment of Parkinson’s disease: pharmacological review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-013-0126-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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42
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Mochizuki H, Yasuda T. Iron accumulation in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 119:1511-4. [PMID: 23070727 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0905-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Although the exact cause of Parkinson's disease (PD) is still unknown, recent interest has been focused on the role of iron in the nigral cell death in PD. Several studies have shown that a selective and significant elevation in iron occurs in the substantia nigra of patients with PD. However, the mechanisms involved in iron accumulation also remain unclear. In this article, we describe recent findings regarding the mechanisms and potential toxic effects of iron accumulation in hereditary and sporadic PD and animal models of PD, including our genetic mouse model of PD. The review provides an opportunity to revisit the possible roles of iron accumulation in the pathogenic cascade(s) of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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43
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Lack of toxicity of human neuromelanin to rat brain dopaminergic neurons. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2012; 2:69-74. [PMID: 18591021 DOI: 10.1016/1353-8020(96)00004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/1995] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuromelanin extracts from the substantia nigra of a parkinsonian and a non-parkinsonian case were injected into the substantia nigra and caudate-putamen of rat brains. Rats were sacrificed at periods ranging from 3 days to 8 months. Substantial amounts of neuromelanin remained at both injection sites even after 8 months, indicating a very slow rate of phagocytosis. No differences were seen in the reaction to control or parkinsonian melanin, and no neurotoxicity attributable to the melanin was observed. These data fail to support the hypothesis of neurotoxicity of melanin as a cause of Parkinson's disease.
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Skjørringe T, Møller LB, Moos T. Impairment of interrelated iron- and copper homeostatic mechanisms in brain contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:169. [PMID: 23055972 PMCID: PMC3456798 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron and copper are important co-factors for a number of enzymes in the brain, including enzymes involved in neurotransmitter synthesis and myelin formation. Both shortage and an excess of iron or copper will affect the brain. The transport of iron and copper into the brain from the circulation is strictly regulated, and concordantly protective barriers, i.e., the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier (BCB) have evolved to separate the brain environment from the circulation. The uptake mechanisms of the two metals interact. Both iron deficiency and overload lead to altered copper homeostasis in the brain. Similarly, changes in dietary copper affect the brain iron homeostasis. Moreover, the uptake routes of iron and copper overlap each other which affect the interplay between the concentrations of the two metals in the brain. The divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT1) is involved in the uptake of both iron and copper. Furthermore, copper is an essential co-factor in numerous proteins that are vital for iron homeostasis and affects the binding of iron-response proteins to iron-response elements in the mRNA of the transferrin receptor, DMT1, and ferroportin, all highly involved in iron transport. Iron and copper are mainly taken up at the BBB, but the BCB also plays a vital role in the homeostasis of the two metals, in terms of sequestering, uptake, and efflux of iron and copper from the brain. Inside the brain, iron and copper are taken up by neurons and glia cells that express various transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Skjørringe
- Section of Neurobiology, Biomedicine Group, Institute of Medicine and Health Technology, Aalborg University Aalborg, Denmark ; Center for Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Kennedy Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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45
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Friedman A, Galazka-Friedman J. The history of the research of iron in parkinsonian substantia nigra. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 119:1507-10. [PMID: 22941506 PMCID: PMC3505548 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0894-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of iron in pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease is widely discussed in the literature. The authors present the history of studies of iron in parkinsonian tissue from the substantia nigra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Friedman
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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46
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Breydo L, Wu JW, Uversky VN. Α-synuclein misfolding and Parkinson's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1822:261-85. [PMID: 22024360 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Substantial evidence links α-synuclein, a small highly conserved presynaptic protein with unknown function, to both familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). α-Synuclein has been identified as the major component of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, the characteristic proteinaceous deposits that are the hallmarks of PD. α-Synuclein is a typical intrinsically disordered protein, but can adopt a number of different conformational states depending on conditions and cofactors. These include the helical membrane-bound form, a partially-folded state that is a key intermediate in aggregation and fibrillation, various oligomeric species, and fibrillar and amorphous aggregates. The molecular basis of PD appears to be tightly coupled to the aggregation of α-synuclein and the factors that affect its conformation. This review examines the different aggregation states of α-synuclein, the molecular mechanism of its aggregation, and the influence of environmental and genetic factors on this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Breydo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Breydo L, Uversky VN. Role of metal ions in aggregation of intrinsically disordered proteins in neurodegenerative diseases. Metallomics 2011; 3:1163-80. [PMID: 21869995 DOI: 10.1039/c1mt00106j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases constitute a set of pathological conditions originating from the slow, irreversible, and systematic cell loss within the various regions of the brain and/or the spinal cord. Depending on the affected region, the outcomes of the neurodegeneration are very broad and diverse, ranging from the problems with movements to dementia. Some neurodegenerative diseases are associated with protein misfolding and aggregation. Many proteins that misfold in human neurodegenerative diseases are intrinsically disordered; i.e., they lack a stable tertiary and/or secondary structure under physiological conditions in vitro. These intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) functionally complement ordered proteins, being typically involved in regulation and signaling. There is accumulating evidence that altered metal homeostasis may be related to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. This review examines the effects of metal ion binding on the aggregation pathways of IDPs found in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Breydo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC07, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA.
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Friedman A, Arosio P, Finazzi D, Koziorowski D, Galazka-Friedman J. Ferritin as an important player in neurodegeneration. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2011; 17:423-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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49
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Sian-Hülsmann J, Mandel S, Youdim MBH, Riederer P. The relevance of iron in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurochem 2011; 118:939-57. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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50
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Wypijewska A, Galazka-Friedman J, Bauminger ER, Wszolek ZK, Schweitzer KJ, Dickson DW, Jaklewicz A, Elbaum D, Friedman A. Iron and reactive oxygen species activity in parkinsonian substantia nigra. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2010; 16:329-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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