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Gorzkowska‐Sobas A, Lausund KB, de Koning MC, Petrovic V, Chavan SM, Smith MW, Nilsen O. Utilizing Zirconium MOF-functionalized Fiber Substrates Prepared by Molecular Layer Deposition for Toxic Gas Capture and Chemical Warfare Agent Degradation. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2021; 5:2100001. [PMID: 34938573 PMCID: PMC8671619 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of porous organic-inorganic solids extensively explored for numerous applications owing to their catalytic activity and high surface area. In this work MOF thin films deposited in a one-step, molecular layer deposition (MLD), an all-gas-phase process, on glass wool fibers are characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and their capabilities towards toxic industrial chemical (TIC) capture and chemical warfare agents (CWA) degradation are investigated. It is shown that despite low volume of the active material used, MOFs thin films are capable of removal of harmful gaseous chemicals from air stream and CWA from neutral aqueous environment. The results confirm that the MLD-deposited MOF thin films, amorphous and crystalline, are suitable materials for use in air filtration, decontamination, and physical protection against CWA and TIC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristian Blindheim Lausund
- Centre for Materials Science and NanotechnologyDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OsloSem Sælands vei 26Oslo0371Norway
- TNOLange Kleiweg 1372288GJ, RijswijkThe Netherlands
| | | | - Veljko Petrovic
- Centre for Materials Science and NanotechnologyDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OsloSem Sælands vei 26Oslo0371Norway
| | - Sachin M. Chavan
- Department of ChemistryBioscience and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of StavangerStavanger4036Norway
| | - Martin W. Smith
- CBR DivisionDefence Science & Technology LaboratoryPorton DownSalisburySP4 0JQUK
| | - Ola Nilsen
- Centre for Materials Science and NanotechnologyDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OsloSem Sælands vei 26Oslo0371Norway
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2
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Rapid and selective visual detection of DCNP (nerve gas mimic) in sea water and soil with a simple paper strip. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2019.100014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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3
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Isolation of the anionic toxin monofluoroacetate from a decontamination foam matrix. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Kim Y, Jang YJ, Mulay SV, Nguyen TTT, Churchill DG. Fluorescent Sensing of a Nerve Agent Simulant with Dual Emission over Wide pH Range in Aqueous Solution. Chemistry 2017; 23:7785-7790. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youngsam Kim
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-701 Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations; Institution of Basic Science (IBS); 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jeong Jang
- Chemical Defense Research Institute; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Sandip V. Mulay
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-701 Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations; Institution of Basic Science (IBS); 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Thuy-Tien T. Nguyen
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-701 Republic of Korea
| | - David G. Churchill
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-701 Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations; Institution of Basic Science (IBS); 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-701 Republic of Korea
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Jang YJ, Kim K, Tsay OG, Atwood DA, Churchill DG. Update 1 of: Destruction and Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents. Chem Rev 2015; 115:PR1-76. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jeong Jang
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kibong Kim
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Olga G. Tsay
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - David A. Atwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - David G. Churchill
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305−701, Republic of Korea
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Chemical analysis of bleach and hydroxide-based solutions after decontamination of the chemical warfare agent O-ethyl S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate (VX). Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:5111-9. [PMID: 24633585 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7674-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Detailed chemical analysis of solutions used to decontaminate chemical warfare agents can be used to support verification and forensic attribution. Decontamination solutions are amongst the most difficult matrices for chemical analysis because of their corrosive and potentially emulsion-based nature. Consequently, there are relatively few publications that report their detailed chemical analysis. This paper describes the application of modern analytical techniques to the analysis of decontamination solutions following decontamination of the chemical warfare agent O-ethyl S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate (VX). We confirm the formation of N,N-diisopropylformamide and N,N-diisopropylamine following decontamination of VX with hypochlorite-based solution, whereas they were not detected in extracts of hydroxide-based decontamination solutions by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We report the electron ionisation and chemical ionisation mass spectroscopic details, retention indices, and NMR spectra of N,N-diisopropylformamide and N,N-diisopropylamine, as well as analytical methods suitable for their analysis and identification in solvent extracts and decontamination residues.
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Schwarzenberg A, Ichou F, Cole RB, Machuron-Mandard X, Junot C, Lesage D, Tabet JC. Identification tree based on fragmentation rules for structure elucidation of organophosphorus esters by electrospray mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2013; 48:576-586. [PMID: 23674282 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds have played important roles as pesticides, chemical warfare agents and extractors of radioactive material. Structural elucidation of phosphonates poses a particular challenge because their initial forms can be hydrolyzed, thus, degradation products may predominate in samples acquired in the field. The analysis of non-volatile organophosphorus compounds and their degradation products is possible using electrospray tandem mass spectrometry ESI-MS/MS. Here, we present a generic strategy that allows the unambiguous identification of substituents for two families of organophosphorus compounds: the phosphonates and phosphates. General fragmentation rules were deduced based on the study of decomposition pathways of 55 organophosphorus esters, including examples found in the literature. Multistage MS (MS(n)) experiments at high resolution in a hybrid mass spectrometer provide accurate mass measurements, whereas collision-induced dissociation experiments in a triple quadrupole give access to small fragment ions. The creation of a specific nomenclature for each possible structure of organophosphorus compound, depending on the alkyl side chain linked to the oxygen, was achieved by applying these fragmentation rules. This led to the creation of an 'identification tree' based upon the unique consecutive decomposition pathways uncovered for each individual compound. Hence, seven structural motifs were created that orient an unequivocal identification using the 'identification tree'. Despite the similar structures of the ensemble of phosphate and phosphonate esters, distinct identifications based upon characteristic neutral losses and diagnostic fragment ions were possible in all cases.
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Naseri MT, Sarabadani M, Ashrafi D, Saeidian H, Babri M. Photoassisted and photocatalytic degradation of sulfur mustard using TiO2 nanoparticles and polyoxometalates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:907-916. [PMID: 22707206 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-0997-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The decomposition of highly toxic chemical warfare agent, sulfur mustard (bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide or HD), has been studied by homogeneous photolysis and heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation on titania nanoparticles. Direct photolysis degradation of HD with irradiation system was investigated. The photocatalytic degradation of HD was investigated in the presence of TiO(2) nanoparticles and polyoxometalates embedded in titania nanoparticles in liquid phase at room temperature (33 ± 2 °C). Degradation products during the treatment were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Whereas apparent first-order kinetics of ultraviolet (UV) photolysis were slow (0.0091 min(-1)), the highest degradation rate is obtained in the presence of TiO(2) nanoparticles as nanophotocatalyst. Simultaneous photolysis and photocatalysis under the full UV radiation leads to HD complete destruction in 3 h. No degradation products observed in the presence of nanophotocatalyst without irradiation in 3 h. It was found that up to 90 % of agent was decomposed under of UV irradiation without TiO(2), in 6 h. The decontamination mechanisms are often quite complex and multiple mechanisms can be operable such as hydrolysis, oxidation, and elimination. By simultaneously carrying out photolysis and photocatalysis in hexane, we have succeeded in achieving faster HD decontamination after 90 min with low catalyst loading. TiO(2) nanoparticles proved to be a superior photocatalyst under UV irradiation for HD decontamination.
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Mayer BP, Valdez CA, Hok S, Chinn SC, Hart BR. 31P-edited diffusion-ordered 1H NMR spectroscopy for the spectral isolation and identification of organophosphorus compounds related to chemical weapons agents and their degradation products. Anal Chem 2012; 84:10478-84. [PMID: 23126561 DOI: 10.1021/ac302788x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds represent a large class of molecules that include pesticides, flame-retardants, biologically relevant molecules, and chemical weapons agents (CWAs). The detection and identification of organophosphorus molecules, particularly in the cases of pesticides and CWAs, are paramount to the verification of international treaties by various organizations. To that end, novel analytical methodologies that can provide additional support to traditional analyses are important for unambiguous identification of these compounds. We have developed an NMR method that selectively edits for organophosphorus compounds via (31)P-(1)H heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC) and provides an additional chromatographic-like separation based on self-diffusivities of the individual species via (1)H diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY): (1)H-(31)P HSQC-DOSY. The technique is first validated using the CWA VX (O-ethyl S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate) by traditional two-dimensional DOSY spectra. We then extend this technique to a complex mixture of VX degradation products and identify all the main phosphorus-containing byproducts generated after exposure to a zinc-cyclen organometallic homogeneous catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Mayer
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California 94550, United States.
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Kim K, Tsay OG, Atwood DA, Churchill DG. Destruction and detection of chemical warfare agents. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5345-403. [PMID: 21667946 DOI: 10.1021/cr100193y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 547] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kibong Kim
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
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Gäb J, John H, Blum MM. Formation of pyrophosphate-like adducts from nerve agents sarin, soman and cyclosarin in phosphate buffer: Implications for analytical and toxicological investigations. Toxicol Lett 2011; 200:34-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Koskela H, Hakala U, Vanninen P. Structural Characterization of Chemical Warfare Agent Degradation Products in Decontamination Solutions with Proton Band-Selective 1H−31P NMR Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2010; 82:5331-40. [DOI: 10.1021/ac100867x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harri Koskela
- VERIFIN, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ullastiina Hakala
- VERIFIN, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Vanninen
- VERIFIN, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Koskela H. Use of NMR techniques for toxic organophosphorus compound profiling. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:1365-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2009] [Revised: 10/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Gäb J, John H, Melzer M, Blum MM. Stable adducts of nerve agents sarin, soman and cyclosarin with TRIS, TES and related buffer compounds--characterization by LC-ESI-MS/MS and NMR and implications for analytical chemistry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:1382-90. [PMID: 20172768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Buffering compounds like TRIS are frequently used in chemical, biochemical and biomedical applications to control pH in solution. One of the prerequisites of a buffer compound, in addition to sufficient buffering capacity and pH stability over time, is its non-reactivity with other constituents of the solution. This is especially important in the field of analytical chemistry where analytes are to be determined quantitatively. Investigating the enzymatic hydrolysis of G-type nerve agents sarin, soman and cyclosarin in buffered solution we have identified stable buffer adducts of TRIS, TES and other buffer compounds with the nerve agents. We identified the molecular structure of these adducts as phosphonic diesters using 1D (1)H-(31)P HSQC NMR and LC-ESI-MS/MS techniques. Reaction rates with TRIS and TES are fast enough to compete with spontaneous hydrolysis in aqueous solution and to yield substantial amounts (up to 20-40%) of buffer adduct over the course of several hours. A reaction mechanism is proposed in which the amino function of the buffer serves as an intramolecular proton acceptor rendering the buffer hydroxyl groups nucleophilic enough for attack on the phosphorus atom of the agents. Results show that similar buffer adducts are formed with a range of hydroxyl and amino function containing buffers including TES, BES, TRIS, BIS-TRIS, BIS-TRIS propane, Tricine, Bicine, HEPES and triethanol amine. It is recommended to use alternative buffers like MOPS, MES and CHES when working with G-type nerve agents especially at higher concentrations and over prolonged times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Gäb
- Blum - Scientific Services, Ledererstrasse 23, 80331 Munich, Germany
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Monitoring the hydrolysis of toxic organophosphonate nerve agents in aqueous buffer and in bicontinuous microemulsions by use of diisopropyl fluorophosphatase (DFPase) with 1H–31P HSQC NMR spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 396:1213-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3299-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Koskela H, Ervasti M, Björk H, Vanninen P. On-Flow Pulsed Field Gradient Heteronuclear Correlation Spectrometry in Off-Line LC−SPE−NMR Analysis of Chemicals Related to the Chemical Weapons Convention. Anal Chem 2009; 81:1262-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac802407t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harri Koskela
- VERIFIN, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland, and Technology and Transport, Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 4000, FIN-00079 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mia Ervasti
- VERIFIN, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland, and Technology and Transport, Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 4000, FIN-00079 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Björk
- VERIFIN, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland, and Technology and Transport, Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 4000, FIN-00079 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Vanninen
- VERIFIN, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland, and Technology and Transport, Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 4000, FIN-00079 Helsinki, Finland
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Yu T, Shen JS, Bai HH, Guo L, Tang JJ, Jiang YB, Xie JW. A photoluminescent nanocrystal-based signaling protocol highly sensitive to nerve agents and highly toxic organophosphate pesticides. Analyst 2009; 134:2153-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b915159c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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18
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Koskela H, Vanninen P. Application of a Microcoil Probe Head in NMR Analysis of Chemicals Related to the Chemical Weapons Convention. Anal Chem 2008; 80:5556-64. [DOI: 10.1021/ac800623p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harri Koskela
- VERIFIN, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Vanninen
- VERIFIN, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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