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Bowden D, Krysiak Y, Palatinus L, Tsivoulas D, Plana-Ruiz S, Sarakinou E, Kolb U, Stewart D, Preuss M. A high-strength silicide phase in a stainless steel alloy designed for wear-resistant applications. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1374. [PMID: 29636474 PMCID: PMC5893616 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03875-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hardfacing alloys provide strong, wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant coatings for extreme environments such as those within nuclear reactors. Here, we report an ultra-high-strength Fe-Cr-Ni silicide phase, named π-ferrosilicide, within a hardfacing Fe-based alloy. Electron diffraction tomography has allowed the determination of the atomic structure of this phase. Nanohardness testing indicates that the π-ferrosilicide phase is up to 2.5 times harder than the surrounding austenite and ferrite phases. The compressive strength of the π-ferrosilicide phase is exceptionally high and does not yield despite loading in excess of 1.6 GPa. Such a high-strength silicide phase could not only provide a new type of strong, wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant Fe-based coating, replacing more costly and hazardous Co-based alloys for nuclear applications, but also lead to the development of a new class of high-performance silicide-strengthened stainless steels, no longer reliant on carbon for strengthening.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bowden
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Y Krysiak
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Jakob-Welder-Weg 11, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - L Palatinus
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Physics, Na Slovance 2, 18040, Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - D Tsivoulas
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,Wood plc, 601 Faraday Street, Birchwood Park, Warrington, WA3 6GN, UK
| | - S Plana-Ruiz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Jakob-Welder-Weg 11, 55099, Mainz, Germany.,LENS, MIND/IN2UB, Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Physics, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - E Sarakinou
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,Interface Analysis Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK
| | - U Kolb
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Jakob-Welder-Weg 11, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - D Stewart
- Rolls-Royce plc, Derby, DE24 8BJ, UK
| | - M Preuss
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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Godoi R, Aerts K, Harlay J, Kaegi R, Ro CU, Chou L, Van Grieken R. Organic surface coating on Coccolithophores - Emiliania huxleyi: Its determination and implication in the marine carbon cycle. Microchem J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2008.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sobanska S, Falgayrac G, Laureyns J, Brémard C. Chemistry at level of individual aerosol particle using multivariate curve resolution of confocal Raman image. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2006; 64:1102-9. [PMID: 16488185 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2005.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2005] [Revised: 11/04/2005] [Accepted: 11/24/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particles with aerodynamic diameter in the 10-1 microm range have been collected in an industrial/urban zone by impaction and have been investigated by automated confocal Raman microspectrometry. The computer-microcontrolled XY scanning and Z focusing of Raman images provided many pixel Raman spectra which are characteristics of complex mixture at level of individual particle. The large heterogeneity was not resolved by the spatial resolution of the instrument which is limited by the optical diffraction. The severe spectral overlaps generated by heterogeneity were resolved by multivariate curve resolution (MCR) methods. The purity based method (SIMPLISMAX) was used to resolve both luminescence spectra and pure Raman spectra without prior information. The MCR-alternating least square (ALS) was used as a refined method of both spectra and spectral concentrations. The reconstructing Raman images of the respective spectral contribution supply a versatile potential to characterize the chemistry of atmospheric aerosols at the level of the individual particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Sobanska
- Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman, UMR-CNRS 8516, CERLA FR-CNRS 2416, University of Sciences and Technologies of Lille, Bât C5, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex F-59655, France.
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Laskin A, Iedema MJ, Ichkovich A, Graber ER, Taraniuk I, Rudich Y. Direct observation of completely processed calcium carbonate dust particles. Faraday Discuss 2005; 130:453-68; discussion 491-517, 519-24. [PMID: 16161798 DOI: 10.1039/b417366j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study presents, for the first time, field evidence of complete, irreversible processing of solid calcium carbonate (calcite)-containing particles and quantitative formation of liquid calcium nitrate particles apparently as a result of heterogeneous reaction of calcium carbonate-containing mineral dust particles with gaseous nitric acid. Formation of nitrates from individual calcite and sea salt particles was followed as a function of time in aerosol samples collected at Shoresh, Israel. Morphology and compositional changes of individual particles were observed using conventional scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (SEM/EDX) and computer controlled SEM/EDX. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) was utilized to determine and demonstrate the hygroscopic behavior of calcium nitrate particles found in some of the samples. Calcium nitrate particles are exceptionally hygroscopic and deliquesce even at very low relative humidity (RH) of 9-11% which is lower than typical atmospheric environments. Transformation of non-hygroscopic dry mineral dust particles into hygroscopic wet aerosol may have substantial impacts on light scattering properties, the ability to modify clouds and heterogeneous chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Laskin
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, WA, 99352, USA.
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Ro CU, Osán J, Szalóki I, de Hoog J, Worobiec A, Van Grieken R. A Monte Carlo program for quantitative electron-induced X-ray analysis of individual particles. Anal Chem 2003; 75:851-9. [PMID: 12622376 DOI: 10.1021/ac025973r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A versatile Monte Carlo program for quantitative particle analysis in electron probe X-ray microanalysis is presented. The program includes routines for simulating electron-solid interactions in microparticles lying on a flat surface and calculating the generated X-ray signal. Simulation of the whole X-ray spectrum as well as phi(z) curves is possible. The most important facility of the program is the reverse Monte Carlo quantification of the chemical composition of microparticles, including low-Z elements, such as C, N, O, and F. This quantification method is based on the combination of a single scattering Monte Carlo simulation and a robust successive approximation. An iteration procedure is employed; in each iteration step, the Monte Carlo simulation program calculates characteristic X-ray intensities, and a new set of concentration values for chemical elements in the particle is determined. When the simulated X-ray intensities converge to the measured ones, the input values of elemental concentrations used for the simulation are determined as chemical compositions of the particle. This quantification procedure was evaluated by investigating various types of standard particles, and good accuracy of the methodology was demonstrated. A methodology for heterogeneity assessment of single particles is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Un Ro
- Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, ChunCheon, KangWonDo, 200-702, Korea.
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