1
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Paper-Based Nucleic Acid Detection for Point-of-Care Diagnostics. Bioanalysis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-8723-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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2
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Thompson JR, Davies CD, Clausmeyer J, Crooks RM. Cation‐Specific Electrokinetic Separations Using Prussian Blue Intercalation Reactions. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202001095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin, Texas 78712-1224 United States
| | - Collin D. Davies
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin, Texas 78712-1224 United States
| | - Jan Clausmeyer
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin, Texas 78712-1224 United States
| | - Richard M. Crooks
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin, Texas 78712-1224 United States
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3
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Li X, Du Y, Wang H, Ma H, Wu D, Ren X, Wei Q, Xu JJ. Self-Supply of H2O2 and O2 by Hydrolyzing CaO2 to Enhance the Electrochemiluminescence of Luminol Based on a Closed Bipolar Electrode. Anal Chem 2020; 92:12693-12699. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Yu Du
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Hongmin Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Xiang Ren
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Qin Wei
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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4
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Davies CD, Crooks RM. Focusing, sorting, and separating microplastics by serial faradaic ion concentration polarization. Chem Sci 2020; 11:5547-5558. [PMID: 32874498 PMCID: PMC7441690 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01931c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we report continuous sorting of two microplastics in a trifurcated microfluidic channel using a new method called serial faradaic ion concentration polarization (fICP). fICP is an electrochemical method for forming ion depletion zones and their corresponding locally elevated electric fields in microchannels. By tuning the interplay between the forces of electromigration and convection during a fICP experiment, it is possible to control the flow of charged objects in microfluidic channels. The key findings of this report are threefold. First, fICP at two bipolar electrodes, configured in series and operated with a single power supply, yields two electric field gradients within a single microfluidic channel (i.e., serial fICP). Second, complex flow variations that adversely impact separations during fICP can be mitigated by minimizing convection by electroosmotic flow in favor of pressure-driven flow. Finally, serial fICP within a trifurcated microchannel is able to continuously and quantitatively focus, sort, and separate microplastics. These findings demonstrate that multiple local electric field gradients can be generated within a single microfluidic channel by simply placing metal wires at strategic locations. This approach opens a vast range of new possibilities for implementing membrane-free separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin D Davies
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute , The University of Texas at Austin , 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 , Austin , Texas , 78712-1224 , USA . ; Tel: +1-512-475-8674
| | - Richard M Crooks
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute , The University of Texas at Austin , 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 , Austin , Texas , 78712-1224 , USA . ; Tel: +1-512-475-8674
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5
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Jin L, Qiao J, Chen J, Xu N, Wu M. Combination of area controllable sensing surface and bipolar electrode-electrochemiluminescence approach for the detection of tetracycline. Talanta 2020; 208:120404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Davies CD, Johnson SE, Crooks RM. Effect of Chloride Oxidation on Local Electric Fields in Microelectrochemical Systems. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Collin D. Davies
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin, Texas 78712-1224 U.S.A
| | - Sarah E. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin, Texas 78712-1224 U.S.A
| | - Richard M. Crooks
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin, Texas 78712-1224 U.S.A
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7
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Bondarenko MP, Bruening ML, Yaroshchuk A. Highly Selective Current‐Induced Accumulation of Trace Ions at Micro‐/NanoPorous Interfaces. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201900009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mykola P. Bondarenko
- Institute of Bio‐Colloid Chemistry National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Vernadskiy ave.42 03142 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Merlin L. Bruening
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Andriy Yaroshchuk
- ICREA pg. L.Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering Polytechnic University of Catalonia av. Diagonal 647 08028 Barcelona Spain
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8
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Miyamoto K, Nishiyama H, Tomita I, Inagi S. Development of a Split Bipolar Electrode System for Electrochemical Fluorination of Triphenylmethane. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201801216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Miyamoto
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology; Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku; Yokohama 226-8502 Japan
| | - Hiroki Nishiyama
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology; Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku; Yokohama 226-8502 Japan
| | - Ikuyoshi Tomita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology; Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku; Yokohama 226-8502 Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology; Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku; Yokohama 226-8502 Japan
- PRESTO; Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi; Saitama 332-0012 Japan
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9
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Zhang X, Zhai Q, Xing H, Li J, Wang E. Bipolar Electrodes with 100% Current Efficiency for Sensors. ACS Sens 2017; 2:320-326. [PMID: 28723210 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A bipolar electrode (BPE) is an electron conductor that is embedded in the electrolyte solution without the direct connection with the external power source (driving electrode). When the sufficient voltage was provided, the two poles of BPE promote different oxidation and reduction reactions. During the past few years, BPEs with wireless feature and easy integration showed great promise in the various fields including asymmetric modification/synthesis, motion control, targets enrichment/separation, and chemical sensing/biosensing combined with the quantitative relationship between two poles of BPE. In this perspective paper, we first describe the concept and history of the BPE for analytical chemistry and then review the recent developments in the application of BPEs for sensing with ultrahigh current efficiency (ηc = iBPE/ichannel) including the open and closed bipolar system. Finally, we offer the guide for possible challenge faced and solution in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
| | - Qingfeng Zhai
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
| | - Huanhuan Xing
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
| | - Erkang Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
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10
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Sarkar S, Lai SCS, Lemay SG. Unconventional Electrochemistry in Micro-/Nanofluidic Systems. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:E81. [PMID: 30404256 PMCID: PMC6189913 DOI: 10.3390/mi7050081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemistry is ideally suited to serve as a detection mechanism in miniaturized analysis systems. A significant hurdle can, however, be the implementation of reliable micrometer-scale reference electrodes. In this tutorial review, we introduce the principal challenges and discuss the approaches that have been employed to build suitable references. We then discuss several alternative strategies aimed at eliminating the reference electrode altogether, in particular two-electrode electrochemical cells, bipolar electrodes and chronopotentiometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahana Sarkar
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Stanley C S Lai
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Serge G Lemay
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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11
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Sequeira CAC, Cardoso DSP, Gameiro MLF. Bipolar Electrochemistry, a Focal Point of Future Research. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2016.1147031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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12
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Termebaf H, Shayan M, Kiani A. Two-Step Bipolar Electrochemistry: Generation of Composition Gradient and Visual Screening of Electrocatalytic Activity. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:13238-13246. [PMID: 26595192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar electrochemistry (BE) is employed for both creating electrocatalysts composition gradient and visual screening of the prepared composition on a single substrate in just two experiment runs. In a series of proof-of-principle experiments, we demonstrate gradient electrodeposition of Ni-Cu using BE; then the electrocatalytic activity of the prepared composition gradient toward the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is visually screened in the BE system using array of BPEs. Moreover, the morphology and the chemical composition of the Ni-Cu gradient are screened along the length of the bipolar electrode (BPE). By measuring the potential gradient over the BPE, it is also demonstrated that by controlling the concentration of the metals precursor and the supporting electrolyte, the length of the bipolar electrodeposited gradient can be controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Termebaf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan , Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Mohsen Shayan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan , Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Kiani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan , Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
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13
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Song H, Wang Y, Garson C, Pant K. Concurrent DNA Preconcentration and Separation in Bipolar Electrode-Based Microfluidic Device. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2015; 7:1273-1279. [PMID: 26005497 PMCID: PMC4437544 DOI: 10.1039/c4ay01858c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a bipolar electrode (BPE) device in a microfluidic dual-channel design for concurrent preconcentration and separation of composite DNA containing samples. The novelty of the present effort relies on the combination of BPE-induced ion concentration polarization (ICP) and end-labeled free-solution electrophoresis (ELFSE). The ion concentration polarization effect arising from the faradaic reaction on the BPE is utilized to exert opposing electrophoretic and electroosmotic forces on the DNA samples. Meanwhile, end-labeled free-solution electrophoresis alters the mass-charge ratio to enable simultaneous DNA separation in free solution. The microfluidic device was fabricated using standard and soft lithography techniques to form gold-on-glass electrode capped with a PDMS microfluidic channel. Experimental testing with various DNA samples was carried out over a range of applied electric field. Concentration ratios up to 285× within 5 minutes for a 102-mer DNA, and concurrent preconcentration and free-solution separation of binary mixture of free and bound 102-mer DNA within 6 minutes was demonstrated. The effect of applied electric field was also interrogated with respect to pertinent performance metrics of preconcentration and separation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi Wang
- Corresponding author, , Phone: +01-256-726-4915, Fax: +01-256-726-4806
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14
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SUN AL, ZHENG XW. Electrochemiluminescence Behavior of Luminol at Closed Bipolar Electrode and Its Analytical Application. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(14)60761-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Fattah Z, Garrigue P, Goudeau B, Lapeyre V, Kuhn A, Bouffier L. Capillary electrophoresis as a production tool for asymmetric microhybrids. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1985-90. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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17
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Fosdick SE, Knust KN, Scida K, Crooks RM. Bipolar Electrochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:10438-56. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201300947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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Scida K, Sheridan E, Crooks RM. Electrochemically-gated delivery of analyte bands in microfluidic devices using bipolar electrodes. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:2292-2299. [PMID: 23657767 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50321f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A method for controlling enrichment, separation, and delivery of analytes into different secondary microchannels using simple microfluidic architecture is described. The approach, which is based on bipolar electrochemistry, requires only easily fabricated electrodes and a low-voltage DC power supply: no pumps or valves are necessary. Upon application of a voltage between two driving electrodes, passive bipolar electrodes (BPEs) are activated that result in formation of a local electric field gradient. This gradient leads to separation and enrichment of a pair of fluorescent analytes within a primary microfluidic channel. Subsequently, other passive BPEs can be activated to deliver the enriched tracers to separate secondary microchannels. The principles and performance underpinning the method are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Scida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Electrochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-0165, USA
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19
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Zhang X, Chen C, Li J, Zhang L, Wang E. New Insight into a Microfluidic-Based Bipolar System for an Electrochemiluminescence Sensing Platform. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5335-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac400805f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical
Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022,
China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039,
P. R. China
| | - Chaogui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical
Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022,
China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039,
P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical
Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022,
China
| | - Libing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical
Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022,
China
| | - Erkang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical
Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022,
China
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20
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Fattah Z, Roche J, Garrigue P, Zigah D, Bouffier L, Kuhn A. Chemiluminescence from Asymmetric Inorganic Surface Layers Generated by Bipolar Electrochemistry. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:2089-93. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Abstract
The control of motion of small objects is an emerging research area. Their design strongly depends on the strategy chosen to trigger the locomotion, which is typically obtained by either physical or chemical fueling. An ongoing challenge in this field is the remote control of the motion with space and time resolution. In this context, we describe in the present contribution a wireless electrochemical valve based on a chemo-mechanical feedback loop. This valve is driven by bipolar electrochemistry and works in aqueous solutions by converting reversibly an electrical input signal into periodic motion via electrogenerated hydrogen bubbles. We report the design of this very first bipolar valve, together with an analysis of the mechanism leading to the energy conversion, based on controlled production, storage and release of gas bubbles.
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22
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Wu MS, Yuan DJ, Xu JJ, Chen HY. Electrochemiluminescence on bipolar electrodes for visual bioanalysis. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc22055e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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23
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Loget G, Roche J, Gianessi E, Bouffier L, Kuhn A. Indirect Bipolar Electrodeposition. J Am Chem Soc 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ja310400f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Loget
- Université de Bordeaux, ISM, UMR5255, F-33400 Talence, France
- CNRS, ISM, UMR5255, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Jérome Roche
- Université de Bordeaux, ISM, UMR5255, F-33400 Talence, France
- CNRS, ISM, UMR5255, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Eugenio Gianessi
- Université de Bordeaux, ISM, UMR5255, F-33400 Talence, France
- CNRS, ISM, UMR5255, F-33400 Talence, France
- Università di Bologna, Via Zamboni, 33 - 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Laurent Bouffier
- Université de Bordeaux, ISM, UMR5255, F-33400 Talence, France
- CNRS, ISM, UMR5255, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Université de Bordeaux, ISM, UMR5255, F-33400 Talence, France
- CNRS, ISM, UMR5255, F-33400 Talence, France
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24
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Knust KN, Sheridan E, Anand RK, Crooks RM. Dual-channel bipolar electrode focusing: simultaneous separation and enrichment of both anions and cations. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:4107-4114. [PMID: 22952054 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40660h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we show that a microelectrochemical cell comprising two parallel microchannels spanned by a single bipolar electrode can be used to simultaneously enrich and separate both anions and cations within a single microchannel. This is possible because reduction and oxidation of water at the cathodic and anodic poles of the bipolar electrode, respectively, lead to ion depletion zones. Specifically, TrisH(+) is neutralized by OH(-) at the cathodic pole, while acetate buffer is neutralized by H(+) at the anodic pole. This action creates a local electric field gradient having both positive and negative components, and hence positive and negative ions follow their respective field gradients leading to separation. In the presence of an opposing counter-flow (pressure driven flow in this case), enrichment also occurs. In addition to separation and enrichment in a single channel, it is also possible to simultaneously enrich cations in one microchannel and anions in the other. Enrichment is achieved by controlling experimental parameters, including the type of buffer and the direction and magnitude of the opposing counter-flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle N Knust
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Electrochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, USA
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25
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Loget G, Roche J, Kuhn A. True bulk synthesis of janus objects by bipolar electrochemistry. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:5111-6, 5144. [PMID: 22806760 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201201623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Loget
- ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP, Université Bordeaux 1, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
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26
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Sheridan E, Hlushkou D, Knust KN, Tallarek U, Crooks RM. Enrichment of Cations via Bipolar Electrode Focusing. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7393-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac301101b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eoin Sheridan
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Center for Electrochemistry, and the Center for Nano-
and Molecular Science and Technology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, A5300, Austin,
Texas 78712-0165, United States
| | - Dzmitry Hlushkou
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse,
35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Kyle N. Knust
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Center for Electrochemistry, and the Center for Nano-
and Molecular Science and Technology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, A5300, Austin,
Texas 78712-0165, United States
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse,
35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Richard M. Crooks
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Center for Electrochemistry, and the Center for Nano-
and Molecular Science and Technology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, A5300, Austin,
Texas 78712-0165, United States
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Branagan SP, Contento NM, Bohn PW. Enhanced mass transport of electroactive species to annular nanoband electrodes embedded in nanocapillary array membranes. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:8617-24. [PMID: 22506659 DOI: 10.1021/ja3017158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electroosmotic flow (EOF) is used to enhance the delivery of Fe(CN)(6)(4-)/Fe(CN)(6)(3-) to an annular nanoband electrode embedded in a nanocapillary array membrane, as a route to high efficiency electrochemical conversions. Multilayer Au/polymer/Au/polymer membranes are perforated with 10(2)-10(3) cylindrical nanochannels by focused ion beam (FIB) milling and subsequently sandwiched between two axially separated microchannels, producing a structure in which transport and electron transfer reactions are tightly coupled. The middle Au layer, which contacts the fluid only at the center of each nanochannel, serves as a working electrode to form an array of embedded annular nanoband electrodes (EANEs), at which sufficient overpotential drives highly efficient electrochemical processes. Simultaneously, the electric field established between the EANE and the QRE (>10(3) V cm(-1)) drives electro-osmotic flow (EOF) in the nanochannels, improving reagent delivery rate. EOF is found to enhance the steady-state current by >10× over a comparable structure without convective transport. Similarly, the conversion efficiency is improved by approximately 10-fold compared to a comparable microfluidic structure. Experimental data agree with finite element simulations, further illustrating the unique electrochemical and transport behavior of these nanoscale embedded electrode arrays. Optimizing the present structure may be useful for combinatorial processing of on-chip sample delivery with electrochemical conversion; a proof of concept experiment, involving the generation of dissolved hydrogen in situ via electrolysis, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Branagan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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