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Ou Y, Wilson RE, Weber SG. Methods of Measuring Enzyme Activity Ex Vivo and In Vivo. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2018; 11:509-533. [PMID: 29505726 PMCID: PMC6147230 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061417-125619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes catalyze a variety of biochemical reactions in the body and, in conjunction with transporters and receptors, control virtually all physiological processes. There is great value in measuring enzyme activity ex vivo and in vivo. Spatial and temporal differences or changes in enzyme activity can be related to a variety of natural and pathological processes. Several analytical approaches have been developed to meet this need. They can be classified broadly as methods either based on artificial substrates, with the goal of creating images of diseased tissue, or based on natural substrates, with the goal of understanding natural processes. This review covers a selection of these methods, including optical, magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, and physical sampling approaches, with a focus on creative chemistry and method development that make ex vivo and in vivo measurements of enzyme activity possible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachael E Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA;
| | - Stephen G Weber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA;
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Lačná J, Foret F, Kubáň P. Capillary electrophoresis in the analysis of biologically important thiols. Electrophoresis 2016; 38:203-222. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Lačná
- Bioanalytical Instrumentation; CEITEC Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - František Foret
- Bioanalytical Instrumentation; CEITEC Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
- Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation, Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kubáň
- Bioanalytical Instrumentation; CEITEC Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
- Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation, Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno Czech Republic
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Li X, Zheng Y, Tong H, Qian R, Zhou L, Liu G, Tang Y, Li H, Lou K, Wang W. Rational Design of an Ultrasensitive and Highly Selective Chemodosimeter by a Dual Quenching Mechanism for Cysteine Based on a Facile Michael-Transcyclization Cascade Reaction. Chemistry 2016; 22:9247-56. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology; School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology; University of New Mexico, MSC03 2060; Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 USA
| | - Yongjun Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology; School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Hongjuan Tong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology; School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Rui Qian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology; School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology; University of New Mexico, MSC03 2060; Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 USA
| | - Guixia Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology; School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Yun Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology; School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Hao Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology; School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Kaiyan Lou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology; School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology; School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology; University of New Mexico, MSC03 2060; Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 USA
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Ou Y, Wu J, Sandberg M, Weber SG. Electroosmotic perfusion of tissue: sampling the extracellular space and quantitative assessment of membrane-bound enzyme activity in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6455-68. [PMID: 25168111 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This review covers recent advances in sampling fluid from the extracellular space of brain tissue by electroosmosis (EO). Two techniques, EO sampling with a single fused-silica capillary and EO push-pull perfusion, have been developed. These tools were used to investigate the function of membrane-bound enzymes with outward-facing active sites, or ectoenzymes, in modulating the activity of the neuropeptides leu-enkephalin and galanin in organotypic-hippocampal-slice cultures (OHSCs). In addition, the approach was used to determine the endogenous concentration of a thiol, cysteamine, in OHSCs. We have also investigated the degradation of coenzyme A in the extracellular space. The approach provides information on ectoenzyme activity, including Michaelis constants, in tissue, which, as far as we are aware, has not been done before. On the basis of computational evidence, EO push-pull perfusion can distinguish ectoenzyme activity with a ~100 μm spatial resolution, which is important for studies of enzyme kinetics in adjacent regions of the rat hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangguang Ou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
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Tu FQ, Zhang LY, Guo XF, Wang H, Zhang HS. Development of a potential method based on microchip electrophoresis with fluorescence detection for the sensitive determination of intracellular thiols in RAW264.7 cells. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:1188-95. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Qin Tu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education); College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Li-Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education); College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Feng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education); College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education); College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Hua-Shan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education); College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan P. R. China
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Wu J, Sandberg M, Weber SG. Integrated electroosmotic perfusion of tissue with online microfluidic analysis to track the metabolism of cystamine, pantethine, and coenzyme A. Anal Chem 2013; 85:12020-7. [PMID: 24215585 DOI: 10.1021/ac403005z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an approach that integrates electroosmotic perfusion of tissue with a substrate-containing solution and online microfluidic analysis of products, in this case thiols. Using this approach we have tracked the metabolism of cystamine, pantethine and CoA in the extracellular space of organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs). Currently, little is known about coenzyme A (CoA) biodegradation and even less is known about the regulation and kinetic characteristics for this sequential multienzyme reaction. We found that the steady state percentage yields of cysteamine from cystamine and pantethine during the transit through OHSCs were 91% ± 4% (SEM) and 0.01%-0.03%, respectively. The large difference in the yields of cysteamine can be used to explain the drugs' different toxicities and clinical effectiveness against cystinosis. The kinetic parameters of the enzyme reaction catalyzed by the ectoenzyme pantetheinase are KM,C/α = 4.4 ± 1.1 mM and Vmax,C = 29 ± 3 nM/s, where α is the percentage yield of pantethine to pantetheine through disulfide exchange. We estimate that the percentage yield of pantethine to pantetheine through disulfide exchange is approximately 0.5%. Based on the formation rate of cysteamine in the OHSCs, we obtained the overall apparent Michaelis constant and maximum reaction rate for sequential, extracellular CoA degradation in an in situ environment, which are K'M = 16 ± 4 μM, V'max = 7.1 ± 0.5 nM/s. Kinetic parameters obtained in situ, although difficult to measure, are better representations of the biochemical flux in the living organism than those from isolated enzymes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanfang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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Nge PN, Rogers CI, Woolley AT. Advances in microfluidic materials, functions, integration, and applications. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2550-83. [PMID: 23410114 PMCID: PMC3624029 DOI: 10.1021/cr300337x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 504] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela N. Nge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602
| | - Chad I. Rogers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602
| | - Adam T. Woolley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602
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Bai S, Chen Q, Lu C, Lin JM. Automated high performance liquid chromatography with on-line reduction of disulfides and chemiluminescence detection for determination of thiols and disulfides in biological fluids. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 768:96-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Wu J, Xu K, Landers JP, Weber SG. An in situ measurement of extracellular cysteamine, homocysteine, and cysteine concentrations in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures by integration of electroosmotic sampling and microfluidic analysis. Anal Chem 2013; 85:3095-103. [PMID: 23330713 DOI: 10.1021/ac302676q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate an all-electric sampling/derivatization/separation/detection system for the quantitation of thiols in tissue cultures. Extracellular fluid collected from rat organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs) by electroosmotic flow through an 11 cm (length) × 50 μm (i.d.) sampling capillary is introduced to a simple microfluidic chip for derivatization, continuous flow-gated injection, separation, and detection. With the help of a fluorogenic, thiol-specific reagent, ThioGlo-1, we have successfully separated and detected the extracellular levels of free reduced cysteamine, homocysteine, and cysteine from OHSCs within 25 s in a 23 mm separation channel with a confocal laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detector. Attention to the conductivities of the fluids being transported is required for successful flow-gated injections. When the sample conductivity is much higher than the run buffer conductivities, the electroosmotic velocities are such that there is less fluid coming by electroosmosis into the cross from the sample/reagent channel than is leaving by electroosmosis into the separation and waste channels. The resulting decrease in the internal fluid pressure in the injection cross pulls flow from the gated channel. This process may completely shut down the gated injection. Using a glycylglycine buffer with physiological osmolarity but only 62% of physiological conductivity and augmenting the conductivity of the run buffers solved this problem. Quantitation is by standard additions. Concentrations of cysteamine, homocysteine, and cysteine in the extracellular space of OHSCs are 10.6 ± 1.0 nM (n = 70), 0.18 ± 0.01 μM (n = 53), and 11.1 ± 1.2 μM (n = 70), respectively. This is the first in situ quantitative estimation of endogenous cysteamine in brain tissue. Extracellular levels of homocysteine and cysteine are comparable with other reported values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanfang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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Hun X, Sun W, Zhu H, Du F, Liu F, Xu Y, He Y. Design of electrochemical detection of thiols based on the cleavage of the disulfide bond coupled with thionine modified gold nanoparticle-assisted amplification. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:9603-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc44487b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Nge PN, Pagaduan JV, Yu M, Woolley AT. Microfluidic chips with reversed-phase monoliths for solid phase extraction and on-chip labeling. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1261:129-35. [PMID: 22995197 PMCID: PMC3463737 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The integration of sample preparation methods into microfluidic devices provides automation necessary for achieving complete micro total analysis systems. We have developed a technique that combines on-chip sample enrichment with fluorescence labeling and purification. Polymer monoliths made from butyl methacrylate were fabricated in cyclic olefin copolymer microdevices and used for solid phase extraction. We studied the retention of fluorophores, amino acids and proteins on these columns. The retained samples were subsequently labeled with both Alexa Fluor 488 and Chromeo P503, and unreacted dye was rinsed off the column before sample elution. Additional purification was obtained from the differential retention of proteins and fluorescent labels. A linear relation between the eluted peak areas and concentrations of on-chip labeled heat shock protein 90 samples demonstrated the utility of this method for on-chip quantitation. Our fast and simple method of simultaneously concentrating and labeling samples on-chip is compatible with miniaturization and desirable for automated analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela N. Nge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602
| | - Jayson V. Pagaduan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602
| | - Ming Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602
| | - Adam T. Woolley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602
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Kruk P, Stankovičová H, Bodor R, Gáplovský A, Masár M. A study on the alkaline hydrolysis of isatin-β-thiosemicarbazone by capillary electrophoresis with enhanced sample loadability. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1237:122-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Jenkins RJ, Dotson GD. A continuous fluorescent enzyme assay for early steps of lipid A biosynthesis. Anal Biochem 2012; 425:21-7. [PMID: 22381368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine acyltransferase (LpxA) and UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxyacyl)-glucosamine acyltransferase (LpxD) catalyze the first and third steps of lipid A biosynthesis, respectively. Both enzymes have been found to be essential for survival among gram-negative bacteria that synthesize lipopolysaccharide and are viable targets for antimicrobial development. Catalytically, both acyltransferases catalyze an acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP)-dependent transfer of a fatty acyl moiety to a UDP-glucosamine core ring. Here, we exploited the single free thiol unveiled on holo-ACP after transfer of the fatty acyl group to the glucosamine ring using the thiol-specific labeling reagent, ThioGlo. The assay was continuously monitored as a change in fluorescence at λ(ex)=379 nm and λ(em)=513 nm using a microtiter plate reader. This assay marks the first continuous and nonradioactive assay for either acyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Jenkins
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
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Harfield JC, Batchelor-McAuley C, Compton RG. Electrochemical determination of glutathione: a review. Analyst 2012; 137:2285-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35090d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Kutter JP. Liquid phase chromatography on microchips. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1221:72-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Tang H, Hiemstra S, Thompson JE. Characterization of a novel particle into liquid sampler for analysis of single fluorescent aerosol particles through capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 702:120-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Gold nanorod-catalyzed luminol chemiluminescence and its selective determination of glutathione in the cell extracts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Talanta 2011; 85:476-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Yu M, Wang Q, Patterson JE, Woolley AT. Multilayer polymer microchip capillary array electrophoresis devices with integrated on-chip labeling for high-throughput protein analysis. Anal Chem 2011; 83:3541-7. [PMID: 21449615 DOI: 10.1021/ac200254c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
It is desirable to have inexpensive, high-throughput systems that integrate multiple sample analysis processes and procedures, for applications in biology, chemical analysis, drug discovery, and disease screening. In this paper, we demonstrate multilayer polymer microfluidic devices with integrated on-chip labeling and parallel electrophoretic separation of up to eight samples. Microchannels were distributed in two different layers and connected through interlayer through-holes in the middle layer. A single set of electrophoresis reservoirs and one fluorescent label reservoir address parallel analysis units for up to eight samples. Individual proteins and a mixture of cancer biomarkers have been successfully labeled on-chip and separated in parallel with this system. A detection limit of 600 ng/mL was obtained for heat shock protein 90. Our integrated on-chip labeling microdevices show great potential for low-cost, simplified, rapid, and high-throughput analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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FENG J, YANG XJ, LI XC, YANG H, CHEN ZG. An Automated Fluid-transport Device for a Microfluidic System. ANAL SCI 2011; 27:1057-60. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.27.1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun FENG
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Xiu-Juan YANG
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Xin-Chun LI
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Hui YANG
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University
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