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Sefa S, Espiritu J, Ćwieka H, Greving I, Flenner S, Will O, Beuer S, Wieland DF, Willumeit-Römer R, Zeller-Plumhoff B. Multiscale morphological analysis of bone microarchitecture around Mg-10Gd implants. Bioact Mater 2023; 30:154-168. [PMID: 37575877 PMCID: PMC10412723 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The utilization of biodegradable magnesium (Mg)-based implants for restoration of bone function following trauma represents a transformative approach in orthopaedic application. One such alloy, magnesium-10 weight percent gadolinium (Mg-10Gd), has been specifically developed to address the rapid degradation of Mg while enhancing its mechanical properties to promote bone healing. Previous studies have demonstrated that Mg-10Gd exhibits favorable osseointegration; however, it exhibits distinct ultrastructural adaptation in comparison to conventional implants like titanium (Ti). A crucial aspect that remains unexplored is the impact of Mg-10Gd degradation on the bone microarchitecture. To address this, we employed hierarchical three-dimensional imaging using synchrotron radiation in conjunction with image-based finite element modelling. By using the methods outlined, the vascular porosity, lacunar porosity and the lacunar-canaliculi network (LCN) morphology of bone around Mg-10Gd in comparison to Ti in a rat model from 4 weeks to 20 weeks post-implantation was investigated. Our investigation revealed that within our observation period, the degradation of Mg-10Gd implants was associated with significantly lower (p < 0.05) lacunar density in the surrounding bone, compared to Ti. Remarkably, the LCN morphology and the fluid flow analysis did not significantly differ for both implant types. In summary, a more pronounced lower lacunae distribution rather than their morphological changes was detected in the surrounding bone upon the degradation of Mg-10Gd implants. This implies potential disparities in bone remodelling rates when compared to Ti implants. Our findings shed light on the intricate relationship between Mg-10Gd degradation and bone microarchitecture, contributing to a deeper understanding of the implications for successful osseointegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Sefa
- Institute of Metallic Biomaterials, Helmholtz Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, Germany
| | | | - Hanna Ćwieka
- Institute of Metallic Biomaterials, Helmholtz Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Imke Greving
- Institute of Materials Physics, Helmholtz Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Silja Flenner
- Institute of Materials Physics, Helmholtz Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Olga Will
- Molecular Imaging North Competence Center, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Susanne Beuer
- Fraunhofer Institut für Integrierte Systeme und Bauelementetechnologie (IISB), Erlangen, Germany
| | - D.C Florian Wieland
- Institute of Metallic Biomaterials, Helmholtz Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, Germany
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2
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Tanaka Y, Yamada J, Inoue T, Kimura T, Shimura M, Kohmura Y, Yabashi M, Ishikawa T, Yamauchi K, Matsuyama S. Propagation-based phase-contrast imaging method for full-field X-ray microscopy using advanced Kirkpatrick-Baez mirrors. Opt Express 2023; 31:26135-26144. [PMID: 37710481 DOI: 10.1364/oe.493789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a propagation-based phase-contrast imaging method for full-field X-ray microscopy based on advanced Kirkpatrick-Baez (AKB) mirrors to achieve high-contrast observations of weak phase objects and correct field curvature aberrations. Through a demonstration performed at SPring-8, the phase contrast of weak phase objects such as polystyrene spheres and chemically fixed cells was successfully observed with high sensitivity (∼0.03 rad). Furthermore, the field of view of the AKB mirrors was expanded to the full area of the obtained images (25 × 30 µm) by correcting the field curvature aberration using reconstructed complex wavefields.
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3
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Wu X, Guo Z, Zhu S, Zhang B, Guo S, Dong X, Mei L, Liu R, Su C, Gu Z. Ultrathin, Transparent, and High Density Perovskite Scintillator Film for High Resolution X-Ray Microscopic Imaging. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2200831. [PMID: 35478488 PMCID: PMC9189653 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic perovskite quantum dots CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, and I) has recently received extensive attention as a new promising class of X-ray scintillators. However, relatively low light yield (LY) of CsPbX3 and strong optical scattering of the thick opaque scintillator film restrict their practical applications for high-resolution X-ray microscopic imaging. Here, the Ce3+ ion doped CsPbBr3 nanocrystals (NCs) with enhanced LY and stability are obtained and then the ultrathin (30 µm) and transparent scintillator films with high density are prepared by a suction filtration method. The small amount Ce3+ dopant greatly enhances the LY of CsPbBr3 NCs (about 33 000 photons per MeV), which is much higher than that of bare CsPbBr3 NCs. Moreover, the scintillator films made by these NCs with high density realize a high spatial resolution of 862 nm thanks to its thin and transparent feature, which is so far a record resolution for perovskite scintillator-based X-ray microscopic imaging. This strategy not only provides a simple way to increase the resolution down to nanoscale but also extends the application of as-prepared CsPbBr3 scintillator for high resolution X-ray microscopic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceInstitute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- College of Mechanical and Electronic EngineeringShandong University of Science and TechnologyQingdao266590China
| | - Zhao Guo
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative DiseasesInstitute for Translational MedicineThe School of Basic Medical SciencesFujian Medical UniversityFuzhou350122China
| | - Shuang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceInstitute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringCollege of Materials Science and Optoelectronic TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Bingbing Zhang
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation FacilityInstitute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Sumin Guo
- College of Mechanical and Electronic EngineeringShandong University of Science and TechnologyQingdao266590China
| | - Xinghua Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceInstitute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Linqiang Mei
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceInstitute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringCollege of Materials Science and Optoelectronic TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Ruixue Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceInstitute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Chunjian Su
- College of Mechanical and Electronic EngineeringShandong University of Science and TechnologyQingdao266590China
| | - Zhanjun Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceInstitute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringCollege of Materials Science and Optoelectronic TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
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4
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Thies M, Wagner F, Huang Y, Gu M, Kling L, Pechmann S, Aust O, Grüneboom A, Schett G, Christiansen S, Maier A. Calibration by differentiation - Self-supervised calibration for X-ray microscopy using a differentiable cone-beam reconstruction operator. J Microsc 2022; 287:81-92. [PMID: 35638174 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution X-ray microscopy (XRM) is gaining interest for biological investigations of extremely small-scale structures. XRM imaging of bones in living mice could provide new insights into the emergence and treatment of osteoporosis by observing osteocyte lacunae, which are holes in the bone of few micrometers in size. Imaging living animals at that resolution, however, is extremely challenging and requires very sophisticated data processing converting the raw XRM detector output into reconstructed images. This paper presents an open-source, differentiable reconstruction pipeline for XRM data which analytically computes the final image from the raw measurements. In contrast to most proprietary reconstruction software, it offers the user full control over each processing step and, additionally, makes the entire pipeline deep learning compatible by ensuring differentiability. This allows fitting trainable modules both before and after the actual reconstruction step in a purely data-driven way using the gradient-based optimizers of common deep learning frameworks. The value of such differentiability is demonstrated by calibrating the parameters of a simple cupping correction module operating on the raw projection images using only a self-supervisory quality metric based on the reconstructed volume and no further calibration measurements. The retrospective calibration directly improves image quality as it avoids cupping artifacts and decreases the difference in gray values between outer and inner bone by 68% to 94%. Furthermore, it makes the reconstruction process entirely independent of the XRM manufacturer and paves the way to explore modern deep learning reconstruction methods for arbitrary XRM and, potentially, other flat-panel CT systems. This exemplifies how differentiable reconstruction can be leveraged in the context of XRM and, hence, is an important step toward the goal of reducing the resolution limit of in-vivo bone imaging to the single micrometer domain. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Thies
- Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabian Wagner
- Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yixing Huang
- Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mingxuan Gu
- Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lasse Kling
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Correlative Microscopy e.V. INAM, Forchheim, Germany
| | - Sabrina Pechmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS, Forchheim, Germany
| | - Oliver Aust
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anika Grüneboom
- Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences ISAS, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Silke Christiansen
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Correlative Microscopy e.V. INAM, Forchheim, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS, Forchheim, Germany.,Physics Department, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Maier
- Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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5
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Kim S, Jang S, Ahn J, Lee S, Lee O. Analysis of type I osteoporosis animal models using synchrotron radiation. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 85:364-372. [PMID: 34453869 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical experiments to analyze the trabecular space of spongy bones using small animals are required for the evaluation and treatment of patients with osteoporosis (OP). We performed ovariectomy to create OP models. A total of four mice were used. Ovariectomized group (OVX, n = 2) in which both ovaries were resected at random, and the sham operated group (SHAM, n = 2) performed surgery without resecting the ovaries. We propose a study that enables OP analysis by analyzing tibia microstructures of OVX and SHAM using synchrotron radiation (SR). SR imaging is a technology capable of irradiating an extremely small object in the order of several tens of nanometers using a nondestructive method at the microscopic level. Unlike previous imaging diagnoses (staining, micro-CT [Computed Tomography]) it was possible to preserve the real shape and analyze bone microstructures in real-time and analyze and evaluate spongy bones to secure data and increase the reliability of OP analysis. We were able to confirm the possibility of OP diagnosis through experimental animals for spongy bone damage related to bone mineral density. Therefore, we aimed to provide a rehabilitation and medicine therapy intervention method through basic research on the evaluation of OP diagnosis through human-based segmentation of challenging spongy bones while supplementing the limitations of existing imaging methods. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: We present an analysis of osteoporosis through spongy bone using phase-contrast X-ray source. Unlike existing methods, it is possible to analyze the internal microstructure of the tibia with this method. This is an objective mechanism for OP and a basis for rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subok Kim
- Department of Software Convergence, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghun Jang
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Life Sciences, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyeon Ahn
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Youngsan University, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukjun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health & Medical Sciences, Cheongju University, Cheongju City, Republic of Korea
| | - Onseok Lee
- Department of Software Convergence, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Chungnam, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medical IT Engineering, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
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6
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Abstract
This review article focuses on imaging of bone tissue to understand skeletal health with regards to bone quality. Skeletal fragility fractures are due to bone diseases such as osteoporosis which result in low bone mass and bone mineral density (BMD) leading to high risk of fragility fractures. Recent advances in imaging and analysis technologies have highly benefitted the field of biological sciences. In particular, their application in skeletal health has been of significant importance in understanding bone mechanical behavior (structure and properties) at the tissue level. While synchrotron based microCT technique has remained the gold standard for non-destructive evaluation of structure in material and biological sciences, several lab based microCT systems have been developed to provide high resolution imaging of specimens with greater access, and ease of use in laboratory settings. Lab based microCT scanners are widely used in the bone field as a standard tool to evaluate three-dimensional (3D) morphologies of bone structure at image resolutions appropriate for bone samples from small animals to bone biopsy specimens from humans. Both synchrotron and standard lab based microCT systems provide high resolution imaging ex vivo for a small sized specimen. A few X-ray based systems are also commercially available for in vivo scanning at relatively low image resolutions. Synchrotron-based CT microscopy is being used for various ultra-high-resolution image analyses using complex 3D software. However, the synchrotron-based CT technology is in high demand, allows only limited numbers of specimens, expensive, requires complex additional instrumentation, and is not easily available to researchers as it requires access to a synchrotron source which is always limited. Therefore, desktop laboratory scanners (microXCT, Zeiss/Xradia, Scanco, SkyScan. etc.), mimicking the synchrotron based CT technology or image resolution, have been developed to solve the accessibility issues. These lab based scanners have helped both material science, and the bone field to investigate bone tissue morphologies at submicron mage resolutions. Considerable progress has been made in both in vivo and ex vivo imaging towards providing high resolution images of bone tissue. Both clinical and research imaging technologies will continue to improve and help understand osteoporosis and other related skeletal issues in order to develop targeted treatments for bone fragility. This review summarizes the high resolution imaging work in bone research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Akhter
- Creighton University Osteoporosis Research Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America.
| | - R R Recker
- Creighton University Osteoporosis Research Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
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7
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Burdette-Trofimov MK, Armstrong BL, Nelson Weker J, Rogers AM, Yang G, Self EC, Armstrong RR, Nanda J, Veith GM. Direct Measure of Electrode Spatial Heterogeneity: Influence of Processing Conditions on Anode Architecture and Performance. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:55954-55970. [PMID: 33263996 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the spatial (in)homogeneity of aqueous processed silicon electrodes using standard poly(acrylic acid)-based binders and slurry preparation conditions is demonstrated. X-ray nanotomography shows segregation of materials into submicron-thick layers depending on the mixing method and starting binder molecular weights. Using a dispersant, or in situ production of dispersant from the cleavage of the binder into smaller molecular weight species, increases the resulting lateral homogeneity while drastically decreasing the vertical homogeneity as a result of sedimentation and separation due to gravitational forces. This data explains some of the variability in the literature with respect to silicon electrode performance and demonstrates two potential ways to improve slurry-based electrode fabrications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Burdette-Trofimov
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Beth L Armstrong
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Johanna Nelson Weker
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Alexander M Rogers
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Guang Yang
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Ethan C Self
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Ryan R Armstrong
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Jagjit Nanda
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Gabriel M Veith
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
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8
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Park JY, Kim Y, Lee S, Lim J. Zernike phase-contrast full-field transmission X-ray nanotomography for 400 micrometre-sized samples. J Synchrotron Radiat 2020; 27:1696-1702. [PMID: 33147196 DOI: 10.1107/s160057752001245x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Full-field X-ray nanotomography based on a Fresnel zone plate offers a promising and intuitive approach to acquire high-quality phase-contrast images with a spatial resolution of tens of nanometres, and is applicable to both synchrotron radiation and laboratory sources. However, its small field of view (FOV) of tens of micrometres provides limited volume information, which primarily limits its application fields. This work proposes a method for expanding the FOV as the diameter of the objective zone plate, which provides a 400 µm FOV at below 500 nm resolution with Zernike phase contrast. General applications of large-volume nanotomography are demonstrated in integrated circuit microchips and Artemia cysts. This method can be useful for imaging/analyzing industrial and biological samples where bulk properties are important or the sample is difficult to section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yeon Park
- Pohang Light Source-II, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Jigokro 127, Pohang 36763, South Korea
| | - Yeseul Kim
- Soft Matter Physics Laboratory, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangsul Lee
- Pohang Light Source-II, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Jigokro 127, Pohang 36763, South Korea
| | - Jun Lim
- Pohang Light Source-II, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Jigokro 127, Pohang 36763, South Korea
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9
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Park JY, Singh JP, Lim J, Lee S. Development of XANES nanoscopy on BL7C at PLS-II. J Synchrotron Radiat 2020; 27:545-550. [PMID: 32153296 DOI: 10.1107/s160057752000082x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) imaging is a powerful tool to visualize the chemical state distribution of transition-metal-based materials at synchrotron radiation facilities. In recent years, the electrochemical working rechargeable battery has been the most studied material in XANES imaging owing to the large increase of portable electronics and electric vehicles. This work acknowledges the importance of battery analysis and has developed the XANES imaging system on BL7C at Pohang Light Source-II (PLS-II). BL7C employs an undulator taper configuration to obtain an energy band >130 eV near the K-absorption edge of the target element with a minimum energy interval >0.2 eV. While measuring energy-dependent images, the zone plate translation maintains the best focus, and then various data processes such as background correction, image registration and clustering allow single XANES spectrum extraction and chemical distribution mapping. Here, the XANES imaging process is described, the XANES spectrum quality is identified and the chemical states of the partially charged cathode material used in lithium-ion batteries as an application example are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yeon Park
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Jigokro 127, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37637, South Korea
| | - Jitendra Pal Singh
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Jigokro 127, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37637, South Korea
| | - Jun Lim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Jigokro 127, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37637, South Korea
| | - Sangsul Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Jigokro 127, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37637, South Korea
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10
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Dias CSB, Neto DPA, Baraldi GL, Fonseca MDC. Comparative analysis of sample preparation protocols of soft biological tissues for morphometric studies using synchrotron-based X-ray microtomography. J Synchrotron Radiat 2019; 26:2013-2023. [PMID: 31721746 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519011299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The spread of microtomography as a tool for visualization of soft tissues has had a significant impact on a better understanding of complex biological systems. This technique allows a detailed three-dimensional quantitative view of the specimen to be obtained, correlating its morphological organization with its function, providing valuable insights on the functionality of the tissue. Regularly overlooked, but of great importance, proper sample mounting and preparation are fundamental for achieving the highest possible image quality even for the high-resolution imaging systems currently under development. Here, a quantitative analysis compares some of the most common sample-mounting strategies used for synchrotron-based X-ray microtomography of soft tissues: alcoholic-immersion, paraffin-embedding and critical-point drying. These three distinct sample-mounting strategies were performed on the same specimen in order to investigate their impact on sample morphology regardless of individual sample variation. In that sense, the alcoholic-immersion strategy, although causing less shrinkage to the tissue, proved to be the most unsuitable approach for a high-throughput high-resolution imaging experiment due to sample drifting. Also, critical-point drying may present some interesting advantages regarding image quality but is also incompatible with a high-throughput experiment. Lastly, paraffin-embedding is shown to be the most suitable strategy for current soft tissue microtomography experiments. Such detailed analysis of biological sample-mounting strategies for synchrotron-based X-ray microtomography are expected to offer valuable insights on the best approach for using this technique for 3D imaging of soft tissues and following morphometric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sato Baraldi Dias
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro 10000, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Dionísio Pedro Amorim Neto
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro 10000, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Lenzi Baraldi
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro 10000, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Matheus de Castro Fonseca
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro 10000, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
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11
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Grüneboom A, Kling L, Christiansen S, Mill L, Maier A, Engelke K, Quick HH, Schett G, Gunzer M. Next-generation imaging of the skeletal system and its blood supply. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2019; 15:533-49. [PMID: 31395974 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-019-0274-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone is organized in a hierarchical 3D architecture. Traditionally, analysis of the skeletal system was based on bone mass assessment by radiographic methods or on the examination of bone structure by 2D histological sections. Advanced imaging technologies and big data analysis now enable the unprecedented examination of bone and provide new insights into its 3D macrostructure and microstructure. These technologies comprise ex vivo and in vivo methods including high-resolution computed tomography (CT), synchrotron-based imaging, X-ray microscopy, ultra-high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), light-sheet fluorescence microscopy, confocal and intravital two-photon imaging. In concert, these techniques have been used to detect and quantify a novel vascular system of trans-cortical vessels in bone. Furthermore, structures such as the lacunar network, which harbours and connects osteocytes, become accessible for 3D imaging and quantification using these methods. Next-generation imaging of the skeletal system and its blood supply are anticipated to contribute to an entirely new understanding of bone tissue composition and function, from macroscale to nanoscale, in health and disease. These insights could provide the basis for early detection and precision-type intervention of bone disorders in the future.
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12
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Kim S, Jang S, Lee O. Usefulness of synchrotron radiation for three‐dimensional microstructure analysis of the mouse tibia. Microsc Res Tech 2018; 82:564-571. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Subok Kim
- Department of ICT Convergence Rehabilitation EngineeringSoonchunhyang University Asan City Chungnam‐do Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghun Jang
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Nursing and Health ScienceGimcheon University Gimcheon City Republic of Korea
| | - Onseok Lee
- Department of Medical IT Engineering, College of Medical SciencesSoonchunhyang University Asan City Chungnam‐do Republic of Korea
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13
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Sera T, Kobayashi H, Hoshino M, Uesugi K, Matsumoto T, Tanaka M. The disuse effect on canal network structure and oxygen supply in the cortical bones of rats. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2018; 18:375-385. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-018-1088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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14
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Beckwith MA, Jiang S, Schropp A, Fernandez-Pañella A, Rinderknecht HG, Wilks SC, Fournier KB, Galtier EC, Xing Z, Granados E, Gamboa E, Glenzer SH, Heimann P, Zastrau U, Cho BI, Eggert JH, Collins GW, Ping Y. Imaging at an x-ray absorption edge using free electron laser pulses for interface dynamics in high energy density systems. Rev Sci Instrum 2017; 88:053501. [PMID: 28571471 DOI: 10.1063/1.4982166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tuning the energy of an x-ray probe to an absorption line or edge can provide material-specific measurements that are particularly useful for interfaces. Simulated hard x-ray images above the Fe K-edge are presented to examine ion diffusion across an interface between Fe2O3 and SiO2 aerogel foam materials. The simulations demonstrate the feasibility of such a technique for measurements of density scale lengths near the interface with submicron spatial resolution. A proof-of-principle experiment is designed and performed at the Linac coherent light source facility. Preliminary data show the change of the interface after shock compression and heating with simultaneous fluorescence spectra for temperature determination. The results provide the first demonstration of using x-ray imaging at an absorption edge as a diagnostic to detect ultrafast phenomena for interface physics in high-energy-density systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Beckwith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S Jiang
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Schropp
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg D-22607, Germany
| | | | - H G Rinderknecht
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S C Wilks
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - K B Fournier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E C Galtier
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Z Xing
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - E Granados
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - E Gamboa
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S H Glenzer
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - P Heimann
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - U Zastrau
- European XFEL, Schenefeld D-22869, Germany
| | - B I Cho
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G W Collins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Y Ping
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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15
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Li F, Guan Y, Xiong Y, Zhang X, Liu G, Tian Y. Method for extending the depth of focus in X-ray microscopy. Opt Express 2017; 25:7657-7667. [PMID: 28380885 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.007657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM) is a powerful, nondestructive and three-dimensional imaging tool that has been applied in many fields. However, the ability to image large size samples using high-resolution TXM is restricted due to a limited depth of focus (DOF). In this study, a method based on multiple reconstructed slice stacks of an extended sample at different focal positions is developed to extend the DOF of TXM. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate that this novel method effectively and reliably extend the DOF of high-resolution TXM.
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16
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Duan X, Yang F, Antono E, Yang W, Pianetta P, Ermon S, Mehta A, Liu Y. Unsupervised Data Mining in nanoscale X-ray Spectro-Microscopic Study of NdFeB Magnet. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34406. [PMID: 27680388 PMCID: PMC5041149 DOI: 10.1038/srep34406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel developments in X-ray based spectro-microscopic characterization techniques have increased the rate of acquisition of spatially resolved spectroscopic data by several orders of magnitude over what was possible a few years ago. This accelerated data acquisition, with high spatial resolution at nanoscale and sensitivity to subtle differences in chemistry and atomic structure, provides a unique opportunity to investigate hierarchically complex and structurally heterogeneous systems found in functional devices and materials systems. However, handling and analyzing the large volume data generated poses significant challenges. Here we apply an unsupervised data-mining algorithm known as DBSCAN to study a rare-earth element based permanent magnet material, Nd2Fe14B. We are able to reduce a large spectro-microscopic dataset of over 300,000 spectra to 3, preserving much of the underlying information. Scientists can easily and quickly analyze in detail three characteristic spectra. Our approach can rapidly provide a concise representation of a large and complex dataset to materials scientists and chemists. For example, it shows that the surface of common Nd2Fe14B magnet is chemically and structurally very different from the bulk, suggesting a possible surface alteration effect possibly due to the corrosion, which could affect the material’s overall properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Duan
- School of computer, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Feifei Yang
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143-0758, USA
| | - Erin Antono
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2205, USA
| | - Wenge Yang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Piero Pianetta
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Stefano Ermon
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2205, USA
| | - Apurva Mehta
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Yijin Liu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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17
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Abstract
We review the current X-ray techniques with 3D imaging capability at the nano-scale: transmission X-ray microscopy, ptychography and in-line phase nano-tomography. We further review the different ultra-structural features that have so far been resolved: the lacuno-canalicular network, collagen orientation, nano-scale mineralization and their use as basis for mechanical simulations. X-ray computed tomography at the micro-metric scale is increasingly considered as the reference technique in imaging of bone micro-structure. The trend has been to push towards increasingly higher resolution. Due to the difficulty of realizing optics in the hard X-ray regime, the magnification has mainly been due to the use of visible light optics and indirect detection of the X-rays, which limits the attainable resolution with respect to the wavelength of the visible light used in detection. Recent developments in X-ray optics and instrumentation have allowed to implement several types of methods that achieve imaging that is limited in resolution by the X-ray wavelength, thus enabling computed tomography at the nano-scale. We review here the X-ray techniques with 3D imaging capability at the nano-scale: transmission X-ray microscopy, ptychography and in-line phase nano-tomography. Further, we review the different ultra-structural features that have so far been resolved and the applications that have been reported: imaging of the lacuno-canalicular network, direct analysis of collagen orientation, analysis of mineralization on the nano-scale and use of 3D images at the nano-scale to drive mechanical simulations. Finally, we discuss the issue of going beyond qualitative description to quantification of ultra-structural features.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Langer
- Université de Lyon, CREATIS; CNRS UMR5220; Inserm U1044; INSA-Lyon; Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France.
| | - F Peyrin
- Université de Lyon, CREATIS; CNRS UMR5220; Inserm U1044; INSA-Lyon; Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France
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18
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Abstract
Evidence of life on Earth is manifestly preserved in the rock record. However, the microfossil record only extends to ∼ 3.5 billion years (Ga), the chemofossil record arguably to ∼ 3.8 Ga, and the rock record to 4.0 Ga. Detrital zircons from Jack Hills, Western Australia range in age up to nearly 4.4 Ga. From a population of over 10,000 Jack Hills zircons, we identified one >3.8-Ga zircon that contains primary graphite inclusions. Here, we report carbon isotopic measurements on these inclusions in a concordant, 4.10 ± 0.01-Ga zircon. We interpret these inclusions as primary due to their enclosure in a crack-free host as shown by transmission X-ray microscopy and their crystal habit. Their δ(13)CPDB of -24 ± 5‰ is consistent with a biogenic origin and may be evidence that a terrestrial biosphere had emerged by 4.1 Ga, or ∼ 300 My earlier than has been previously proposed.
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19
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Wang S, Wang D, Wu Q, Gao K, Wang Z, Wu Z. 3D imaging of a rice pollen grain using transmission X-ray microscopy. J Synchrotron Radiat 2015; 22:1091-5. [PMID: 26134816 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577515009716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, the three-dimensional (3D) ultrastructure of an intact rice pollen cell has been obtained using a full-field transmission hard X-ray microscope operated in Zernike phase contrast mode. After reconstruction and segmentation from a series of projection images, complete 3D structural information of a 35 µm rice pollen grain is presented at a resolution of ∼100 nm. The reconstruction allows a clear differentiation of various subcellular structures within the rice pollen grain, including aperture, lipid body, mitochondrion, nucleus and vacuole. Furthermore, quantitative information was obtained about the distribution of cytoplasmic organelles and the volume percentage of each kind of organelle. These results demonstrate that transmission X-ray microscopy can be quite powerful for non-destructive investigation of 3D structures of whole eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengxiang Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 42 Hezuohua South Road, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Dajiang Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 42 Hezuohua South Road, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Gao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 42 Hezuohua South Road, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhili Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 42 Hezuohua South Road, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyu Wu
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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20
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Walton LA, Bradley RS, Withers PJ, Newton VL, Watson REB, Austin C, Sherratt MJ. Morphological Characterisation of Unstained and Intact Tissue Micro-architecture by X-ray Computed Micro- and Nano-Tomography. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10074. [PMID: 25975937 PMCID: PMC4650804 DOI: 10.1038/srep10074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterisation and quantification of tissue structures is limited by sectioning-induced artefacts and by the difficulties of visualising and segmenting 3D volumes. Here we demonstrate that, even in the absence of X-ray contrast agents, X-ray computed microtomography (microCT) and nanotomography (nanoCT) can circumvent these problems by rapidly resolving compositionally discrete 3D tissue regions (such as the collagen-rich adventitia and elastin-rich lamellae in intact rat arteries) which in turn can be segmented due to their different X-ray opacities and morphologies. We then establish, using X-ray tomograms of both unpressurised and pressurised arteries that intra-luminal pressure not only increases lumen cross-sectional area and straightens medial elastic lamellae but also induces profound remodelling of the adventitial layer. Finally we apply microCT to another human organ (skin) to visualise the cell-rich epidermis and extracellular matrix-rich dermis and to show that conventional histological and immunohistochemical staining protocols are compatible with prior X-ray exposure. As a consequence we suggest that microCT could be combined with optical microscopy to characterise the 3D structure and composition of archival paraffin embedded biological materials and of mechanically stressed dynamic tissues such as the heart, lungs and tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Victoria L. Newton
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel E. B. Watson
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Austin
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences
- Faculty of Health and Social Care, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Sherratt
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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21
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Djomehri SI, Candell S, Case T, Browning A, Marshall GW, Yun W, Lau SH, Webb S, Ho SP. Mineral density volume gradients in normal and diseased human tissues. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121611. [PMID: 25856386 PMCID: PMC4391782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical computed tomography provides a single mineral density (MD) value for heterogeneous calcified tissues containing early and late stage pathologic formations. The novel aspect of this study is that, it extends current quantitative methods of mapping mineral density gradients to three dimensions, discretizes early and late mineralized stages, identifies elemental distribution in discretized volumes, and correlates measured MD with respective calcium (Ca) to phosphorus (P) and Ca to zinc (Zn) elemental ratios. To accomplish this, MD variations identified using polychromatic radiation from a high resolution micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) benchtop unit were correlated with elemental mapping obtained from a microprobe X-ray fluorescence (XRF) using synchrotron monochromatic radiation. Digital segmentation of tomograms from normal and diseased tissues (N=5 per group; 40-60 year old males) contained significant mineral density variations (enamel: 2820-3095mg/cc, bone: 570-1415mg/cc, cementum: 1240-1340mg/cc, dentin: 1480-1590mg/cc, cementum affected by periodontitis: 1100-1220mg/cc, hypomineralized carious dentin: 345-1450mg/cc, hypermineralized carious dentin: 1815-2740mg/cc, and dental calculus: 1290-1770mg/cc). A plausible linear correlation between segmented MD volumes and elemental ratios within these volumes was established, and Ca/P ratios for dentin (1.49), hypomineralized dentin (0.32-0.46), cementum (1.51), and bone (1.68) were observed. Furthermore, varying Ca/Zn ratios were distinguished in adapted compared to normal tissues, such as in bone (855-2765) and in cementum (595-990), highlighting Zn as an influential element in prompting observed adaptive properties. Hence, results provide insights on mineral density gradients with elemental concentrations and elemental footprints that in turn could aid in elucidating mechanistic processes for pathologic formations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabra I. Djomehri
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Susan Candell
- Xradia Inc., Pleasanton, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas Case
- Xradia Inc., Pleasanton, California, United States of America
| | - Alyssa Browning
- Xradia Inc., Pleasanton, California, United States of America
| | - Grayson W. Marshall
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Wenbing Yun
- Xradia Inc., Pleasanton, California, United States of America
| | - S. H. Lau
- Xradia Inc., Pleasanton, California, United States of America
| | - Samuel Webb
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Menlo Park, California, United States of America
| | - Sunita P. Ho
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Wang L, Dong J, Xian CJ. Strain amplification analysis of an osteocyte under static and cyclic loading: a finite element study. Biomed Res Int 2015; 2015:376474. [PMID: 25664319 DOI: 10.1155/2015/376474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Osteocytes, the major type of bone cells which reside in their lacunar and canalicular system within the bone matrix, function as biomechanosensors and biomechanotransducers of the bone. Although biomechanical behaviour of the osteocyte-lacunar-canalicular system has been investigated in previous studies mostly using computational 2-dimensional (2D) geometric models, only a few studies have used the 3-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) model. In the current study, a 3D FE model was used to predict the responses of strain distributions of osteocyte-lacunar-canalicular system analyzed under static and cyclic loads. The strain amplification factor was calculated for all simulations. Effects on the strain of the osteocyte system were investigated under 500, 1500, 2000, and 3000 microstrain loading magnitudes and 1, 5, 10, 40, and 100 Hz loading frequencies. The maximum strain was found to change with loading magnitude and frequency. It was observed that maximum strain under 3000-microstrain loading was higher than those under 500, 1500, and 2000 microstrains. When the loading strain reached the maximum magnitude, the strain amplification factor of 100 Hz was higher than those of the other frequencies. Data from this 3D FE model study suggests that the strain amplification factor of the osteocyte-lacunar-canalicular system increases with loading frequency and loading strain increasing.
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23
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Liang Z, Guan Y, Chen S, Tian Y. Whole Cells Imaged by Hard X-ray Transmission Microscopy. Fungal Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22437-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Abstract
Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT)-a version of X-ray CT operating at high spatial resolution-has had a considerable success for the investigation of trabecular bone micro-architecture. Currently, there is a lot of interest in exploiting CT techniques at even higher spatial resolutions to assess bone tissue at the cellular scale. After recalling the basic principles of micro-CT, we review the different existing system, based on either standard X-ray tubes or synchrotron sources. Then, we present recent applications of micro- and nano-CT for the analysis of osteocyte lacunae and the lacunar-canalicular network. We also address the question of the quantification of bone ultrastructure to go beyond the sole visualization.
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25
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Liu Y, Wang J, Azuma M, Mao WL, Yang W. Five-dimensional visualization of phase transition in BiNiO 3 under high pressure. Appl Phys Lett 2014; 104:043108. [PMID: 24753622 PMCID: PMC3977758 DOI: 10.1063/1.4863229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Colossal negative thermal expansion was recently discovered in BiNiO3 associated with a low density to high density phase transition under high pressure. The varying proportion of co-existing phases plays a key role in the macroscopic behavior of this material. Here, we utilize a recently developed X-ray Absorption Near Edge Spectroscopy Tomography method and resolve the mixture of high/low pressure phases as a function of pressure at tens of nanometer resolution taking advantage of the charge transfer during the transition. This five-dimensional (X, Y, Z, energy, and pressure) visualization of the phase boundary provides a high resolution method to study the interface dynamics of high/low pressure phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijin Liu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Junyue Wang
- Center of High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research (HPSTAR), Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China ; High Pressure Synergetic Consortium, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 9700 S Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Masaki Azuma
- Materials and Structures Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Wendy L Mao
- Geological and Environmental Sciences, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA ; SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA ; Photon Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Wenge Yang
- Center of High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research (HPSTAR), Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China ; High Pressure Synergetic Consortium, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 9700 S Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
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26
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Abstract
Iron is a heavily utilized element in organisms and numerous mechanisms accordingly regulate the trafficking, metabolism, and storage of iron. Despite the high regulation of iron homeostasis, several diseases and mutations can lead to the misregulation and often accumulation of iron in the cytosol or mitochondria of tissues. To understand the genesis of iron overload, it is necessary to employ various techniques to quantify iron in organisms and mitochondria. This chapter discusses techniques for determining the total iron content of tissue samples, ranging from colorimetric determination of iron concentrations, atomic absorption spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. In addition, we discuss in situ techniques for analyzing iron including electron microscopic nonheme iron histochemistry, electron energy loss spectroscopy, synchrotron X-ray fluorescence imaging, and confocal Raman microscopy. Finally, we discuss biophysical methods for studying iron in isolated mitochondria, including ultraviolet-visible, electron paramagnetic resonance, X-ray absorbance, and Mössbauer spectroscopies. This chapter should aid researchers to select and interpret mitochondrial iron quantifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P Holmes-Hampton
- Molecular Medicine Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wing-Hang Tong
- Molecular Medicine Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tracey A Rouault
- Molecular Medicine Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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27
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Ho SP, Kurylo MP, Grandfield K, Hurng J, Herber RP, Ryder MI, Altoe V, Aloni S, Feng JQ, Webb S, Marshall GW, Curtis D, Andrews JC, Pianetta P. The plastic nature of the human bone-periodontal ligament-tooth fibrous joint. Bone 2013; 57:455-67. [PMID: 24063947 PMCID: PMC3938967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates bony protrusions within a narrowed periodontal ligament space (PDL-space) of a human bone-PDL-tooth fibrous joint by mapping structural, biochemical, and mechanical heterogeneity. Higher resolution structural characterization was achieved via complementary atomic force microscopy (AFM), nano-transmission X-ray microscopy (nano-TXM), and microtomography (MicroXCT™). Structural heterogeneity was correlated to biochemical and elemental composition, illustrated via histochemistry and microprobe X-ray fluorescence analysis (μ-XRF), and mechanical heterogeneity evaluated by AFM-based nanoindentation. Results demonstrated that the narrowed PDL-space was due to invasion of bundle bone (BB) into PDL-space. Protruded BB had a wider range with higher elastic modulus values (2-8GPa) compared to lamellar bone (0.8-6GPa), and increased quantities of Ca, P and Zn as revealed by μ-XRF. Interestingly, the hygroscopic 10-30μm interface between protruded BB and lamellar bone exhibited higher X-ray attenuation similar to cement lines and lamellae within bone. Localization of the small leucine rich proteoglycan biglycan (BGN) responsible for mineralization was observed at the PDL-bone interface and around the osteocyte lacunae. Based on these results, it can be argued that the LB-BB interface was the original site of PDL attachment, and that the genesis of protruded BB identified as protrusions occurred as a result of shift in strain. We emphasize the importance of bony protrusions within the context of organ function and that additional study is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita P Ho
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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28
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Abstract
Rechargeable Li/S batteries have attracted significant attention lately due to their high specific energy and low cost. They are promising candidates for applications, including portable electronics, electric vehicles and grid-level energy storage. However, poor cycle life and low power capability are major technical obstacles. Various nanostructured sulfur cathodes have been developed to address these issues, as they provide greater resistance to pulverization, faster reaction kinetics and better trapping of soluble polysulfides. In this review, recent developments on nanostructured sulfur cathodes and mechanisms behind their operation are presented and discussed. Moreover, progress on novel characterization of sulfur cathodes is also summarized, as it has deepened the understanding of sulfur cathodes and will guide further rational design of sulfur electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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29
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Carter Y, Thomas CDL, Clement JG, Cooper DM. Femoral osteocyte lacunar density, volume and morphology in women across the lifespan. J Struct Biol 2013; 183:519-526. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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30
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Kao TL, Shi CY, Wang J, Mao WL, Liu Y, Yang W. Nanoscale elemental sensitivity study of Nd2Fe14B using absorption correlation tomography. Microsc Res Tech 2013; 76:1112-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Crystal Y. Shi
- Geological and Environmental Sciences; Stanford University; Stanford; California; 94305
| | | | | | - Yijin Liu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource; SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory; California; 94025
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31
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Vos M, Tökési K, Benkö I. The potential of materials analysis by electron rutherford backscattering as illustrated by a case study of mouse bones and related compounds. Microsc Microanal 2013; 19:576-586. [PMID: 23642665 DOI: 10.1017/s143192761300041x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Electron Rutherford backscattering (ERBS) is a new technique that could be developed into a tool for materials analysis. Here we try to establish a methodology for the use of ERBS for materials analysis of more complex samples using bone minerals as a test case. For this purpose, we also studied several reference samples containing Ca: calcium carbonate (CaCO(3)) and hydroxyapatite and mouse bone powder. A very good understanding of the spectra of CaCO(3) and hydroxyapatite was obtained. Quantitative interpretation of the bone spectrum is more challenging. A good fit of these spectra is only obtained with the same peak widths as used for the hydroxyapatite sample, if one allows for the presence of impurity atoms with a mass close to that of Na and Mg. Our conclusion is that a meaningful interpretation of spectra of more complex samples in terms of composition is indeed possible, but only if widths of the peaks contributing to the spectra are known. Knowledge of the peak widths can either be developed by the study of reference samples (as was done here) or potentially be derived from theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Vos
- Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
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32
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Abstract
It is widely hypothesized that osteocytes are the mechano-sensors residing in the bone's mineralized matrix which control load induced bone adaptation. Owing to their inaccessibility it has proved challenging to generate quantitative in vivo experimental data which supports this hypothesis. Recent advances in in situ imaging, both in non-living and living specimens, have provided new insights into the role of osteocytes in the skeleton. Combined with the retrieval of biochemical information from mechanically stimulated osteocytes using in vivo models, quantitative experimental data is now becoming available which is leading to a more accurate understanding of osteocyte function. With this in mind, here we review i) state of the art ex vivo imaging modalities which are able to precisely capture osteocyte structure in 3D, ii) live cell imaging techniques which are able to track structural morphology and cellular differentiation in both space and time, and iii) in vivo models which when combined with the latest biochemical assays and microfluidic imaging techniques can provide further insight on the biological function of osteocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah L. Dallas
- School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Ralph Müller
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Corresponding Author Prof. Dr. Ralph Müller, ETH Zürich, Institute for Biomechanics, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland, tel/fax +41.44.632.4592/1214, , http://www.biomech.ethz.ch
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33
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Nango N, Kubota S, Takeuchi A, Suzuki Y, Yashiro W, Momose A, Matsuo K. Talbot-defocus multiscan tomography using the synchrotron X-ray microscope to study the lacuno-canalicular network in mouse bone. Biomed Opt Express 2013; 4:917-923. [PMID: 23761853 PMCID: PMC3675870 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.000917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The three-dimensional network of lacunae and canaliculi that regulates metabolism in bone contains osteocytes and their dendritic processes. We constructed a synchrotron radiation X-ray microscope for sequential tomography of mouse tibia first by using a Talbot interferometer to detect the degree of bone mineralization and then by using absorption contrast under a slightly defocused setting to enhance outline contrast thereby visualizing structures of the osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network. The resultant pair of tomograms was precisely aligned with each other, allowing evaluation of mineral density in the vicinity of each osteocyte lacuna and canaliculus over the entire thickness of the cortical bone. Thus, multiscan microscopic X-ray tomography is a powerful tool for analyzing bone mineralization in relation to the lacuno-canalicular network at the submicron resolution level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhito Nango
- Ratoc System Engineering Co., Ltd, 1-24-8 Sekiguchi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-0014, Japan
| | - Shogo Kubota
- Ratoc System Engineering Co., Ltd, 1-24-8 Sekiguchi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-0014, Japan
| | - Akihisa Takeuchi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI/SPring-8), 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Yoshio Suzuki
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI/SPring-8), 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Wataru Yashiro
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Atsushi Momose
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Koichi Matsuo
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Abstract
The recent application of electron tomography to the study of biomaterial interfaces with bone has brought about an awareness of nano-osseointegration and, to a further extent, demanded increasingly advanced characterization methodologies. In this study, nanoscale osseointegration has been studied via laser-modified titanium implants. The micro- and nano-structured implants were placed in the proximal tibia of New Zealand white rabbits for six months. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), analytical microscopy, including energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) and energy-filtered TEM (EFTEM), as well as electron tomography studies were used to investigate the degree of nano-osseointegration in two- and three-dimensions. HRTEM indicated the laser-modified surface encouraged the formation of crystalline hydroxyapatite in the immediate vicinity of the implant. Analytical studies suggested the presence of a functionally graded interface at the implant surface, characterized by the gradual intermixing of bone with oxide layer. Yet, the most compelling of techniques, which enabled straightforward visualization of nano-osseointegration, proved to be segmentation of electron tomographic reconstructions, where thresholding techniques identified bone penetrating into the nanoscale roughened surface features of laser-modified titanium. Combining high-resolution, analytical and three-dimensional electron microscopy techniques has proven to encourage identification and understanding of nano-osseointegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Grandfield
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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35
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Boesenberg U, Meirer F, Liu Y, Shukla AK, Dell’Anna R, Tyliszczak T, Chen G, Andrews JC, Richardson TJ, Kostecki R, Cabana J. Mesoscale phase distribution in single particles of LiFePO 4 following lithium deintercalation. Chem Mater 2013; 25:1664-1672. [PMID: 23745016 PMCID: PMC3670807 DOI: 10.1021/cm400106k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The chemical phase distribution in hydrothermally grown micrometric single crystals LiFePO4 following partial chemical delithiation was investigated. Full field and scanning X-ray microscopy were combined with X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the Fe K- and O K-edges, respectively, to produce maps with high chemical and spatial resolution. The resulting information was compared to morphological insight into the mechanics of the transformation by scanning transmission electron microscopy. This study revealed the interplay at the mesocale between microstructure and phase distribution during the redox process, as morphological defects were found to kinetically determine the progress of the reaction. Lithium deintercalation was also found to induce severe mechanical damage in the crystals, presumably due to the lattice mismatch between LiFePO4 and FePO4. Our results lead to the conclusion that rational design of intercalation-based electrode materials, such as LiFePO4, with optimized utilization and life requires the tailoring of particles that minimize kinetic barriers and mechanical strain. Coupling TXM-XANES with TEM can provide unique insight into the behavior of electrode materials during operation, at scales spanning from nanoparticles to ensembles and complex architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Boesenberg
- Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Florian Meirer
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Center for Materials and Microsystems, Via
Sommarive 18, I-38050 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - Yijin Liu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025 (USA)
| | - Alpesh K. Shukla
- Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Rossana Dell’Anna
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Center for Materials and Microsystems, Via
Sommarive 18, I-38050 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - Tolek Tyliszczak
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley,
California 94720, 20036, USA
| | - Guoying Chen
- Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Joy C. Andrews
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025 (USA)
| | - Thomas J. Richardson
- Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Robert Kostecki
- Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Jordi Cabana
- Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720
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36
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Wang Z, Gao K, Chen J, Hong Y, Ge X, Wang D, Pan Z, Zhu P, Yun W, Jacobsen C, Wu Z. Advantages of intermediate X-ray energies in Zernike phase contrast X-ray microscopy. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:387-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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37
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Mangano C, Piattelli A, Mangano F, Rustichelli F, Shibli JA, Iezzi G, Giuliani A. Histological and Synchrotron Radiation-Based Computed Microtomography Study of 2 Human-Retrieved Direct Laser Metal Formed Titanium Implants. IMPLANT DENT 2013; 22:175-81. [DOI: 10.1097/id.0b013e318282817d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Brock GR, Kim G, Ingraffea AR, Andrews JC, Pianetta P, van der Meulen MC. Nanoscale examination of microdamage in sheep cortical bone using synchrotron radiation transmission x-ray microscopy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57942. [PMID: 23472121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microdamage occurs in bone through repeated and excessive loading. Accumulation of microdamage weakens bone, leading to a loss of strength, stiffness and energy dissipation in the tissue. Imaging techniques used to examine microdamage have typically been limited to the microscale. In the current study microdamage was examined at the nanoscale using transmission x-ray microscopy with an x-ray negative stain, lead-uranyl acetate. Microdamage was generated in notched and unnotched beams of sheep cortical bone (2×2×20 mm), with monotonic and fatigue loading. Bulk sections were removed from beams and stained with lead-uranyl acetate to identify microdamage. Samples were sectioned to 50 microns and imaged using transmission x-ray microscopy producing projection images of microdamage with nanoscale resolution. Staining indicated microdamage occurred in both the tensile and compressive regions. A comparison between monotonic and fatigue loading indicated a statistically significant greater amount of stain present in fatigue loaded sections. Microdamage occurred in three forms: staining to existing bone structures, cross hatch damage and a single crack extending from the notch tip. Comparison to microcomputed tomography demonstrated differences in damage morphology and total damage between the microscale and nanoscale. This method has future applications for understanding the underlying mechanisms for microdamage formation as well as three-dimensional nanoscale examination of microdamage.
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39
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Yuan Q, Zhang K, Hong Y, Huang W, Gao K, Wang Z, Zhu P, Gelb J, Tkachuk A, Hornberger B, Feser M, Yun W, Wu Z. A 30 nm-resolution hard X-ray microscope with X-ray fluorescence mapping capability at BSRF. J Synchrotron Radiat 2012; 19:1021-8. [PMID: 23093765 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049512032852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A full-field transmission X-ray microscope (TXM) operating continuously from 5 keV to 12 keV with fluorescence mapping capability has been designed and constructed at the Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, a first-generation synchrotron radiation facility operating at 2.5 GeV. Spatial resolution better than 30 nm has been demonstrated using a Siemens star pattern in both absorption mode and Zernike phase-contrast mode. A scanning-probe mode fluorescence mapping capability integrated with the TXM has been shown to provide 50 p.p.m. sensitivity for trace elements with a spatial resolution (limited by probing beam spot size) of 20 µm. The optics design, testing of spatial resolution and fluorescence sensitivity are presented here, including performance measurement results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxi Yuan
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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40
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Liu Y, Wang J, Hong Y, Wang Z, Zhang K, Williams PA, Zhu P, Andrews JC, Pianetta P, Wu Z. Extended depth of focus for transmission x-ray microscope. Opt Lett 2012; 37:3708-3710. [PMID: 22940998 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.003708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A fast discrete curvelet transform based focus-stacking algorithm for extending the depth of focus of a transmission x-ray microscope (TXM) is presented. By analyzing an image stack of a sample taken in a Z-scan, a fully in-focus image can be generated by the proposed scheme. With the extended depth of focus, it is possible to obtain 3D structural information over a large volume at nanometer resolution. The focus-stacking method has been demonstrated using a dataset taken with a laboratory x-ray source based TXM system. The possibility and limitations of generalizing this method to a synchrotron based TXM are also discussed. We expect the proposed method to be of important impact in 3D x-ray microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijin Liu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
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41
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Langer M, Pacureanu A, Suhonen H, Grimal Q, Cloetens P, Peyrin F. X-ray phase nanotomography resolves the 3D human bone ultrastructure. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35691. [PMID: 22952569 PMCID: PMC3430646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone strength and failure are increasingly thought to be due to ultrastructural properties, such as the morphology of the lacuno-canalicular network, the collagen fiber orientation and the mineralization on the nanoscale. However, these properties have not been studied in 3D so far. Here we report the investigation of the human bone ultrastructure with X-ray phase nanotomography, which now provides the required sensitivity, spatial resolution and field of view. The 3D organization of the lacuno-canalicular network is studied in detail over several cells in osteonal and interstitial tissue. Nanoscale density variations are revealed and show that the cement line separating these tissues is hypermineralized. Finally, we show that the collagen fibers are organized as a twisted plywood structure in 3D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Langer
- Creatis, Université de Lyon, CNRS UMR5220, Inserm U1044, INSA-Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
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42
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Ge X, Wang Z, Gao K, Wang D, Wu Z, Chen J, Pan Z, Zhang K, Hong Y, Zhu P, Wu Z. Use of fractal zone plates for transmission X-ray microscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:1303-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6126-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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43
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Nelson J, Misra S, Yang Y, Jackson A, Liu Y, Wang H, Dai H, Andrews JC, Cui Y, Toney MF. In Operando X-ray Diffraction and Transmission X-ray Microscopy of Lithium Sulfur Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:6337-43. [PMID: 22432568 DOI: 10.1021/ja2121926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Nelson
- Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, and ‡Stanford Institute for Materials
and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California
94025, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
94305, United States
| | - Sumohan Misra
- Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, and ‡Stanford Institute for Materials
and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California
94025, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
94305, United States
| | - Yuan Yang
- Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, and ‡Stanford Institute for Materials
and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California
94025, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
94305, United States
| | - Ariel Jackson
- Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, and ‡Stanford Institute for Materials
and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California
94025, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
94305, United States
| | - Yijin Liu
- Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, and ‡Stanford Institute for Materials
and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California
94025, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
94305, United States
| | - Hailiang Wang
- Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, and ‡Stanford Institute for Materials
and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California
94025, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
94305, United States
| | - Hongjie Dai
- Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, and ‡Stanford Institute for Materials
and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California
94025, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
94305, United States
| | - Joy C. Andrews
- Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, and ‡Stanford Institute for Materials
and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California
94025, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
94305, United States
| | - Yi Cui
- Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, and ‡Stanford Institute for Materials
and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California
94025, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
94305, United States
| | - Michael F. Toney
- Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, and ‡Stanford Institute for Materials
and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California
94025, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
94305, United States
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44
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Liu Y, Meirer F, Williams PA, Wang J, Andrews JC, Pianetta P. TXM-Wizard: a program for advanced data collection and evaluation in full-field transmission X-ray microscopy. J Synchrotron Radiat 2012; 19:281-7. [PMID: 22338691 PMCID: PMC3284347 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049511049144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM) has been well recognized as a powerful tool for non-destructive investigation of the three-dimensional inner structure of a sample with spatial resolution down to a few tens of nanometers, especially when combined with synchrotron radiation sources. Recent developments of this technique have presented a need for new tools for both system control and data analysis. Here a software package developed in MATLAB for script command generation and analysis of TXM data is presented. The first toolkit, the script generator, allows automating complex experimental tasks which involve up to several thousand motor movements. The second package was designed to accomplish computationally intense tasks such as data processing of mosaic and mosaic tomography datasets; dual-energy contrast imaging, where data are recorded above and below a specific X-ray absorption edge; and TXM X-ray absorption near-edge structure imaging datasets. Furthermore, analytical and iterative tomography reconstruction algorithms were implemented. The compiled software package is freely available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijin Liu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Florian Meirer
- MiNALab, CMM-irst, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Via Sommarive 18, Povo, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Phillip A. Williams
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Junyue Wang
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Joy C. Andrews
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Correspondence e-mail:
| | - Piero Pianetta
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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45
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Tommasini SM, Trinward A, Acerbo AS, De Carlo F, Miller LM, Judex S. Changes in intracortical microporosities induced by pharmaceutical treatment of osteoporosis as detected by high resolution micro-CT. Bone 2012; 50:596-604. [PMID: 22226688 PMCID: PMC3278519 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bone's microporosities play important biologic and mechanical roles. Here, we quantified 3D changes in cortical osteocyte-lacunae and other small porosities induced by estrogen withdrawal and two different osteoporosis treatments. Unlike 2D measurements, these data collected via synchrotron radiation-based μCT describe the size and 3D spatial distribution of a large number of porous structures. Six-month old female Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into four groups of age-matched controls, untreated OVX, OVX treated with PTH, and OVX treated with Alendronate (ALN). Intracortical microporosity of the medial quadrant of the femoral diaphysis was quantified at endosteal, intracortical, and periosteal regions of the samples, allowing the quantification of osteocyte lacunae that were formed primarily before versus after the start of treatment. Across the overall thickness of the medial cortex, lacunar volume fraction (Lc.V/TV) was significantly lower in ALN treated rats compared to PTH. In the endosteal region, average osteocyte lacunar volume (<Lc.V>) of untreated OVX rats was significantly lower than in age-matched controls, indicating a decrease in osteocyte lacunar size in bone formed on the endosteal surface after estrogen withdrawal. The effect of treatment (OVX, ALN, PTH) on the number of lacunae per tissue volume (Lc.N/TV) was dependent on the specific location within the cortex (endosteal, intracortical, periosteal). In both the endosteal and intracortical regions, Lc.N/TV was significantly lower in ALN than in untreated OVX, suggesting a site-specific effect in osteocyte lacuna density with ALN treatment. There also were a significantly greater number of small pores (5-100 μm(3) in volume) in the endosteal region for PTH compared to ALN. The mechanical impact of this altered microporosity structure is unknown, but might serve to enhance, rather than deteriorate bone strength with PTH treatment, as smaller osteocyte lacunae may be better able to absorb shear forces than larger lacunae. Together, these data demonstrate that current treatments of osteoporosis can alter the number, size, and distribution of microporosities in cortical rat lamellar bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Tommasini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Andrea Trinward
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Alvin S. Acerbo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Francesco De Carlo
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Lisa M. Miller
- National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Stefan Judex
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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Liu Y, Meirer F, Wang J, Requena G, Williams P, Nelson J, Mehta A, Andrews JC, Pianetta P. 3D elemental sensitive imaging using transmission X-ray microscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:1297-301. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5818-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Mokso R, Quaroni L, Marone F, Irvine S, Vila-Comamala J, Blanke A, Stampanoni M. X-ray mosaic nanotomography of large microorganisms. J Struct Biol 2011; 177:233-8. [PMID: 22227096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2011.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Full-field X-ray microscopy is a valuable tool for 3D observation of biological systems. In the soft X-ray domain organelles can be visualized in individual cells while hard X-ray microscopes excel in imaging of larger complex biological tissue. The field of view of these instruments is typically 10(3) times the spatial resolution. We exploit the assets of the hard X-ray sub-micrometer imaging and extend the standard approach by widening the effective field of view to match the size of the sample. We show that global tomography of biological systems exceeding several times the field of view is feasible also at the nanoscale with moderate radiation dose. We address the performance issues and limitations of the TOMCAT full-field microscope and more generally for Zernike phase contrast imaging. Two biologically relevant systems were investigated. The first being the largest known bacteria (Thiomargarita namibiensis), the second is a small myriapod species (Pauropoda sp.). Both examples illustrate the capacity of the unique, structured condenser based broad-band full-field microscope to access the 3D structural details of biological systems at the nanoscale while avoiding complicated sample preparation, or even keeping the sample environment close to the natural state.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mokso
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene E. Ice
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831–6132, USA
| | - John D. Budai
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831–6132, USA
| | - Judy W. L. Pang
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831–6132, USA
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49
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Abstract
Progress in high-resolution X-ray microtomography has provided us with a practical approach to determining three-dimensional (3D) structures of opaque samples at micrometer to submicrometer resolution. In this review, we give an introduction to hard X-ray microtomography and its application to the visualization of 3D structures of biological soft tissues. Practical aspects of sample preparation, handling, data collection, 3D reconstruction, and structure analysis are described. Furthermore, different sample contrasting methods are approached in detail. Examples of microtomographic studies are overviewed to present an outline of biological applications of X-ray microtomography. We also provide perspectives of biological microtomography as the convergence of sciences in X-ray optics, biology, and structural analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Mizutani
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, School of Engineering, Tokai University, Kitakaname 4-1-1, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan.
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Meirer F, Cabana J, Liu Y, Mehta A, Andrews JC, Pianetta P. Three-dimensional imaging of chemical phase transformations at the nanoscale with full-field transmission X-ray microscopy. J Synchrotron Radiat 2011; 18:773-81. [PMID: 21862859 PMCID: PMC3161818 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049511019364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The ability to probe morphology and phase distribution in complex systems at multiple length scales unravels the interplay of nano- and micrometer-scale factors at the origin of macroscopic behavior. While different electron- and X-ray-based imaging techniques can be combined with spectroscopy at high resolutions, owing to experimental time limitations the resulting fields of view are too small to be representative of a composite sample. Here a new X-ray imaging set-up is proposed, combining full-field transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM) with X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy to follow two-dimensional and three-dimensional morphological and chemical changes in large volumes at high resolution (tens of nanometers). TXM XANES imaging offers chemical speciation at the nanoscale in thick samples (>20 µm) with minimal preparation requirements. Further, its high throughput allows the analysis of large areas (up to millimeters) in minutes to a few hours. Proof of concept is provided using battery electrodes, although its versatility will lead to impact in a number of diverse research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Meirer
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Via Sommarive 18, I-38050 Povo, Italy
| | - Jordi Cabana
- Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yijin Liu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Apurva Mehta
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Joy C. Andrews
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Correspondence e-mail:
| | - Piero Pianetta
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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