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Hassanpour B, Geohring LD, Klein AR, Giri S, Aristilde L, Steenhuis TS. Application of denitrifying bioreactors for the removal of atrazine in agricultural drainage water. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 239:48-56. [PMID: 30884289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine and nitrate NO3-N are two agricultural pollutants that occur widely in surface and groundwater. One of the pathways by which these pollutants reach surface water is through subsurface drainage tile lines. Edge-of-field anaerobic denitrifying bioreactors apply organic substrates such as woodchips to stimulate the removal of NO3-N from the subsurface tile waters through denitrification. Here we investigated the co-removal of NO3-N and atrazine by these bioreactors. Laboratory experiments were conducted using 12-L woodchips-containing flow-through bioreactors, with and without the addition of biochar, to treat two concentrations of atrazine (20 and 50 μg L-1) and NO3-N (1.5 and 11.5 mg L-1), operated at four hydraulic retention time, HRT, (4 h, 8 h, 24 h, 72 h). Additionally, we examined the effect of aerating the bioreactors on atrazine removal. Furthermore, we tested atrazine removal by a field woodchip denitrifying bioreactor. The removal of both NO3-N and atrazine increased with increasing HRT in the laboratory bioreactors. At 4 h, the woodchip bioreactors removed 65% of NO3-N and 25% of atrazine but, at 72 h, the bioreactors eliminated all the NO3-N and 53% of atrazine. Biochar-amended bioreactors removed up to 90% of atrazine at 72-h retention time. We concluded that atrazine removal was primarily via adsorption because neither aeration nor NO3-N levels had an effect. At 4-h retention time, the field bioreactors achieved 2.5 times greater atrazine removal than the laboratory bioreactors. Our findings thus highlighted hydraulic retention time and biochar amendments as two important factors that may control the efficiency of atrazine removal by denitrifying bioreactors. In sum, laboratory and field data demonstrated that denitrifying bioreactors have the potential to decrease pesticide transport from agricultural lands to surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Hassanpour
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Larry D Geohring
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Annaleise R Klein
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Shree Giri
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ludmilla Aristilde
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Tammo S Steenhuis
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Saini G, Wiest LA, Herbert D, Biggs KN, Dadson A, Vail MA, Linford MR. C18, C8, and perfluoro reversed phases on diamond for solid-phase extraction. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:3587-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Revised: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hrdlička A, Dolinová J. AUTOMATED HOT SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND HPLC DETERMINATION OF ATRAZINE AND ITS DEGRADATION PRODUCTS IN SOIL. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100103406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Hrdlička
- a Department of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology , Masaryk University Brno , Vesla ská 230 B, Brno, 637 00, Czech Republic
| | - J. Dolinová
- a Department of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology , Masaryk University Brno , Vesla ská 230 B, Brno, 637 00, Czech Republic
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Hajouj Z, Thomas J, Siouffi AM. Mixed Mode S. P. E. of Pollutants in Water on Mechanically Blended Silica-Based Bonded Phases. I. Influence of the Preparation Method. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079608014017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Hajouj
- a Laboratoire de Chimie Faculté des Sciences et Techniques , Pare de Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France
| | - J. Thomas
- a Laboratoire de Chimie Faculté des Sciences et Techniques , Pare de Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France
| | - A. M. Siouffi
- b Laboratoire de Génie Chimique et Chimie Appliquée , Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Saint-Jérôme , Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niémen, 13397, Marseille, France
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Hajouj Z, Thomas J, Siouffi AM. Mixed-Mode S.P.E. of Pollutants in Water on Mechanically Blended Silica-Based Bonded Phases. II. Influence of Multiple Parameters. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079808005866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Hajouj
- a Laboratoire de Chimie Faculte des Sciences et Techniques , Parc de Grandmont, Tours, 37200, France
| | - J. Thomas
- a Laboratoire de Chimie Faculte des Sciences et Techniques , Parc de Grandmont, Tours, 37200, France
| | - A. M. Siouffi
- b Laboratoire de Genie Chimique et Chimie Appliquee Faculte des Sciences et Techniques Saint-JMme , Avenue Escadrrlle Normandie-Niemen, Marseille, 13397, France
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Oter O, Ertekin K, Topkaya D, Alp S. Emission-based optical carbon dioxide sensing with HPTS in green chemistry reagents: room-temperature ionic liquids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:1225-34. [PMID: 16896616 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0659-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Revised: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 06/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We describe the characterization of a new optical CO(2) sensor based on the change in the fluorescence signal intensity of 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid trisodium salt (HPTS) in green chemistry reagents--room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). As far as we are aware, this is the first time RTILs, 1-methyl-3-butylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (RTIL-I) and 1-methyl-3-butylimidazolium bromide (RTIL-II), have been used as matrix materials with HPTS in an optical CO(2) sensor. It should be noted that the solubility of CO(2) in water-miscible ionic liquids is approximately 10 to 20 times that in conventional solvents, polymer matrices, or water. The response of the sensor to gaseous and dissolved CO(2) has been evaluated. The luminescence intensity of HPTS at 519 and 521 nm decreased with the increasing concentrations of CO(2) by 90 and 75% in RTIL-I and RTIL-II, respectively. The response times of the sensing reagents were in the range 1-2 min for switching from nitrogen to CO(2), and 7-10 min for switching from CO(2) to nitrogen. The signal changes were fully reversible and no significant hysteresis was observed during the measurements. The stability of HPTS in RTILs was excellent and when stored in the ambient air of the laboratory there was no significant drift in signal intensity after 7 months. Our stability tests are still in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Oter
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Dokuz Eylul, 35160 Tinaztepe, Izmir, Turkey
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FIBER OPTIC CHEMICAL SENSORS AND BIOSENSORS: A VIEW BACK. NATO SCIENCE SERIES II: MATHEMATICS, PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-4611-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Yang S, Carlson K. Routine monitoring of antibiotics in water and wastewater with a radioimmunoassay technique. WATER RESEARCH 2004; 38:3155-3166. [PMID: 15276731 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2004.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2003] [Revised: 04/27/2004] [Accepted: 04/29/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are one of a group of pharmaceutical compounds that have been found in lakes and streams throughout the world and the occurrence of these compounds in the environment has raised concerns regarding the toxicity to aquatic organisms and the emergence of strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The objective of this study was to assess the use of a relatively simple coupled solid-phase extraction (SPE)/radioimmunoassay (RIA) method for screening and/or monitoring tetracycline (TC) and sulfonamide (SA) compounds in water. Cross-reactivity of TCs and SAs was used to determine the specificity of the assays. The results indicate that TC, oxytetracycline (OTC), chlortetracycline (CTC) of the investigated 5 TCs, and sulfamethazine (SMT), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), sulfadimethoxane (SDM) and sulfathiazole (STZ) of the investigated 6 SAs in water matrix cross-react to a similar degree within each family in RIA and SPE/RIA. Water samples were collected across a watershed in northern Colorado in addition to the influent and effluent of a wastewater treatment plant. SPE/RIA analysis of these samples was compared with SPE/liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS) quantification of 5 TC and 6 SA compounds. Results of the study indicate that SPE/RIA can be an effective technique for monitoring antibiotic compounds in waters suspected to be contaminated with these compounds. The coupled method provides a sufficiently low detection limit (0.05 microg/L) to screen large sample sets at environmentally relevant concentrations. The method provides a semi-quantitative composite measurement of similar compounds in an antibiotic family without complex and expensive analytical equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinwoo Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1372, USA
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Huang SB, Stanton JS, Lin Y, Yokley RA. Analytical method for the determination of atrazine and its dealkylated chlorotriazine metabolites in water using SPE sample preparation and GC-MSD analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:7252-7258. [PMID: 14640566 DOI: 10.1021/jf0349578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A method is reported for the determination of atrazine and its dealkylated chlorotriazine metabolites in ground, surface, and deionized water. Water samples are adjusted to pH 3-4 prior to loading onto two SPE cartridges in series: C-18 and C-18/cation exchange mixed-mode polymeric phases. The analytes are eluted from each of the two cartridges separately, and the pooled and concentrated fraction is analyzed using gas chromatography-mass selective detection in the selected ion monitoring mode. The lower limit of method validation is 0.10 micrograms/L (ppb) for 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine), 2-amino-4-chloro-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (G-30033, deethylatrazine), 2-amino-4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-s-triazine (G-28279, deisopropylatrazine), and 2,4-diamino-6-chloro-s-triazine (G-28273, didealkyatrazine). The overall mean procedural recoveries (and standard deviations) are 96 (6.9), 96 (5.5), 95 (6.8), and 100% (10%) for atrazine, G-30033, G-28279, and G-28273, respectively (n = 49). The method validation study was conducted under U.S. EPA FIFRA Good Laboratory Practice Guidelines 40 CFR 160. The reported procedure accounts for residues of G-28273 in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Ben Huang
- Analytical Resources Group/Technology Support Department, Syngenta Crop Protection, Inc., Greensboro, North Carolina 27419-8300
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Stipičević S, Fingler S, Zupančič-Kralj L, Drevenkar V. Comparison of gas and high performance liquid chromatography with selective detection for determination of triazine herbicides and their degradation products extracted ultrasonically from soil. J Sep Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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11
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NARASAKI H. Determination of bisphenol A in river-waters samples by LC/MS using solid-phase sorbents. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2002. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.51.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Megersa N, Chimuka L, Solomon T, Jönsson JÅ. Automated liquid membrane extraction and trace enrichment of triazine herbicides and their metabolites in environmental and biological samples. J Sep Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9314(20010801)24:7<567::aid-jssc567>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Slobodník J, Ramalho S, van Baar BL, Louter AJ, Brinkman UA. Determination of microcontaminants in sediments by on-line solid-phase extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2000; 41:1469-1478. [PMID: 11057585 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(99)00526-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Two simple and straightforward analytical procedures for the screening of sediment samples are reported. They involve extraction with ethyl acetate or methanol and subsequent analysis by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using large-volume injection (LVI) or solid-phase extraction (SPE). The latter, which was originally developed for the analysis of aqueous samples, can be used without any modification. In general, 10 ml of organic solvent were added to 2 g of sediment, and the mixture was shaken and allowed to stand overnight. The methanolic extracts were then diluted in water and subjected to preconcentration and analysis using on-line SPE-GC-MS. The ethyl acetate extracts were injected directly into the GC using LVI. Both methods were used for the detection and identification of microcontaminants during a monitoring study of the river Nitra (Slovak Republic). They included polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), chlorofluorohydrocarbons, alkoxylated and alkylated phenols and benzothiazole derivatives. Semi-quantitative profiles of the contaminants were constructed and provisionally interpreted. The results indicate that SPE-GC-MS, and also LVI-GC-MS, have good potential for a rapid screening of sediment samples and the identification of microcontaminants. The analytical procedures pose no problems, and the on-line set-up is user-friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Slobodník
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Sabik H, Jeannot R, Rondeau B. Multiresidue methods using solid-phase extraction techniques for monitoring priority pesticides, including triazines and degradation products, in ground and surface waters. J Chromatogr A 2000; 885:217-36. [PMID: 10941674 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)01084-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The review describes the use of solid-phase extraction (SPE) techniques for monitoring priority pesticides in ground and surface waters. The focus is on triazine herbicides and their degradation products. Data concerning the fate, occurrence, properties and extraction of triazines and their degradation products using different SPE techniques are tabulated and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sabik
- St. Lawrence Centre, Environment Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Nélieu S, Stobiecki M, Einhorn J. Tandem solid-phase extraction of atrazine ozonation products in water. J Chromatogr A 2000; 866:195-201. [PMID: 10670809 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)01113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The preconcentration of aqueous solutions containing atrazine degradation products was investigated using solid-phase extraction on octadecyl and cation-exchanger silica phases. The retention and elution steps were studied and evaluated separately in order to define and optimize the critical experimental parameters involved. A strategy which combines sequentially both phases is proposed to fractionate compounds into two groups of increasing polarities: firstly, the native pesticide, hydroxyatrazine and most chlorotriazines on octadecyl support, and secondly monodealkylated hydroxytriazines, ammeline and ammelide on cation-exchanger. This tandem procedure was successfully applied for analysing and quantifying atrazine ozonation products and its efficiency demonstrated using [U-ring 14C]-labelled atrazine experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nélieu
- Unité de Phytopharmacie et Médiateurs Chimiques, INRA, Versailles, France
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Tolosa I, Douy B, Carvalho FP. Comparison of the performance of graphitized carbon black and poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) cartridges for the determination of pesticides and industrial phosphates in environmental waters. J Chromatogr A 1999; 864:121-36. [PMID: 10630877 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00989-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The determination of polar and nonpolar organophosphorus compounds, triazines and their metabolites, molinate and chlorothalonil in 1 l water samples was investigated using off-line solid-phase extraction followed by gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus and flame photometric detection. The ethylvinylbenzene-divinylbenzene copolymer (LiChrolut EN) and the commercial graphitized carbon black (GCB) of Envi-Carb were tested as solid-phase sorbents. The matrix effect was studied by extracting the compounds spiked in water samples of different types (Milli-Q, tap, salted tap water, river and sea water). The polymeric sorbent LiChrolut EN allowed the determination at low ng/l of all 40 compounds tested, except the very polar atrazine-desethyl-deisopropyl (DDA). Recoveries of compounds from the Envi-Carb sorbent are comparable to those obtained for LiChrolut EN with the exception of chlorothalonil and the more hydrophobic organophosphorus compounds (coumaphos, leptophos), which were strongly sorbed in the Envi-Carb cartridges. Envi-Carb, however, enabled the determination of DDA with a limit of detection of 14 ng/l.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tolosa
- International Atomic Energy Agency-Marine Environment Laboratory, Monaco, Monaco.
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Lingeman H, Hoekstra-Oussoren SJ. Particle-loaded membranes for sample concentration and/or clean-up in bioanalysis. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 689:221-37. [PMID: 9061497 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00363-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Solid-phase extraction nowadays is a major sample preparation tool. The latest development in this area is the introduction of particle-loaded membranes (membrane-extraction disks). The potential of these extraction membranes in bioanalysis is discussed with respect to recoveries, reproducibility, sensitivity and speed. A comparison is made between liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction using traditional sorbents and extraction disks, and off-line and on-line techniques. Particle-loaded membranes are available in disks with diameters of 4-90 mm. The 25-90 mm disks are mainly used for off-line extractions of mainly environmental samples, while the 4 mm disks are available in the so-called drug tubes that can be used in the same way as conventional extraction cartridges for the extraction of drugs from biological fluids. The main advantage of using drug tubes is the smaller desorption volume and, therefore, the increased sensitivity. Cutting smaller disks, from the commercially available disks, allows the use of on-line extractions in column-switching systems. The main conclusion is that in many cases particle-loaded membranes are more efficient than packed solid-phase extraction cartridges.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lingeman
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Free University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Redondo M, Ruiz M, Boluda R, Font G. Optimization of a solid-phase extraction technique for the extraction of pesticides from soil samples. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00399-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Prosen H, Zupančič-Kralj L, Marsel J. Optimization of an analytical procedure for the determination of triazine herbicides in environmental samples. J Chromatogr A 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00015-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Martínez R, Gonzalo E, Fernández E, Méndez J. Membrane extraction-preconcentration cell coupled on-line to flow-injection and liquid chromatographic systems. Determination of triazines in oils. Anal Chim Acta 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(94)00661-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Determination of didealkylatrazine in water by graphitized carbon black extraction followed by gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(94)00508-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Barceló D, Chiron S, Lacorte S, Martinez E, Salau J, Hennion M. Solid-phase sample preparation and stability of pesticides in water using Empore disks. Trends Analyt Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0165-9936(94)85006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Oostdyk T, Grob R, Snyder J, McNally M. Solid‐phase extraction of primary aromatic amines from aqueous samples; comparison with liquid‐liquid extraction techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/10934529409376135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Redondo M, Ruiz M, Boluda R, Font G. Determination of thiobencarb residues in water and soil using solid-phase extraction discs. J Chromatogr A 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)80487-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Mills M, Thurman E, Pedersen M. Application of mixed-mode, solid-phase extraction in environmental and clinical chemistry. J Chromatogr A 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)80349-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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