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Sakanoue K, Fiorani A, Santo CI, Irkham, Valenti G, Paolucci F, Einaga Y. Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode Outperforms the State-of-the-Art Electrochemiluminescence from Microbeads Immunoassay. ACS Sens 2022; 7:1145-1155. [PMID: 35298151 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a powerful transduction technique where light emission from a molecular species is triggered by an electrochemical reaction. Application to biosensors has led to a wide range of electroanalytical methods with particular impact on clinical analysis for diagnostic and therapeutic monitoring. Therefore, the quest for increasing the sensitivity while maintaining reproducible and easy procedures has brought investigations and innovations in (i) electrode materials, (ii) luminophores, and (iii) reagents. Particularly, the ECL signal is strongly affected by the electrode material and its surface modification during the ECL experiments. Here, we exploit boron-doped diamond (BDD) as an electrode material in microbead-based ECL immunoassay to be compared with the approach used in commercial instrumentation. We conducted a careful characterization of ECL signals from a tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)32+)/tri-n-propylamine (TPrA) system, both homogeneous (i.e., free diffusing Ru(bpy)32+) and heterogeneous (i.e., Ru(bpy)32+ bound on microbeads). We investigated the methods to promote TPrA oxidation, which led to the enhancement of ECL intensity, and the results revealed that the BDD surface properties greatly affect the ECL emission, so it does the addition of neutral, cationic, or anionic surfactants. Our results from homogeneous and heterogeneous microbead-based ECL show opposite outcomes, which have practical consequences in ECL optimization. In conclusion, by using Ru(bpy)32+-labeled immunoglobulins bound on microbeads, the ECL resulted in an increase of 70% and a double signal-to-noise ratio compared to platinum electrodes, which are actually used in commercial instrumentation for clinical analysis. This research infers that microbead-based ECL immunoassays with a higher sensitivity can be realized by BDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Sakanoue
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Andrea Fiorani
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Claudio Ignazio Santo
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Irkham
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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Wang H, Wang F, Wu T, Liu Y. Highly Active Electrochemiluminescence of Ruthenium Complex Co-assembled Chalcogenide Nanoclusters and the Application for Label-Free Detection of Alkaline Phosphatase. Anal Chem 2021; 93:15794-15801. [PMID: 34779626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rational design of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) reagents is essential for the development of ECL biosensors with superior performances. In this work, the assembly of tris(1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) [Ru(phen)32+] and tetrahedral chalcogenide nanoclusters of [Cd32S14(SC6H5)38]2- in the formation of complex nanoclusters (CdS-Ru) was developed, in which Ru(phen)32+ was uniformly encapsulated and dispersed at a molecular level in the chalcogenide nanocluster via multiple noncovalent interactions. It was observed that the promoted ECL emission was realized by the charge transfer between the tetrahedral CdS nanocluster and Ru(phen)32+ by the formation of the assembly complex, which was elucidated by cyclic voltammetry curves, ECL-potential curves, and in situ dynamic ECL spectra. Taking advantages of the facile charge transfer in the open framework CdS-Ru, a high ECL efficiency has been achieved with remarkable stability. Moreover, a solid-state ECL sensor based on the CdS-Ru modified electrode was fabricated for label-free detection of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity with a detection limit as low as 0.35 U/L and superior reproducibility. This solid-state ECL sensor also displayed favorable selectivity among various interferences and was applied for ALP activity analysis in human serum samples. These results implicated the potential applications of CdS-Ru for sensitive ECL analysis in complicated reaction systems and enlightened the rational design for self-enhanced and highly efficient ECL materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongye Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tao Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Kerr E, Alexander R, Francis PS, Guijt RM, Barbante GJ, Doeven EH. A Comparison of Commercially Available Screen-Printed Electrodes for Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Applications. Front Chem 2021; 8:628483. [PMID: 33585404 PMCID: PMC7875866 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.628483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined a series of commercially available screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) for their suitability for electrochemical and electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) detection systems. Using cyclic voltammetry with both a homogeneous solution-based and a heterogeneous bead-based ECL assay format, the most intense ECL signals were observed from unmodified carbon-based SPEs. Three commercially available varieties were tested, with Zensor outperforming DropSens and Kanichi in terms of sensitivity. The incorporation of nanomaterials in the electrode did not significantly enhance the ECL intensity under the conditions used in this evaluation (such as gold nanoparticles 19%, carbon nanotubes 45%, carbon nanofibers 21%, graphene 48%, and ordered mesoporous carbon 21% compared to the ECL intensity of unmodified Zensor carbon electrode). Platinum and gold SPEs exhibited poor relative ECL intensities (16% and 10%) when compared to carbonaceous materials, due to their high rates of surface oxide formation and inefficient oxidation of tri-n-propylamine (TPrA). However, the ECL signal at platinum electrodes can be increased ∼3-fold with the addition of a surfactant, which enhanced TPrA oxidation due to increasing the hydrophobicity of the electrode surface. Our results also demonstrate that each SPE should only be used once, as we observed a significant change in ECL intensity over repeated CV scans and SPEs cannot be mechanically polished to refresh the electrode surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Kerr
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard Alexander
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul S Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Rosanne M Guijt
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Gregory J Barbante
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia
| | - Egan H Doeven
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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2-(Dibutylamino)ethyl acrylate as a highly efficient co-reactant of Ru(bpy)32+ electrochemiluminescence for selective detection of cysteine. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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5
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Gai QQ, Wang DM, Huang RF, Liang XX, Wu HL, Tao XY. Distance-dependent quenching and enhancing of electrochemiluminescence from tris(2, 2′-bipyridine) ruthenium (II)/tripropylamine system by gold nanoparticles and its sensing applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 118:80-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Carrara S, Aliprandi A, Hogan CF, De Cola L. Aggregation-Induced Electrochemiluminescence of Platinum(II) Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:14605-14610. [PMID: 28914532 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We report the electrochemiluminescence properties of square-planar Pt(II) complexes that result from the formation of supramolecular nanostructures. We define this new phenomenon as aggregation-induced electrochemiluminescence (AIECL). In this system, self-assembly changes the HOMO and LUMO energies, making their population accessible via ECL pathways and leading to the generation of the luminescent excited state. Significantly, the emission from the self-assembled system is the first example of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of Pt(II) complexes in aqueous solution having higher efficiency than the standard, Ru(bpy)32+.The finding can lead to a new generation of bright emitters that can be used as ECL labels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Carrara
- ISIS & icFRC, Universitè de Strasbourg & CNRS , 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alessandro Aliprandi
- ISIS & icFRC, Universitè de Strasbourg & CNRS , 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Conor F Hogan
- Departiment of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University , Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Luisa De Cola
- ISIS & icFRC, Universitè de Strasbourg & CNRS , 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France.,Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , KIT Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
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7
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Kirschbaum-Harriman S, Mayer M, Duerkop A, Hirsch T, Baeumner AJ. Signal enhancement and low oxidation potentials for miniaturized ECL biosensors via N-butyldiethanolamine. Analyst 2017; 142:2469-2474. [PMID: 28590001 DOI: 10.1039/c7an00261k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present studies on ruthenium-based electrochemiluminescence (ECL) focusing on conditions supporting signal enhancement and low oxidation potentials. Low oxidation potentials (LOPs) are especially attractive for miniaturized ECL biosensors, as microfabricated electrodes tend to detach from their support when used with high currents and operated at high potentials. Furthermore, high potentials or current densities can lead to damage of typical biosensor surface coatings and biological probes. The possibility of generating LOP ECL signals at a potential below 900 mV was therefore studied for Ru(bpy)32+ with two typical coreactants, i.e. 2-(dibutylamino)ethanol (DBAE) and tripropylamine (TPA), as well as with the tertiary amine N-butyldiethanolamine (NBEA). Furthermore, the effect of buffer components and pH values on ECL signal generation was investigated. We could show a significant LOP ECL signal for NBEA. We found that Tris buffer, with its ability to form complexes with transition metal ions, has a positive influence on this ECL signal in terms of signal strength and LOP capabilities. Specifically, at basic pH values significant increases in ECL signals were observed at 900 mV and at 1.2 V. In fact, the ECL signal at 1.2 V was three times higher than the signal observed in phosphate buffer at a pH of 7, and it was thirty times higher than the ECL signal for TPA under these conditions. The LOP signal for NBEA in Tris buffer at pH 8.5 was similar to the signal obtained for TPA in phosphate buffer at pH 8.5 but three times higher than for TPA at pH 7.0. Interestingly, the coreactant DBAE was neither significantly influenced by the buffer system or pH nor did it present a valuable LOP ECL signal. Finally, it was found that high peak currents in cyclic voltammograms are not the indicators for high ECL signals, which should be obvious because the ECL mechanism requires more complex electron transfers. Overall, the standard TPA ECL at 1.2 V in phosphate buffer at pH 7.0 can successfully be replaced by NBEA ECL at 900 mV in Tris at pH 8.5 providing significantly higher signals accompanied by more gentle electrochemical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Mayer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Axel Duerkop
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Hirsch
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Antje J Baeumner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany. and Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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8
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Kirschbaum-Harriman S, Duerkop A, Baeumner AJ. Improving ruthenium-based ECL through nonionic surfactants and tertiary amines. Analyst 2017; 142:2648-2653. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00197e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The influence of surfactants and coreactants on Ru(bpy)32+ electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) was investigated comparatively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Axel Duerkop
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry
- Chemo- and Biosensors
- University of Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Antje J. Baeumner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry
- Chemo- and Biosensors
- University of Regensburg
- Germany
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering
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9
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Valenti G, Fiorani A, Li H, Sojic N, Paolucci F. Essential Role of Electrode Materials in Electrochemiluminescence Applications. ChemElectroChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Valenti
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”; University of Bologna; Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Andrea Fiorani
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”; University of Bologna; Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Haidong Li
- University of Bordeaux; INP Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255, ENSCBP; 33607 Pessac France
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux; INP Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255, ENSCBP; 33607 Pessac France
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”; University of Bologna; Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
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10
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Zou F, Zhou W, Guan W, Lu C, Tang BZ. Screening of Photosensitizers by Chemiluminescence Monitoring of Formation Dynamics of Singlet Oxygen during Photodynamic Therapy. Anal Chem 2016; 88:9707-9713. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fengjuan Zou
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Weijiang Guan
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chao Lu
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department
of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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11
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Osborne SAM, Pikramenou Z. Highly luminescent gold nanoparticles: effect of ruthenium distance for nanoprobes with enhanced lifetimes. Faraday Discuss 2016; 185:219-31. [PMID: 26419274 DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00108k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The photophysical properties of gold nanoparticles, AuNPs, with sizes of 13, 50 and 100 nm in diameter, coated with surface-active ruthenium complexes have been studied to investigate the effect of the distance of the ruthenium luminescent centre from the gold surface. Luminescence lifetimes of the three ruthenium probes, RuS1, RuS6 and RuS12, with different length spacer units between the surface active groups and the ruthenium centre were taken. The metal complexes were attached to AuNP13, AuNP50 and AuNP100 via thiol groups using a method of precoating the nanoparticles with a fluorinated surfactant. The luminescence lifetime of the longer spacer unit complex, RuS12, was enhanced by 70% upon attachment to the AuNP when compared to the increase of the short and medium linker unit complexes, RuS1 (20%) and (RuS6 40%) respectively. The effect of the surfactant in the lifetime increase of the ruthenium coated AuNPs was shown to be larger for the medium spacer probe, RuS6. There was no effect of the change of the size of the AuNPs from 13 to 50 or 100 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shani A M Osborne
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Zoe Pikramenou
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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12
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Czioska S, Chen Z. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence of the tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(ii)/aliphatic amine system: a universal effect of perchlorate salts. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra24111a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simply adding perchlorate salts leads to enhanced Ru(bpy)32+ECL emission of different pathways by 1.5–6.6 times with a variety of aliphatic amines as coreactants in a wide pH range from pH 5 to 12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Czioska
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability
- Department of Chemistry
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
| | - Zuofeng Chen
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability
- Department of Chemistry
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
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13
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Kirschbaum SEK, Baeumner AJ. A review of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) in and for microfluidic analytical devices. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:3911-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8557-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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14
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Applications in analytical chemistry using the attractive properties of non-ionic fluorosurfactants. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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15
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Sentic M, Milutinovic M, Kanoufi F, Manojlovic D, Arbault S, Sojic N. Mapping electrogenerated chemiluminescence reactivity in space: mechanistic insight into model systems used in immunoassays. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc00312h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mapping the reactivity of a redox-sensitive luminescent microobject positioned in fluxes of reactive species allows analyzing complex mechanistic processes such as the electrogenerated chemiluminescence of model systems used in immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Sentic
- University of Bordeaux
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires
- CNRS UMR 5255
- 33607 Pessac, France
- University of Belgrade
| | - Milena Milutinovic
- University of Bordeaux
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires
- CNRS UMR 5255
- 33607 Pessac, France
- University of Belgrade
| | | | | | - Stéphane Arbault
- University of Bordeaux
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires
- CNRS UMR 5255
- 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires
- CNRS UMR 5255
- 33607 Pessac, France
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17
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Yuan Y, Han S, Hu L, Parveen S, Xu G. Coreactants of tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.03.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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Li MJ, Liu X, Shi YQ, Xie RJ, Wei QH, Chen GN. Synthesis, structure, photophysics and electrochemiluminescence of Re(i) tricarbonyl complexes with cationic 2,2-bipyridyl ligands. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:10612-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt30074e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Li L, Gao W, Huang W, Cai Z, Hu D, Li Y. Electrochemiluminescence of SDBS-Ru(bpy)32+-CPM System and Its Application. CHINESE J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Li J, Wang E. Applications of tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) in electrochemiluminescence. CHEM REC 2011; 12:177-87. [PMID: 22170737 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) [Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)] has received considerable interest over broad applications due to its remarkably high sensitivity and extremely wide dynamic range. After a brief introduction of the ECL of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+), an overview of our recent research on enhanced ECL, fabrication of solid-state ECL sensors, analytical application of an effective bioassay, and alignment of ECL with capillary electrophoresis (CE) and microchip CE is discussed in detail. Finally, we conclude with a look at the future challenges and prospects of the development of ECL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, PR China
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21
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Synthesis and electrochemiluminescence studies of tricarbonylrhenium(I) complexes with a cationic 2,2′-bipyridyl ligand. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Yuan Y, Li H, Han S, Hu L, Parveen S, Xu G. Vitamin C derivatives as new coreactants for tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) electrochemiluminescence. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 701:169-73. [PMID: 21801884 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin C derivatives (VCDs) have been widely used as the alternative and stable sources of vitamin C, and accordingly exhibit many new applications, such as anti-tumor and central nervous system drug delivery. In this study, their Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) electrochemiluminescence (ECL) properties have been investigated for the first time using well-known ascorbyl phosphate and ascorbyl palmitate as representative VCDs. Ascorbyl phosphate and ascorbyl palmitate are VCDs with different substituted positions. Both of them increase Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) ECL, indicating that other VCDs may also enhance Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) ECL signal. The calibration plot for ascorbyl phosphate is linear from 3×10(-6) to 1.0×10(-3) M with a detection limit of 1.4×10(-6) M at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. The relative standard deviation is 3.6% for six replicate measurements of 0.01mM ascorbyl 2-phosphate solution. The proposed method is about one order of magnitude more sensitive than electrochemical and UV-vis methods for the determination of ascorbyl phosphate, and is used successfully for the determination of ascorbyl phosphate in whitening and moisturising body wash.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022,
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LI LJ, GAO WY, CAI Z, HU DC, LI YQ, LAI YB. Electrochemiluminescence of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Ru(bpy)32+-Verapamil Hydrochloride System and Its Application. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(10)60458-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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24
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Huang R, Wei MY, Guo LH. Enhanced electrogenerated chemiluminescence of /tripropylamine system on indium tin oxide nanoparticle modified transparent electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Roop J, Nothnagel M, Schnuriger M, Richter MM, Baker GA. Ionic liquid adsorbate enhanced electrogenerated chemiluminescence of ruthenium, osmium, and iridium complexes in water. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Liu DY, Xin YY, He XW, Yin XB. The electrochemiluminescence of ruthenium complex/tripropylamine systems at DNA-modified gold electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:2703-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Liu DY, Zhao Y, He XW, Yin XB. Electrochemical aptasensor using the tripropylamine oxidation to probe intramolecular displacement between target and complementary nucleotide for protein array. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 26:2905-10. [PMID: 21183329 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tripropylamine (TPA) has different oxidation efficiency at double stranded (ds)-and single stranded (ss)-DNA-modified electrodes. Using this property, a simple but sensitive biosensor using TPA oxidation to probe the intramolecular displacement was constructed with the analysis of lysozyme as model for the first time. After the complementary ss-DNA strand of anti-lysozyme aptamer was immobilized onto gold electrode via gold-thiol bond, the incubation with the aptamer resulted in the formation of ds-DNA. Lysozyme (in 10 μL sample) binding with aptamer displaced the complementary strand because of the high affinity of lysozyme and its aptamer, corresponding to the dissociation of the ds-DNA. The modified electrode was swept in 20mM TPA solution from 0.2 to 0.95 V. The difference in oxidation current was used to quantify the content of lysozyme with a linear range from 1.0 pM to 1.1 nM. That means 10 amol or 6.0 × 10(6) lysozyme molecules can be detected. Because the signal is produced from the preconcentrated TPA at the electrode surface, the high sensitivity is achieved over the single site labelling strategy. The proposed method is simple, stable, specific, and time-saving while the complicated sample pre-treatment and the labelling to the DNA strand are avoided. The biosensor was validated by the analysis of the diluted egg white sample directly. The recovery and reproducibility were 93.3-100% and 1.4-4.2%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yuan Liu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
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Liu DY, Xin YY, He XW, Yin XB. A sensitive, non-damaging electrochemiluminescent aptasensor via a low potential approach at DNA-modified gold electrodes. Analyst 2010; 136:479-85. [PMID: 20938512 DOI: 10.1039/c0an00607f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL)-based biosensors are often used in the field of DNA- and protein-assay. Although ruthenium complex-based ECL is sensitive, its high exciting potential may lead to oxidation damage to biomolecules. For the first time, a non-damaging, low potential ECL aptasensor was constructed for bioassay with lysozyme as a model. After a single-stranded anti-lysozyme aptamer was attached to a gold electrode, a double stranded (ds)-DNA formed with its complementary strand. Ru(phen)(3)(2+), as an ECL probe, was intercalated into the ds-DNA. The hybridization of lysozyme with its aptamer led to the dissociation of ds-DNA because of the high stability of the aptamer-lysozyme and therefore the Ru(phen)(3)(2+) intercalated into ds-DNA was released. A low potential ECL was observed at the ds-DNA-modified electrode because ds-DNA was able to preconcentrate tripropylamine (TPA) and acted as the acceptor of the protons released from protonated TPAH(+). While the DNA sequence (anti-lysozyme aptamer) was used as the special recognition element for lysozyme, the formed ds-DNA also provided a micro-environment for low potential ECL. The low potential ECL aptasensor achieved the determination of lysozyme with a detection limit of 0.45 pM. The day-to-day precision (RSDs, n = 5) for the determination of lysozyme was lower than 5%, showing the reliability of the aptasensor. The regeneration of the aptasensor confirmed that the low potential for ECL could decrease oxidation damage to biomolecules. Further, the proposed method was successfully used to analyze diluted egg white sample directly. The protocol exhibited a promising platform for sensitive bioassay and could be further applied for the development of other low potential ECL sensing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yuan Liu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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Li H, Shi L, Liu X, Niu W, Xu G. Determination of isocyanates by capillary electrophoresis with tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) electrochemiluminescence. Electrophoresis 2010; 30:3926-31. [PMID: 19885882 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CE with tris(2,2'-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)(3) (2+)) electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection for the quantitative determination of isocyanates was first reported. Hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and hexyl isocyanate (HI) were used as the model analytes. Commercially available N,N-diethyl-N'-methylethylenediamine was used as the derivatization reagent. It has both a secondary amine group and a tertiary amine group. The secondary amine group can quantitatively react with isocyanate group, and the tertiary amine group can react with Ru(bpy)(3) (2+) to produce strong ECL signal for sensitive detection. The derivatization reaction was almost instantaneous and is much faster than other reported derivative reactions using other derivative reagents. The urea formed was stable. Linear calibration curve was obtained in the range from 0.01 to 10 microM for HDI, and 0.02 to 20 microM for hexyl isocyanate (HI). The detection limit is 0.01 microM for HDI and 0.02 microM for HI. The method is more sensitive than UV-detection and electrochemical detection. For practical application, recovery higher than 90% for HDI and HI was obtained for foam sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P. R. China
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Tang CX, Zhao Y, He XW, Yin XB. A “turn-on” electrochemiluminescent biosensor for detecting Hg2+ at femtomole level based on the intercalation of Ru(phen)32+ into ds-DNA. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:9022-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc03495a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Pennington NS, Richter MM, Carlson B. Efficient electrogenerated chemiluminescence from osmium(ii) polypyridine systems containing tetraphenylarsine or diphenylphosphine ligands. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:1586-90. [DOI: 10.1039/b912877h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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33
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Electrochemiluminescence from tris(2,2′-bipyridyl) ruthenium (II) in the presence of aminocarboxylic acid co-reactants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-009-0136-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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34
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Xing B, Yin XB. Novel poly-dopamine adhesive for a halloysite nanotube-Ru(bpy)(3)2+ electrochemiluminescent sensor. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6451. [PMID: 19649294 PMCID: PMC2714183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, for the first time, the electrochemiluminescent sensor based on Ru(bpy)32+-modified electrode using dopamine as an adhesive was successfully developed. After halloysite nanotube slurry was cast on a glassy carbon electrode and dried, an alkaline dopamine solution was added on the electrode surface. Initially, polydopamine belts with dimensions of tens to hundreds of nanometers formed via oxidization of the dopamine by ambient oxygen. As the incubation time increased, the nanobelts became broader and then united with each other to form a polydopamine film. The halloysite nanotubes were embedded within the polydopamine film. The above electrode was soaked in Ru(bpy)32+ aqueous solution to adsorb Ru(bpy)32+ into the active sites of the halloysite nanotubes via cation-exchange procedure. Through this simple procedure, a Ru(bpy)32+-modified electrode was obtained using only 6.25 µg Ru(bpy)32+, 15.0 µg dopamine, and 9.0 µg halloysite nanotubes. The electrochemistry and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of the modified electrode was investigated using tripropylamine (TPA) and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) as co-reactants. The different ECL behaviors of the modified electrode using NTA and TPA as well as the contact angle measurements reflected the hydrophilic character of the electrode. The results indicate that halloysite nanotubes have a high loading capacity for Ru(bpy)32+ and that dopamine is suitable for the preparation of modified electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xing
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Bo Yin
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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35
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Jiang P, Yan L, Liu YH, Yuan HY, Xiao D. Enhanced Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of Tris(2,2′-bipyridyl) Ruthenium(II)/tripropylamine in the Presence of Pyridine and Its Analogues. ELECTROANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200804585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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36
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Xing B, Yin XB. Electrochemiluminescence from hydrophilic thin film Ru(bpy)32+-modified electrode prepared using natural halloysite nanotubes and polyacrylamide gel. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24:2939-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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37
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Zanarini S, Rampazzo E, Ciana LD, Marcaccio M, Marzocchi E, Montalti M, Paolucci F, Prodi L. Ru(bpy)3 Covalently Doped Silica Nanoparticles as Multicenter Tunable Structures for Electrochemiluminescence Amplification. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:2260-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja8077158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Zanarini
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Universitá di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy and Cyanagen srl via Stradelli Guelfi, 40/c, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrico Rampazzo
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Universitá di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy and Cyanagen srl via Stradelli Guelfi, 40/c, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Leopoldo Della Ciana
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Universitá di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy and Cyanagen srl via Stradelli Guelfi, 40/c, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Marcaccio
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Universitá di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy and Cyanagen srl via Stradelli Guelfi, 40/c, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Ettore Marzocchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Universitá di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy and Cyanagen srl via Stradelli Guelfi, 40/c, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Montalti
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Universitá di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy and Cyanagen srl via Stradelli Guelfi, 40/c, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Universitá di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy and Cyanagen srl via Stradelli Guelfi, 40/c, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Prodi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Universitá di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy and Cyanagen srl via Stradelli Guelfi, 40/c, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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Forster RJ, Bertoncello P, Keyes TE. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2009; 2:359-385. [PMID: 20636067 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-060908-155305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In electrogenerated chemiluminescence, also known as electrochemiluminescence (ECL), electrochemically generated intermediates undergo a highly exergonic reaction to produce an electronically excited state that then emits light. These electron-transfer reactions are sufficiently exergonic to allow the excited states of luminophores, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metal complexes, to be created without photoexcitation. For example, oxidation of [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) in the presence of tripropylamine results in light emission that is analogous to the emission produced by photoexcitation. This review highlights some of the most exciting recent developments in this field, including novel ECL-generating transition metal complexes, especially ruthenium and osmium polypyridine systems; ECL-generating monolayers and thin films; the use of nanomaterials; and analytical, especially clinical, applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Forster
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, National Center for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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39
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Li H, Liu X, Niu W, Zhu S, Fan L, Shi L, Xu G. CEC with tris(2,2′-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) electrochemiluminescent detection. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:4475-81. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujian Miao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, USA.
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41
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Yin XB, Sha BB, Zhang XH, He XW, Xie H. The Factors Affecting the Electrochemiluminescence of Tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)Ruthenium(II)/Tertiary Amines. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200704156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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42
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Li MJ, Chen Z, Zhu N, Yam VWW, Zu Y. Electrochemiluminescence of Ruthenium(II) Complexes Functionalized with Crown Ether Pendants and Effects of Cation Binding. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:1218-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ic7019582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Jin Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuofeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Nianyong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Vivian Wing-Wah Yam
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanbing Zu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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43
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Oligothiophene-2-yl-vinyl bridged mono- and binuclear ruthenium(II) tris-bipyridine complexes: Synthesis, photophysics, electrochemistry and electrogenerated chemiluminescence. J Organomet Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2007.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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44
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Vinyard DJ, Richter MM. Enhanced Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence in the Presence of Fluorinated Alcohols. Anal Chem 2007; 79:6404-9. [PMID: 17602674 DOI: 10.1021/ac071028x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemistry, UV-vis absorption, photoluminescence (PL), and coreactant electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) of Ru(bpy)3(2+) (where bpy=2,2'-bipyridine) have been obtained in a series of hydroxylic solvents. The solvents included fluorinated and nonfluorinated alcohols and alcohol/water mixtures. Tri-n-propylamine was used as the oxidative-reductive ECL coreactant. Blue shifts of up to 30 nm in PL emission wavelength maximums are observed compared to a Ru(bpy)3(2+)/H2O standard due to interactions of the polar excited state (i.e., *Ru(bpy)3(2+)) with the solvent media. For example, Ru(bpy)3(2+) in water has an emission maximum of 599 nm while in the more polar hexafluoropropanol and trifluoroethanol it is 562 and 571 nm, respectively. ECL spectra are similar to PL spectra, indicating the same excited state is formed in both experiments. The difference between the electrochemically reversible oxidation (Ru(bpy)3(2+/3+)) and first reduction (Ru(bpy)2(2+/1+)) correlates well with the energy gap observed in the luminescence experiments. Although the ECL is linear in all solvents with [Ru(bpy)3(2+)] ranging from 100 to 0.1 nm, little correlation between the polarity of the solvent and the ECL efficiency (phiecl=number of photons per redox event) was observed. However, dramatic increases in phiecl ranging from 6- to 270-fold were seen in mixed alcohol/water solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Vinyard
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri State University, Springfield, Missouri 65897, USA
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Komori K, Takada K, Hatozaki O, Oyama N. Electrochemiluminescence of Ru(II) complexes immobilized on a magnetic microbead surface: distribution of magnetic microbeads on the electrode surface and effect of azide ion. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:6446-52. [PMID: 17439254 DOI: 10.1021/la063120e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of magnetic microbeads modified with tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) ([Ru(bpy)3]2+) was studied in the presence of tri-n-propylamine (TPA) to develop highly sensitive ECL detection system, where the employed microbead has a diameter of 4.5 microm. The ECL signal of the [Ru(bpy)3]2+ derivative-modified magnetic microbeads was found to be affected by the geometrical distribution of the magnetic microbeads on the electrode surface. The ECL peak intensity increased with increasing the number of the beads on the electrode surfaces up to 1.6 x 10(6) beads cm(-2), although above 1.6 x 10(6) beads cm(-2), it decreased. The ECL decrease arises from the physical prevention of the ECL from reaching the photomultiplier tube by the excessive beads. The observed peak ECL signal of the [Ru(bpy)3]2+ derivative-modified magnetic microbeads in the presence of NaN3, which serves as a preservative substance, mainly appeared at a potential of +0.90 V vs Ag/AgCl where [Ru(bpy)3]2+ is hardly oxidized, whereas the ECL signal in the absence of NaN3 appeared at a potential of +1.15 V. The presence of NaN3 on the electrode surface retards formation of an oxide layer on the electrode surfaces and promotes TPA oxidation. The ECL response at +0.90 V was mainly attributed to ECL reaction of excited-state [Ru(bpy)3]2+* formed by oxidation of [Ru(bpy)3]+ with TPA radical cation, where the [Ru(bpy)3]+ was generated by reduction of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ with TPA radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kikuo Komori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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46
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Shi L, Liu X, Li H, Xu G. Electrochemiluminescent detection based on solid-phase extraction at tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II)-modified ceramic carbon electrode. Anal Chem 2007; 78:7330-4. [PMID: 17037940 DOI: 10.1021/ac060767v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive electrochemiluminescent detection scheme by solid-phase extraction at Ru(bpy)3(2+)-modified ceramic carbon electrodes (CCEs) was developed. The as-prepared Ru(bpy)3(2+)-modified CCEs show much better long-term stability than other Nafion-based Ru(bpy)3(2+)-modified electrodes and enjoy the inherent advantages of CCEs. The log-log calibration plot for dioxopromethazine is linear from 1.0 x 10(-9) to 1.0 x 10(-4) mol L(-1) using the new detection scheme. The detection limit is 6.6 x 10(-10) mol L(-1) at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. The new scheme improves the sensitivity by approximately 3 orders of magnitude, which is the most sensitive Ru(bpy)3(2+) ECL method. The scheme allows the detection of dioxopromethazine in a urine sample within 3 min. Since Ru(bpy)3(2+) ECL is a powerful technique for determination of numerous amine-containing substances, the new detection scheme holds great promise in measurement of free concentrations, investigation of protein-drug interactions and DNA-drug interactions, pharmaceutical analysis, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
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47
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Liu X, Shi L, Niu W, Li H, Xu G. Environmentally Friendly and Highly Sensitive Ruthenium(II) Tris(2,2′-bipyridyl) Electrochemiluminescent System Using 2-(Dibutylamino)ethanol as Co-Reactant. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:421-4. [PMID: 17146822 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200603491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Liu
- Department State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P.R. China
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48
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Liu X, Shi L, Niu W, Li H, Xu G. Environmentally Friendly and Highly Sensitive Ruthenium(II) Tris(2,2′-bipyridyl) Electrochemiluminescent System Using 2-(Dibutylamino)ethanol as Co-Reactant. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200603491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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50
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High electrochemiluminescence intensity of the Ru(bpy)3 2+/oxalate system on a platinum net electrode. Mikrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-006-0687-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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