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Combined drug triads for synergic neuroprotection in retinal degeneration. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112911. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Yu H, Zhong H, Li N, Chen K, Chen J, Sun J, Xu L, Wang J, Zhang M, Liu X, Deng L, Huang P, Huang S, Shen X, Zhong Y. Osteopontin activates retinal microglia causing retinal ganglion cells loss via p38 MAPK signaling pathway in glaucoma. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21405. [PMID: 33559950 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002218r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microglia activation and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines have been closely linked to glaucoma. However, the mechanisms that initiate these pathways remain unclear. Here, we investigated the role of a pro-inflammatory cytokine--osteopontin (OPN), in retinal microglia activation process along with the underlying mechanisms in glaucoma. A rat chronic ocular hypertension (COH) model was established presenting an increase in retinal OPN level and activation of microglia. Primary microglia cells were isolated and cultured under a pressure culture system showing heightened expressions of microglia-derived OPN with changes in inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6). OPN and OPN neutralizing antibody (Anti-OPN) interventions were both applied systems for comparison, and cross-referenced with OPN knockdown in vitro. JAK/STAT, NF-κB, ERK1/2, and p38 MAPK, recognized as the primary signaling pathways related to microglia activation, were then screened on whether they can facilitate OPN to act on microglia and their impact on specific inhibitors. Thereafter, retrograde labeling of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and flash visual evoked potentials (F-VEP) were used to investigate neuron protection in context of each blockade. Results suggest that OPN is able to enhance the proliferation and activation of retinal microglia in experimental glaucoma which may play a role in the glaucomatous optic neuropathy, and contribute to the eventual RGCs loss and vision function impairment. Such effect may be mediated through the regulation of p38 MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaizhe Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjue Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Xu
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingui Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianfu Deng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shouyue Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yisheng Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhoushan Branch of Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Zhoushan, China
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Retinal ganglion cell dysfunction in mice following acute intraocular pressure is exacerbated by P2X7 receptor knockout. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4184. [PMID: 33603067 PMCID: PMC7893065 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83669-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence for the vulnerability of specific retinal ganglion cell (RGC) types in those with glaucoma and in animal models. In addition, the P2X7-receptor (P2X7-R) has been suggested to contribute to RGC death following stimulation and elevated IOP, though its role in RGC dysfunction prior to death has not been examined. Therefore, we examined the effect of an acute, non-ischemic intraocular pressure (IOP) insult (50 mmHg for 30 min) on RGC function in wildtype mice and P2X7-R knockout (P2X7-KO) mice. We examined retinal function using electroretinogram recordings and individual RGC responses using multielectrode arrays, 3 days following acute IOP elevation. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine RGC cell death and P2X7-R expression in several RGC types. Acute intraocular pressure elevation produced pronounced dysfunction in RGCs; whilst other retinal neuronal responses showed lesser changes. Dysfunction at 3 days post-injury was not associated with RGC loss or changes in receptive field size. However, in wildtype animals, OFF-RGCs showed reduced spontaneous and light-elicited activity. In the P2X7-KO, both ON- and OFF-RGC light-elicited responses were reduced. Expression of P2X7-R in wildtype ON-RGC dendrites was higher than in other RGC types. In conclusion, OFF-RGCs were vulnerable to acute IOP elevation and their dysfunction was not rescued by genetic ablation of P2X7-R. Indeed, knockout of P2X7-R also caused ON-RGC dysfunction. These findings aid our understanding of how pressure affects RGC function and suggest treatments targeting the P2X7-R need to be carefully considered.
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Calzaferri F, Ruiz-Ruiz C, de Diego AMG, de Pascual R, Méndez-López I, Cano-Abad MF, Maneu V, de Los Ríos C, Gandía L, García AG. The purinergic P2X7 receptor as a potential drug target to combat neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:2427-2465. [PMID: 32677086 DOI: 10.1002/med.21710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) represent a huge social burden, particularly in Alzheimer's disease (AD) in which all proposed treatments investigated in murine models have failed during clinical trials (CTs). Thus, novel therapeutic strategies remain crucial. Neuroinflammation is a common pathogenic feature of NDDs. As purinergic P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs) are gatekeepers of inflammation, they could be developed as drug targets for NDDs. Herein, we review this challenging hypothesis and comment on the numerous studies that have investigated P2X7Rs, emphasizing their molecular structure and functions, as well as their role in inflammation. Then, we elaborate on research undertaken in the field of medicinal chemistry to determine potential P2X7R antagonists. Subsequently, we review the state of neuroinflammation and P2X7R expression in the brain, in animal models and patients suffering from AD, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, and retinal degeneration. Next, we summarize the in vivo studies testing the hypothesis that by mitigating neuroinflammation, P2X7R blockers afford neuroprotection, increasing neuroplasticity and neuronal repair in animal models of NDDs. Finally, we reviewed previous and ongoing CTs investigating compounds directed toward targets associated with NDDs; we propose that CTs with P2X7R antagonists should be initiated. Despite the high expectations for putative P2X7Rs antagonists in various central nervous system diseases, the field is moving forward at a relatively slow pace, presumably due to the complexity of P2X7Rs. A better pharmacological approach to combat NDDs would be a dual strategy, combining P2X7R antagonism with drugs targeting a selective pathway in a given NDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Calzaferri
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Ruiz-Ruiz
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio M G de Diego
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo de Pascual
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iago Méndez-López
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María F Cano-Abad
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Maneu
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Cristóbal de Los Ríos
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Gandía
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio G García
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Popova E, Kupenova P. Effects of HCN channel blockade on the intensity-response function of electroretinographic ON and OFF responses in dark adapted frogs. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2020. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2020-018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Wang AY, Lee PY, Bui BV, Jobling AI, Greferath U, Brandli A, Dixon MA, Findlay Q, Fletcher EL, Vessey KA. Potential mechanisms of retinal ganglion cell type-specific vulnerability in glaucoma. Clin Exp Optom 2019; 103:562-571. [PMID: 31838755 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease characterised by progressive damage to the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the output neurons of the retina. RGCs are a heterogenous class of retinal neurons which can be classified into multiple types based on morphological, functional and genetic characteristics. This review examines the body of evidence supporting type-specific vulnerability of RGCs in glaucoma and explores potential mechanisms by which this might come about. Studies of donor tissue from glaucoma patients have generally noted greater vulnerability of larger RGC types. Models of glaucoma induced in primates, cats and mice also show selective effects on RGC types - particularly OFF RGCs. Several mechanisms may contribute to type-specific vulnerability, including differences in the expression of calcium-permeable receptors (for example pannexin-1, P2X7, AMPA and transient receptor potential vanilloid receptors), the relative proximity of RGCs and their dendrites to blood supply in the inner plexiform layer, as well as differing metabolic requirements of RGC types. Such differences may make certain RGCs more sensitive to intraocular pressure elevation and its associated biomechanical and vascular stress. A greater understanding of selective RGC vulnerability and its underlying causes will likely reveal a rich area of investigation for potential treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ym Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pei Ying Lee
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bang V Bui
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew I Jobling
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ursula Greferath
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alice Brandli
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael A Dixon
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Quan Findlay
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Erica L Fletcher
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kirstan A Vessey
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Lu W, Campagno KE, Tso HY, Cenaj A, Laties AM, Carlsson LG, Mitchell CH. Oral Delivery of the P2Y12 Receptor Antagonist Ticagrelor Prevents Loss of Photoreceptors in an ABCA4-/- Mouse Model of Retinal Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:3046-3053. [PMID: 31319418 PMCID: PMC6640265 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Accumulation of lysosomal waste is linked to neurodegeneration in multiple diseases, and pharmacologic enhancement of lysosomal activity is hypothesized to reduce pathology. An excessive accumulation of lysosomal-associated lipofuscin waste and an elevated lysosomal pH occur in retinal pigment epithelial cells of the ABCA4-/- mouse model of Stargardt's retinal degeneration. As treatment with the P2Y12 receptor antagonist ticagrelor was previously shown to lower lysosomal pH and lipofuscin-like autofluorescence in these cells, we asked whether oral delivery of ticagrelor also prevented photoreceptor loss. Methods Moderate light exposure was used to accelerate photoreceptor loss in albino ABCA4-/- mice as compared to BALB/c controls. Ticagrelor (0.1%-0.15%) was added to mouse chow for between 1 and 10 months. Photoreceptor function was determined with electroretinograms, while cell survival was determined using optical coherence tomography and histology. Results Protection by ticagrelor was demonstrated functionally by using the electroretinogram, as ticagrelor-treated ABCA4-/- mice had increased a- and b-waves compared to untreated mice. Mice receiving ticagrelor treatment had a thicker outer nuclear layer, as measured with both optical coherence tomography and histologic sections. Ticagrelor decreased expression of LAMP1, implicating enhanced lysosomal function. No signs of retinal bleeding were observed after prolonged treatment with ticagrelor. Conclusions Oral treatment with ticagrelor protected photoreceptors in the ABCA4-/- mouse, which is consistent with enhanced lysosomal function. As mouse ticagrelor exposure levels were clinically relevant, the drug may be of benefit in preventing the loss of photoreceptors in Stargardt's disease and other neurodegenerations associated with lysosomal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wennan Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Keith E. Campagno
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Huen-Yee Tso
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Aurora Cenaj
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Alan M. Laties
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Leif G. Carlsson
- Bioscience Cardiovascular Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism BioPhamaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claire H. Mitchell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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