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Kadar EP, Holliman CL, Vourvahis M, Rodrigues AD. Inception and development of a LC-MS/MS assay for the multiplexed quantitation of nine human drug transporter biomarkers. Bioanalysis 2024; 16:347-362. [PMID: 38376139 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: It has become common practice to assess solute carrier transporter (SLC)-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDIs) by quantitating various individual endogenous compounds as biomarkers in human plasma and urine. The goal of this work was to develop biomarker multiplex assays that could be utilized during first in human studies to support the simultaneous assessment of clinical DDI risk across various SLCs. Methodology: Hydrophilic interaction chromatography-MS/MS methods were developed, and validations were performed. Results: The multiplex assays were applied to a first in human study. Placebo/reference subject biomarker data were consistent with single assay in-house and published data. Conclusion: This work demonstrates the utility of these multiplex methods to support the concurrent evaluation of clinical DDI risk across various SLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene P Kadar
- Bioanalytical Group, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Christopher L Holliman
- Bioanalytical Group, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Manoli Vourvahis
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., 66 Hudson Blvd. E, New York, NY 10001, USA
| | - A David Rodrigues
- Transporter Sciences Group, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
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2
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Steinhoff A, Höltzel A, Tallarek U. The Solvation Shell of Small Solutes in Aqueous-Organic Solvent Mixtures and Its Implications for Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:10052-10066. [PMID: 37943096 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c05492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) operates with water-organic solvent (W-OS) mobile phases where preferential solvation (PS) of solutes is likely. To investigate the relevance of the solute solvation shell in the mobile phase for RPLC retention, we combine data from molecular dynamics simulations of small, neutral solutes (six analytes and two dead time markers) in W-methanol (MeOH) and W-acetonitrile (ACN) mixtures with corresponding retention data obtained on an RPLC column over a wide range of W/OS ratios. Data derived from Kirkwood-Buff integrals show PS by the OS for analytes vs low or negative PS for dead time markers. W-ACN mixtures generate a higher amount of PS than W-MeOH mixtures, which contributes to the higher eluent strength of ACN in RPLC. Difference spatial distribution functions reveal anisotropic solvation shells with OS excess at hydrocarbon elements and W excess at functional groups, predicting that retention by the hydrophobic stationary phase is favored by hydrocarbon elements and limited by functional groups. Analysis of solute-solvent hydrogen bonds pinpoints the hydrogen-bond requirements toward W as the retention-limiting factor. The relation between the solute solvation shell and retention confirms the importance of W-OS and solute-W hydrogen bonding for RPLC retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Steinhoff
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - Alexandra Höltzel
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, Marburg 35032, Germany
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3
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Retention and mass transfer properties of the series of unbonded, amide-bonded, and alkylsulfobetaine-bonded ethylene bridged hybrid hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography columns. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1692:463828. [PMID: 36804802 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the link between the retentivity and the stationary phase to mobile phase mass transfer resistance of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) columns packed with the same base ethylene-bridged hybrid particles (BEH). The retention volumes, the plate heights, and the volume of the adsorbed water layer were measured for the ACQUITYTM UPLCTM BEHTM 130 Å HILIC Column (unbonded BEH), ACQUITY UPLC BEH 130 Å Amide Column (amide group attached), and AtlantisTM Premier BEH 95 Å Z-HILIC (zwitterionic group attached) Column. The method of Guo (toluene retention volumes in pure acetonitrile and in the HILIC eluent) was validated from the UNIFAC group-contribution method and applied to measure accurately the water layer volumes in these columns. A strong correlation was found between the retention volumes of most neutral polar analytes and the volume of the water layer adsorbed in the HILIC column. The fraction of the pore volume occupied by the water layer increases significantly from the BEH HILIC Column to the BEH Amide Column, and to the BEH Z-HILIC Column. This is explained by the water solvation of the attached ligands in the pore volume of the BEH Particles and to the smaller average mesopore size of the BEH Z-HILIC Particles. A second and strong correlation is also observed between the water content in the HILIC particle and the stationary phase to mobile phase mass transfer resistance of the HILIC columns at high mobile phase linear velocities. The measured intra-particle diffusivity normalized to the bulk diffusion coefficient decreased from 0.33 (BEH HILIC Column) to 0.10 (BEH Amide Column) and to only 0.03 (BEH Z-HILIC Column) for comparable retention of cytosine. These results are fully consistent with the higher viscosity of the internal eluent (higher water content) and higher internal obstruction for diffusion (smaller mesopores and internal porosity) in the BEH Z-HILIC Particles. Still, in gradient elution mode, the peak capacity was found to be 18% higher for the BEH Z-HILIC Column than that on the BEH Amide Column because the retention factors at elution were smaller when maintaining the same analysis time and starting eluent composition.
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4
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Steinhoff A, Höltzel A, Trebel N, Tallarek U. Mobile-Phase Contributions to Organic-Solvent Excess Adsorption and Surface Diffusion in Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:10554-10568. [PMID: 36469753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c06871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fast transport of retained analytes in reversed-phase liquid chromatography occurs through surface diffusion in the organic-solvent (OS)-enriched interfacial "ditch" region between the hydrophobic stationary phase and the water (W)-OS mobile phase. Through molecular dynamics simulations that recover the OS excess adsorption isotherms of a typical C18-stationary phase for methanol and acetonitrile, we explore the relation between OS properties, OS excess adsorption, and surface diffusion. The emerging molecular-level picture attributes the mobile-phase contribution to surface diffusion to the hydrogen-bond capability and the eluting power of the OS. The higher affinity of methanol for the formation of W-OS hydrogen bonds at the soft, hydrophobic surface presented by the bonded-phase (C18) chains reduces the OS excess and the related viscosity drop in the ditch. The lower eluting power of methanol, however, translates to increased bonded-phase contacts for analytes, which can increase their mobility gain from surface diffusion above the gain observed with acetonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Steinhoff
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Höltzel
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032Marburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Trebel
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032Marburg, Germany
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5
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Prediction of surface excess adsorption and retention factors in reversed-phase liquid chromatography from molecular dynamics simulations. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1685:463627. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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6
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Modelling diffusive transport of particles interacting with slit nanopore walls: The case of fullerenes in toluene filled alumina pores. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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7
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Trebel N, Höltzel A, Lutz JK, Tallarek U. Consequences of Cylindrical Pore Geometry for Interfacial Phenomena in Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:11320-11336. [PMID: 34610741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c06732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The interfacial phenomena behind analyte separation in a reversed-phase liquid chromatography column take place nearly exclusively inside the silica mesopores. Their cylindrical geometry can be expected to shape the properties of the chromatographic interface with consequences for the analyte density distribution and diffusivity. To investigate this topic through molecular dynamics simulations, we introduce a cylindrical pore inside a slit pore configuration, where the inner curved and outer planar silica surface bear the same bonded phase. The present model replicates an average-sized (9 nm) mesopore in an endcapped C18 column equilibrated with a mobile phase of 70/30 (v/v) water/acetonitrile. Simulations performed for ethylbenzene and acetophenone show that the surface curvature shifts the bonded phase and analyte density toward the pore center, decreases the solvent density in the bonded-phase region, increases the acetonitrile excess in the interfacial region, and considerably enhances the surface diffusivity of both analytes. Overall, the cylindrical pore provides a more hydrophobic environment than the slit pore. Ethylbenzene density is decidedly increased in the cylindrical pore, whereas acetophenone density is nearly equally distributed between the cylindrical and slit pore. The cylindrical pore geometry thus sharpens the discrimination between the apolar and moderately polar analytes while enhancing the mass transport of both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Trebel
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Höltzel
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Julia K Lutz
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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8
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Liang F, Ding J, Liu S. Collective Solvation and Transport at Tetrahydrofuran-Silica Interfaces for Separation of Aromatic Compounds: Insight from Molecular Dynamics Simulations. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:2091-2103. [PMID: 33533241 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We have performed umbrella sampling molecular dynamics simulations to study the separation mechanism of aromatic compounds at the tetrahydrofuran (THF)-methanol-silica interface by liquid chromatography. Solute molecules with different polarities (naphthol and naphthalene) are selected as representative aromatic compounds. For the polar solute (naphthol), the free energy profile shows a deep minimum near the THF-silica interface, suggesting strong interactions with the polar surface. When methanol is added to the interface, there is a sharp increase in naphthol's free energy minimum, and the corresponding diffusion dynamics also undergoes a dramatic change. These findings explain the fast separation mechanism in recent experiments of separating fused ring compounds in asphaltenes with liquid chromatography. Further solvation structure and orientation analysis suggest that apolar and polar solutes may find their own comfort zones several angstroms away from the interface, and their phenyl ring's orientations would undergo a parallel-to-perpendicular transition as the solute molecule moves away from the surface. Extending our simulation studies to systems with different solute concentrations reveals that there is a decrease in the adsorption free energy accompanied by enhanced surface diffusion as the solute concentration increases, which is related to the crowding in the interfacial layers. Our simulation analysis gives a detailed microscopic description of solute solvation and transport at the THF-silica chromatography interface and will be helpful for improving separation protocols in future applications.
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9
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Kraus H, Rybka J, Höltzel A, Trebel N, Tallarek U, Hansen N. PoreMS: a software tool for generating silica pore models with user-defined surface functionalisation and pore dimensions. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2020.1871478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamzeh Kraus
- Institute of Thermodynamics and Thermal Process Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julia Rybka
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Höltzel
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Trebel
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Niels Hansen
- Institute of Thermodynamics and Thermal Process Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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10
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Trebel N, Höltzel A, Steinhoff A, Tallarek U. Insights from molecular simulations about dead time markers in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1640:461958. [PMID: 33582514 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Among the most popular compounds to estimate the hold-up time in reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) are acetone and uracil, which are considered as too small and too polar, respectively, for retention by the hydrophobic stationary phase, although their observed elution behavior does not fully support this assumption. We investigate how acetone and uracil as solutes interact with the chromatographic interface through molecular dynamics simulations in an RPLC mesopore model of a silica-supported, endcapped, C18 phase equilibrated with a water (W)‒acetonitrile (ACN) mobile phase. The simulation results provide a molecular-level explanation for the observed elution behavior of acetone and uracil, but also question whether true dead time markers for RPLC exist. Both solutes have a density maximum in the interfacial region in addition to a low presence in the bonded-phase region, but these density peaks clearly differ from the adsorption and partitioning peaks of true analytes. Acetone partially behaves like a co-solvent of ACN and partially like the analyte acetophenone. Like ACN, acetone can be found in the first and second layer of solvent molecules at the silica surface; like acetophenone, acetone adsorbs to the bonded-phase chains by orienting its polar group to the bulk region to sustain hydrogen bonds with W molecules. Uracil behavior is governed by a need for extensive hydrogen-bond coordination by W molecules. Uracil adsorbs to the very edge of the bonded-phase chains, on the bulk-region side of the ACN density maximum in the interfacial region. Further penetration into the chains is prevented by the absence of W molecules, which are not found deeper in the bonded phase, except at the silica surface. Contrary to true analytes, accumulation of uracil and acetone in the interfacial region ceases at an equimolar presence of W and ACN in the mobile phase (at 70‒80% ACN volume fraction). Uracil achieves a closer approximation of the stationary-phase limit than acetone, but carries the risk of HILIC retention at high ACN fraction in the mobile phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Trebel
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Höltzel
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Steinhoff
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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Shamshir A, Dinh NP, Jonsson T, Sparrman T, Irgum K. Probing the retention mechanism of small hydrophilic molecules in hydrophilic interaction chromatography using saturation transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1623:461130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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12
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Craven CB, Joyce CW, Lucy CA. Effect of nature of electrolytes on retention and selectivity in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1584:80-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography of hydroxy aromatic carboxylic acid positional isomers. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 996:98-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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McCalley DV. Understanding and manipulating the separation in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1523:49-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Gritti F, Sehajpal J, Fairchild J. Using the fundamentals of adsorption to understand peak distortion due to strong solvent effect in hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1489:95-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Gritti F. Determination of the solvent density profiles across mesopores of silica-C18 bonded phases in contact with acetonitrile/water mixtures: A semi-empirical approach. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1410:90-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Yang P, Pursch M. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography for the separation of acidic agricultural compounds. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2253-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peilin Yang
- Analytical Sciences; The Dow Chemical Company; Collegeville PA USA
| | - Matthias Pursch
- Dow Deutschland GmbH; Analytical Technology Center; Rheinmuenster Germany
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The relative importance of the adsorption and partitioning mechanisms in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1376:112-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Guo Y. Recent progress in the fundamental understanding of hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). Analyst 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00670h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
With the exponential growth in the application of the HILIC technique, there has been a significant progress in understanding the fundamental aspects of hydrophilic interaction chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Guo
- School of Pharmacy
- Fairleigh Dickinson University
- Florham Park
- USA
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Heaton JC, McCalley DV. Comparison of the kinetic performance and retentivity of sub-2μm core–shell, hybrid and conventional bare silica phases in hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1371:106-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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