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Ong DS, Licciardi PV, Mulholland K, Do LAH. An opportunity missed: Strengthening health system data on multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children from low- and middle-income countries in Asia. PUBLIC HEALTH IN PRACTICE 2024; 8:100535. [PMID: 39263242 PMCID: PMC11387219 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhip.2024.100535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a severe complication associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The clinical epidemiology of MIS-C is not completely understood in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) due to limited reporting, including in Asia where there was a substantial burden of COVID-19. We aimed to discuss the challenges of diagnosing MIS-C and factors which may cause children from Asian LMICs to have an increased risk of MIS-C. Methods Not applicable. Results The burden of MIS-C in Asian LMICs may be disproportionately high due to underlying risk factors, resource-limited health systems, and the increased infectivity and transmissibility of recent SARS-CoV-2 variants. Complex clinical features of MIS-C contributed to missed or delayed diagnosis and treatment, while underlying risk factors including ethnicity, chronic health conditions, and socioeconomic factors may have predisposed children in Asian LMICs to MIS-C. Conclusions There was a lack of data on the clinical epidemiology of MIS-C in Asian LMICs during the COVID-19 pandemic, despite reports of higher paediatric mortality rates compared to high-income countries. This highlights the need for LMICs to have strong surveillance systems to collect high-quality and timely data on newly emerging complications associated with a pandemic, such as MIS-C. This will lead to rapid understanding of these emerging complications, and inform clinical management, disease prevention and health system planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Ong
- Infection, Immunity & Global Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - P V Licciardi
- Infection, Immunity & Global Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - K Mulholland
- Infection, Immunity & Global Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - L A H Do
- Infection, Immunity & Global Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
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Khan RS, Ordog T, Hong SD, Schmitz AH, Thattaliyath B, Sharathkumar AA. Evolution of Cardiovascular Findings in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) Across COVID-19 Variants: Common Trends and Unusual Presentations. Pediatr Cardiol 2024; 45:552-559. [PMID: 38261062 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-023-03397-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a rare condition following COVID-19 infection. Cardiac involvement is common and includes left ventricular systolic dysfunction, cardiac marker elevation, electrocardiogram (ECG) changes, and coronary artery dilation. This single-center retrospective cohort study compares cardiovascular disease between three major SARS-CoV-2 variants and describes the evolution of findings in medium-term follow-up. Of 69 total children (mean age 9.2 years, 58% male), 60 (87%) had cardiovascular involvement with the most common features being troponin elevation in 33 (47%) and left ventricular dysfunction in 22 (32%). Based on presumed infection timing, 61 patients were sorted into variant cohorts of Alpha, Delta, and Omicron. Hospitalization was longer for the Delta group (7.7 days) vs Alpha (5.1 days, p = 0.0065) and Omicron (4.9 days, p = 0.012). Troponin elevation was more common in Delta compared to Alpha (13/20 vs 7/25, p = 0.18), and cumulative evidence of cardiac injury (echocardiographic abnormality and/or troponin elevation) was more common in Delta (17/20) compared with Alpha (12/25, p = 0.013) or Omicron (8/16, p = 0.034). Forty-nine (77%) of the original cohort (n = 69) had no cardiac symptoms or findings beyond 3 months post-hospitalization. Cardiac MRI was performed in 28 patients (between 3 and 6 months post-hospitalization) and was normal in 25 patients (89%). The differences in the variant cohorts may be due to alteration of the immune landscape with higher severity of COVID-19 infection. Despite overall reassuring cardiac outcomes, it is important to note the variability of presentation and remain vigilant with future variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia S Khan
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | | | - Sandy D Hong
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Anna H Schmitz
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Bijoy Thattaliyath
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Anjali A Sharathkumar
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Kao CM. Overview of COVID-19 Infection, Treatment, and Prevention in Children. J Clin Med 2024; 13:424. [PMID: 38256558 PMCID: PMC10817068 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13020424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel respiratory virus-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization on 11 March 2020. Since then, substantial gains have been made in our understanding of COVID-19 epidemiology, disease presentation, and management. While children tend to have less severe disease courses compared to adults, children can still develop severe COVID-19 infections, particularly in those with underlying medical conditions such as obesity, chronic lung disease, or prematurity. In addition, children are at risk of severe complications of COVID-19 infection, such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) or long COVID. The case definitions of MIS-C and long COVID have continued to evolve with the increased understanding of these new entities; however, improved methods of diagnosis and determination of the optimal management are still needed. Furthermore, with the continued circulation of SARS-CoV-2 variants, there remains a need for clinicians to remain up-to-date on the latest treatment and prevention options. The purpose of this review is to provide an evidence-based review of what we have learned about COVID-19 in children since the start of the pandemic and how best to counsel children and their families on the best methods of prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol M Kao
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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